Heather Pastushok

4/9/08

•Men

•Women

•Marriage

•Family

•Slaves •Class •Education

•Burials

State was modeled on the family structure and the paterfamilias Cato the Elder, “The husband is the judge of his wife; his power

has no limit; he can do what he wishes. If she has committed a fault, he punishes her; is she has drank wine, he condemns her; if she has been guilty of adultery, he kills her.”

Head of household, magistrate Controlled right to choose marriage partners, control finances,

and all other major decisions Paterfamilias could choose to accept or deny his paternal role;

that is, he could deny to recognize his own parenthood in society By the second century a father’s absolute authority over his

children, and a husband’s absolute authority over his wife were two ideas that declined

Casa fuit, domum servavit, lanam fecit: She was faithful to her husband, she looked after the home, she spun wool

Laws of Manu: “A woman, during her infancy, depends upon her father; during her youth, upon her husband; when her husband is dead, upon her sons; is she ahs no son, on the nearest relative of her husband; for a woman ought never to govern herself according to her own will.”

Gaius, a jurisconsult, says, “It should be known that nothing can be granted in the way of justice to persons under power – that is to say, to wives, sons, and slaves. For it is reasonably concluded that, since these persons can own no property, neither can they reclaim anything in point of justice.”

Jurist Ulpian says, “Women are debarred from all duties whether civil or public, and thus cannot be judges or hold magistracies.”

Cicero says, “How great will be the misfortune of that city, in which women will assume the public duties of men.”

A woman gained status in her family through her role of reproducing, and her wealth

Influenced children’s education and marriage arrangements At times, in rare cases, women acted as the “structurally central” family

member Women’s roles seemed to have changed in the Republic and the Empire, but

overall women were never truly equal to or above a man’s authority

In manum vs. sine manuSine manu, lived as an equal (Empire)Depended on fatherLiberatedShared husband’s responsibilities, but still

restricted

Unlike the Greeks, Romans were strongly attracted to familiy life

Redistribute property and intangibles such as honor and the family name

Family fulfilled economic roles by means of training (senators’ sons by their fathers, etc…)

Familia rustica vs. familia urbanaMaterfamilias

No legal right to marry; de facto marriages. The law enforced the ideas the slaves could not

marry and that they always belonged to their former owner, but also acknowledged the ties they created

Regarded as chattels; subject to will of mastersCruel freemen, got what they deservedRelations between slaves and masters differed

greatlyCicero/Tiro, Pliny, Senator Corellius Rufus“capital crime” for slave castrationBound to former masterThird generation exercised full citizenship

Honestiores and Humiliores When humiliores broke laws they were subjected to

the most severe punishmentsHonestiores were spared punishments and had

certain privilegesTwo highest groups in honestiores were orders,

Equestrian and SenatorialMembers of the Equestrian mimimum 400,000

sestercesMembers of the Senatorial minimum 1,000,000

sesterces

Boys and girls attended elementary school together

When primary school was finished, girls continued their education at home privately

Women were still expected to maintain their typical role in society; schooling did not get in the way of this

Length of time corpse was displayed dependent on position in society (poor buried same day; emperor exposed for a week)

Funerals of poor and children were rushed at night

Funerals of adults and noble families occurred during the day with great show

If the person had made a great impact on public life, the procession halted in the Forum

Burial within the city was rare

Family life played an important in Roman society and was the basis for many decisions

Women had many abilities although still tied to the man

Slaves were more respected than supposed