heavy oil the road a head

8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head

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INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI DAN SAINSBANDUNG

OLEH :HARRY RAMADHANSUMARDI


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PETROLEUM

What is Petroleum ?Petroleum is the general term for solid, liquid or gaseoushydrocarbons.

What is hydrocarbon ?Hydrocarbons are a class of organic compoundsconsisting only of carbon and hydrogenand which arethe basis of oil, natural gas and coal.

What is conventional crude oil ?Conventional is oil that flows naturally or that can bepumped without being heated or diluted.


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WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK2011

Global primary energy demand grows 40%

between 2009 & 2035, oil remain the leadingthrough natural gas demand rises the most in

absolute terms.

U.S. EIA, World Energy Outlook 2011, 2010


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WORLD ENERGYCONSUMPTION


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OIL AND GAS INDUSTRYTODAY

HigherDemand

LowerSupply

HigherE&P Cost


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Using EORNew EnergyResources

RenewableEnergy


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THE UNCONVENTIONAL

RESOURCES

What is unconventional resources ?Unconventional resources is petroleum produced andextracted usingtechniquesotherthan the conventionalmethod.

What is heavy oil or extra heavy oil ?Heavy oil and bitumen (the primary hydrocarbon component ofoil sands) are types of crude oil, a naturally occurringpetroleum.

What is oil sand ?Oil sand are mixtures of sand, water, clay and crude bitumen.

What is tar sand ?

Tar sand are sandstones saturated with heavy or extra-heavyoil.


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HEAVY OIL (DEFINITION)

Heavy oil is a crude oil with API gravity lower than 25

(API gravity < 25).

Changes on physical properties because biological,geological, or chemical process during hydrocarbon

migration or after hydrocarbon entrapment on the reservoirrock.

Heavy oil is crude oil which consist large amount of heaviermolecule structure such as asphaltenes, resins, and

preasphaltenes.


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HEAVY OIL CLASSIFICATION

(BASED MAINLY ON DOWNHOLEVISCOSITY)

100 cPo > > 10 cPo

25 > dAPI > 18

Mobile at resrvoir condition

MediumHeavy Oil (A

Class) 10.000 cPo > > 100 cPo 20 > dAPI > 7

Mobile at reservoir condition

Extra HeavyOil (B Class)

> 10.000 cPo

12 > dAPI > 7

Non mobile at reseroir condition

Tar Sands and

Bitumen (CClass)

No permaibility

Reseroir = source rock

Mining extraction only

Oil Shale

(D Class)


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WORLD HEAVY OIL IN PLACEDISCOVERED

North

America, 650

SouthAmerica, 1099

Europe, 75

Africa,83

Transcaucasia

, 52

MiddleEast,971

Russia,

182

SouthAsia,18

EastAsia,168

Southeast

Asiaand

Oceania, 68


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WHERE HEAVY OIL FOUND ?


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ORINOCO FIELD& DURI FIELD

Faja del Orinoco, Mene Grande, 1914

Thickness 550 ft

Depth 1,700 -2,350 ft

API gravity 8.4 -10 API

Oil production 264 BOPDW

IOIP 1.36 TBO

Porosity 30% - 35%

Rs 60 - 70 scf/bbl

Viscosity (dead oil) 5000 cP

Viscosity (live oil) 1200 - 2000 cP

Sand characteristic Unconsolidated

Compressibility 80 - 90 (10-6) psi-1

Reservoir Pressure 630 - 895 psi

Reservoir Temperature 100 -135 F

Duri Field

Thickness 120 ft

Depth 500 ft

Area 55,000 m2

API gravity 17 -21 API

Permeability 1,500 mD

IOIP 1.36 TBO

Porosity 34%

Rs 15 scf/bbl

Viscosity (100 F) 330 cP

Viscosity (300 F) 8.2 cP


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HOW HEAVY OIL FORMED ?

Heavy oil can be formed by :

1. Oil expelled from its source rock as immature oil.

2. Oil accumulation on the entrapment zone is later elevatedinto an oxidizing zone and several processes (waterwashing, bacterial degradation, and evaporation) can

convert the oil to heavy oil.3. Biodegradation occur at depth in subsurface reservoirs

(Tmax = 176 F). (Head, Jones, and Larter, 2003)

The low molecular weight components also may be lost throughwater washing in the reservoir, thermal fractionation, andevaporation when the reservoir is breached at the earths

surface. (Barker, 1979)

Found indication that 75% of the original oil constituents in the

C15+ range had been removed as a result of alterationprocesses. (Tannen-baum, Starinsky, and Aizenshtat,1987)


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GEOLOGICAL PROCESS


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BACTERIAL DEGRADATION

An active watersupply is

required to carrythe bacteria,

inorganicnutrients, and

oxygen to the oilreservoir, and toremove toxic by-

products, suchas hydrogen

sulfide, with lowweight

hydrocarbonsproviding the


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Viscosity is the resistance a material has tochange in form. It is commonly described asinternal friction.

