Hebrew and Judaism

Chapter 2 Section 3

Pages 45-49

Reading Focus

• What are the major events in the history of the early Hebrews?

• How did the Kingdom of Israel develop and who were some of its key leaders?

• What are the basic teachings and sacred texts of Judaism?

Main Idea

The ancient Hebrews and their religion, Judaism, have been a major influence on Western civilization.

The Hebrews and Judaism

The Hebrews were the ancestors of the Jews, and most of what we know, including the laws and requirements of their religion, Judaism, comes from their later writings.

• The Torah

• Abraham, father of the Hebrews

• God’s covenant

• 12 Tribes of Israel

• Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were patriarchs

• Israelites in Egypt

Hebrew Fathers• Slaves in Egypt

• Moses

• Pharaoh, plagues

• Exodus

–Israelites out

of Egypt

–Passover

• The Ten Commandments

Moses and Exodus

• Israelites in desert

• Canaan

• Land of “milk and honey”

• Israelites battled for land

• Canaan = Israel

Promised Land

The Early Hebrews

Why is the land of Milk and Honey considered attractive to Israelites?

Sequencing

What are some key events, in order, in early Israelite history?

Answer(s): Abraham traveled to Canaan, 1800 BC; Moses appeared among Hebrews in Egypt, 1200s BC; the Exodus; delivery of Ten Commandments to Moses; Hebrews wander desert for 40 years; invasion of Philistines to Israel, mid-1000s BC; Saul named first king of Israel, mid-1000s BC; David named second king of Israel, 1000 BC; Solomon named third king of Israel, 865 BC

The Period of the Judges

• Scattered communities• No central government• Judges enforce laws• Prophets keep Israelites focused on faith

• Israelites united against Philistines

• Saul, first Israelite king

• Never won full support

• David, second king

• Strong king, gifted poet

• Solomon, David’s son

• Israel reached height of wealth

Saul, David, Solomon

• Conflict after Solomon’s death

• Who would be come king

• Two kingdoms, Israel and Judah

• 722 BC, Israel fell to Assyrians

• 586 BC, Judah fell to Chaldeans

• Chaldeans enslaved Jews

• Diaspora = scattering of Jews

• Persians conquered Chaldeans

Division and Conquest

The Kingdom of Israel

King Solomon's Temple

Find the Main Idea

Why are Saul, David and Solomon significant?

Answer(s): They were the first kings of Israel; they unified the Israelites under the Kingdom of Israel.

The Teachings of Judaism

Religion the foundation of Hebrew and Jewish societies

• Belief in One God

– Monotheism

• Justice and Righteousness

– Kindness, fairness, code of ethics

• Obedience to the Law

– Ten Commandments, Mosaic Law

• Jewish Sacred Texts

– Torah, Talmud

Identify Supporting Details

What are the central beliefs of Judaism?

Answer(s): belief in one god; obedience to the Ten Commandments; justice and righteousness

GROG 2-3 (5 Points)

Sequence Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by listing and describing each key

event in the history of the Hebrews from Abraham's migration to Canaan to the

Babylonian Captivity.

Hinduism

Chapter 4 Section 2

Pages 98-102

Bell Ringer 4-2 (5 Points)

• Exposition Write a short newspaper article covering one of the following major events in Hebrew and Jewish history: the Exodus, the division of Israel into two kingdoms, the Babylonian Captivity, or the return of Jews to Jerusalem from Babylon. You should write the article from the point of view of an objective reporter who lived in the ancient world. Your article should be clear and address the questions of who, what, where, when, and how

Crash Course

• Buddha and Ashoka: Crash Course World History #6 - YouTube

Reading Focus

• What basic teachings do most Hindus share?

• What are the sacred texts and religious practices of Hinduism?

• What are the teachings of Jainism?

Main Idea

The religion of Hinduism developed and evolved over a long time in India, giving rise to a variety of beliefs and practices and to other religions, including Jainism.

Hinduism

Three devas- Brahma, Vishnu, Siva -are particularly influential. Some believe in thousands; others worship only one as the true manifestation of Brahman.

One of the world’s oldest religions, Hinduism, is practiced by most people in India today. Hinduism evolved over thousands of years and was influenced by the cultures and traditions of many peoples. However a few fundamental teachings are shared by nearly all Hindus. Founded by ?? Time/evolution

Basic Teachings of Hinduism

Three Devas

Brahma Vishnu Siva Creator Preserver Destroyer •

Pattern of Life

• Hindus believe universe, everyone in it, part of continual pattern of birth, death, and rebirth

• After death atman reborn in process called reincarnation, or samsara

Dharma

• With moksha, atman leaves world, reunites fully with Brahman• To achieve moksha is to fulfill one’s dharma—spiritual duties,

obligations• By fulfilling dharma, one creates good karma, breaks free from rebirth

cycle

New Life

• Nature of person’s new life shaped by karma—sum effect of deeds, actions

• Good karma, reincarnated to better station in life; bad karma, lower station in life

• Ultimate goal of human existence, moksha, escape from cycle of rebirth

Rebirth and Salvation

Define

What is moksha, and how is it central to Hindu teachings?

Answer(s): escape from cycle of rebirth, reunion with Brahman; ultimate goal for Hindus; way to achieve moksha is to fulfill one's dharma

Much of Hinduism’s evolution stemmed from a number of sacred writings produced over centuries.

• Teachings, practices based on many texts, most sorted into one of three categories

– The Vedas

– Later writings inspired by the Vedas

– Sacred epics

• The Vedas, sacred hymns of praise, among earliest sacred texts of Hinduism

Sacred Texts

• Name means “knowledge” in Sanskrit

• Hindus consider Vedas to contain eternal knowledge not written by humans, revealed to them by Brahman

• Parts of Vedas date back more than 3,000 years

• Considered core of Hinduism even today

The Vedas

Sacred Texts and Practices

Ramayana, Mahabharata

• Other sacred texts based on themes in the Vedas, but composed by sages, including two epic poems, Ramayana and Mahabharata

• Each tells story, reflects on living according to Vedic teachings

• Included in Mahabharata, most sacred of all Hindu texts, the Bhagavad Gita, addressing many aspects of Hindu belief, philosophy

Upanishads

• Sacred texts that built upon the Vedas appeared

• Some, such as Upanishads, also believed to have been revealed rather than written by people

• Upanishads philosophical reflections on the Vedas, dealing with nature of world, meaning of life

• To help meditate, Hindus practice series of integrated physical, mental exercises called yoga

• Yoga teaches people how to focus bodies, minds to aid meditation, help attain moksha

• Hindus also make pilgrimages to Ganges River to purify, remove bad karma

Meditation, Pilgrimages

• Hindu beliefs vary widely, religious practices vary as well; worship can take place anywhere

• At temples, priests might recite, read portions of the Vedas; image of a deva sometimes carried out of temple to people

• At home, food, drink, gifts offered for deva; meditation, silent reflection

Worship

Hindu Religious Practices

Meditation on the Ganges River

Categorize

What types of sacred texts help shape Hindu beliefs?

Answer(s): Vedas, writings inspired by the Vedas, sacred epics

New Religion

• 500 BC, group of Hindus broke away, founded new religion called Jainism

• Led by teacher Mahavira, Jains thought most Hindus put too much emphasis on ritual

Nonviolence

• Central to Jain teaching, idea of ahimsa, nonviolence

• Most Hindus also practiced ahimsa, but not to same extent

• Jains carefully avoid harming living creatures, are usually vegetarians

Ritual Unnecessary

• Jains thought ritual unnecessary

• People could achieve moksha by giving up worldly things, carefully controlling actions

Jainism

• Jains promise to tell only truth

• Avoid stealing

• Strive to eliminate greed, anger, prejudice, gossip from lives

• These things can prevent person from achieving moksha

• Most devout become monks, nuns, give up possessions

• Live outdoors, seek shelter only during rainy months

• Cover mouths with masks, sweep ground to avoid accidentally killing insects

Lifestyle

• Most Jains not monks, nuns

• Pledge to uphold principles of ahimsa, have careers that do not involve harming of animals

• Jainism calls for periodic fasting, especially during festivals, on holy days; limiting worldly possessions

Principles

Other Traits

Jainism

Find the Main Idea

What are the major principles of Jainism?

Answer(s): practice nonviolence; tell the truth; do not steal; try to eliminate greed, anger, prejudice, and gossip

GROG 4-2 ( 5 Points)Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by listing teachings that are unique to Hinduism on the left, listing three teachings

unique to Jainism on the right, and in the overlapping circle, listing one teaching the two

religions share.

Buddhism

Chapter 4 Section 3

Pages 103-107

Bellringer 4-3 (5 Points)

• Write a short paragraph explaining one of the major teachings of Hinduism. Your explanation should define the teaching and explain its role in Hindu teaching.

Reading Focus

• How did the early life of the Buddha lead to the beginnings of Buddhism?

• What are the major teachings of Buddhism?

• What areas were affected by the spread of Buddhism?

Main Idea

Buddhism, which teaches people that they can escape the suffering of the world through the Buddha’s teachings, developed in India and spread to other parts of Asia and the world.

Buddhism

Buddhism in America (1999)

Buddhism in America (1999)

In addition to Hinduism, another of the world’s major religions developed in ancient India. That religion was Buddhism.