Viscosity (Physical Property)

Flows through reservoir very slowly : wellproduce at lower rates than light oil wells.

Heavy oil development involve lot of wells.

Waterflooding is not viable due to viscositycontrast between heavy oil and water.

Thermal techniques can be effective inincreasing recovery but energy balance is anissue and conditions must be just right in thereservoir.

Viscosity reduction : heat & dilution (diluent)

HEAVY OIL VISCOSITY


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HEAVY OIL

VISCOSITY


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Attribute Unit

ConventionalOil

Medium Oil Heavy OilNaturalBitumen

(131 basins,8148 deposits)

(74 basins, 774deposits)

(127 basins,1199 deposits)

(50 basins, 305deposits)

Depthft 5,139.60 3,280.20 3,250.00 1,223.80

C1-C4vol%

2.8 0.8 0.6

Gasoline + naphtha vol% 31.5 11.1 6.8 4.4

Conradson Carbon wt% 1.8 5.2 8 13.7

Coke wt% 2.9 8.2 13 23.7

Asphalt wt% 8.9 25.1 38.8 67

Carbon wt% 85.3 83.2 85.1 82.1

Hydrogen wt% 12.1 11.7 11.4 10.3

Nitrogen wt% 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6

Oxygen wt% 1.2 1.6 2.5

Sulfur wt% 0.4 1.6 2.9 4.4

Residuum vol% 22.1 39.8 52.8 62.2

Asphaltenes wt% 2.5 6.5 12.7 26.1

Asphaltenes + resins wt% 10.9 28.5 35.6 49.2

Aluminum ppm 1.174 1.906 236.021 21,040.03

Copper ppm 0.439 0.569 3.965 44.884

Iron ppm 6.443 16.588 371.05 4,292.96

Mercury ppm 19.312 15 8.74 0.019

Nickel ppm 8.023 32.912 59.106 89.137

Leadppm

0.933 1.548 1.159 4.758Titanium ppm 0.289 0.465 8.025 493.129

HEAVY OILCOMPONENT

Hydrogen Content(Chemical Property)

Heavy oil isdepleted in

hydrogen relativeto light oil.

Fewer refinedproducts arederived from heavyoil.

Heavy oil fetches alower price on themarket.


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HEAVY OIL DEPLETION

TECHNOLOGY

HeavyOilExtraction

Technology

Wells

Cold

Primary

Without Sand

High Density VerticalWells

Horizontal Wells

With Sand CHOPS*

EOR

Floods

Waterflood

Polymerflood

Solvent

NGLs

VAPEX**

CO2Microbial

Thermal (EOR)

Steam Drive

Cyclic SteamStimulation (CSS)

Steam Assisted GravityDrainage (SAGD)

Downhole ElectricHeating

In-Situ Combustion &THAIMining

Shaft

Open Pit Mining

Lower EconomyRecovery (


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RECOVERY METHODS

HeterogenReservoir Homogen

Reservoir

ColdPrimary

CHOPS

(Cold

Heavy OilProductionwith Sand)

Horizontal Wells &

Fish Bone Wells

SAGD

(SteamAssited

GravityDrainage)

CSS(CyclicSteam

Stimulation)

THAI & In-Situ

Combustion

Microbial

CO2 &Solvent

OilQ

uality

Low Viscosity

High Viscosity


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HORIZONTAL WELLS &MOTHERBORES

The horizontal well concept is to maximize contact with thereservoir. Horizontal wells are operationally simple as they

keep sand out, but recovery factor is likely low and welldensity must be high to compensate


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THERMALLY RECOVERY

METHODS

Cyclic Steam StimulationOr Huff & Puff

SAGD (SteamAssisted GravityDrainage)

EOR METHODS FOR HEAVY OIL


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EOR METHODS FOR HEAVY OILSHOWING PRIMARY THRESHOLDCRITERIA


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THANK

YOU


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REFERENSI

Extra Heavy Oil and Bitumen; Impact ofTechnologies on the Recoery Factor. Total S.A.,2003. (pdf)

Heavy Oil vs. Light Oil. British Petroleum plc.,2011. (pdf)

Heavy Oil and Natural Bitumen Resources inGeological Basins of the World. Meyer, Richard F;Attanasi, Emil D; Freemen, Philip A. USGS. 2007.(pdf)

Biological Activity in the Deep Subsurface and theOrigin of Heavy Oil. Head, Ian M; Jones, D.Martin; Larter, Steve R. Nature Publishing Group.

2003 (pdf)
http://www.centerforenergy.com/


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heavy oil the road a head

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