• Much of what is known about life of the Buddha from accounts in Buddhist literature

• Gautama born 500s BC

• Prince of small kingdom in what is now Nepal

– Led sheltered life

– Unaware of hardship

– Life changed when learned people got old, sick, died

Early Life

• Gautama resolved to find way to overcome age, sickness, keep people from suffering

• Gave up possessions, left palace

• Sought enlightenment, spiritual understanding for six years

• Studied with gurus, monks but decided they could not teach way to enlightenment

Buddha’s Enlightenment

The Life of the Buddha

The Life of the Buddha

Gautama was determined to find way to end human suffering

• Sat under tree, no teachers, no companions, determined not to arise until he found way

– Stories say he meditated all night

– Resolve tested by violent storms, earthly temptations

– At daybreak, had been transformed, found enlightenment, became the Buddha, Enlightened One

– Temple built where he meditated, Bodh Gaya, one of Buddhism’s most sacred places

Explain

How did Siddhartha Gautama become the Buddha?

Answer(s): meditated under a tree, determined not to arise until he found solution to human suffering; was enlightened and transformed

What is the fundamental cause of

all suffering?

What is the fundamental cause of

all suffering?

Desire!Desire! Therefore, extinguish the Therefore, extinguish the

self, don’t obsess about self, don’t obsess about oneself.oneself.

• Suffering part of human life

• Suffering from people’s desires for pleasure, material goods

• Overcoming desires during life eventually brings end to suffering

• Desires can be overcome by following Eightfold Path

Four Noble Truths

• After enlightenment achieved, Buddha meditated at Bodh Gaya seven weeks

• Set out to spread to others what he had learned

• Lessons became basic teachings of Buddhism

• Among ideas learned in meditation, central truths, called Four Noble Truths

Buddhist Beliefs

The Teachings of Buddhism

Four Noble Truths

Four Noble Truths1.1. There is suffering in There is suffering in

the world. To live is to the world. To live is to suffer.suffer. ( (DukkhaDukkha) ) The Buddha found The Buddha found

this out when he was this out when he was young and young and experienced experienced suffering and death suffering and death in others.in others.

Four Noble Truths

Four Noble Truths

2.2. The cause of The cause of suffering is self-suffering is self-centered desire centered desire and attachments.and attachments. ((TanhaTanha))

Four Noble Truths

Four Noble Truths

3.3. The solution is to The solution is to eliminate desire eliminate desire and attachments. and attachments. ((Nirvana = Nirvana = “extinction”“extinction”))

Four Noble Truths

Four Noble Truths4.4. To reach To reach nirvananirvana, one , one

must follow the must follow the Eightfold Path. Eightfold Path.

Series of Steps Leading to Enlightenment, Salvation

• Right view, or accepting the reality of the Four Noble Truths

• Right attitude, or striving for moderation in all things

Eightfold Path

• Right speech, avoiding lies, boasts, and hurtful words

• Right action, or treating others fairly

• Right livelihood, avoiding jobs that could bring harm to others

• Right effort, or constantly trying to improve oneself• Right mindfulness, or remaining aware of world around one• Right concentration, or ignoring temptation and discomfort

while meditating

Eightfold PathEightfold Path

NirvanaNirvana The union with the The union with the ultimate ultimate spiritual reality. spiritual reality.

Escape from the cycle of Escape from the cycle of rebirth. rebirth.

Nirvana

The Buddha taught that those who followed Eightfold Path could attain nirvana

• State of perfect peace in which soul freed from suffering forever

• Those not attaining nirvana reborn to live through cycle of suffering again

• Basic teachings of Eightfold Path, Middle Way—living in moderation, avoiding extremes of comfort, discomfort in search for nirvana

Summarize

What are the fundamental teachings of Buddhism?

Answer(s): suffering comes from selfish desires; overcoming desire ends suffering; follow Eightfold Path to overcome desire

After the Buddha’s death, differing opinions arose concerning the correct teachings and practices of Buddhism. Eventually three main Buddhist traditions formed—Theravada, Mahayana, and Tibetan.

• “Way of the Elders”

• Oldest tradition

• Best way to attain nirvana: be monk, nun, meditate

• Find one path to enlightenment; very much an individual religion

Theravada• Teaches people can

help each other find enlightenment

• Not necessary to be monk, nun

• Bodhisattvas, enlightened people not yet passed to nirvana, help others

Mahayana

• Shares many Mahayana teachings

• Also believes special techniques can harness spiritual energy, lead to nirvana in single lifetime

Tibetan

Divisions of Buddhism

Buddhism in the Subcontinent

Buddhism in the Subcontinent

Ashoka also encouraged missionaries to carry the Buddha’s message to lands outside of India.

Unlike Hinduism, which largely remained an Indian religion, Buddhism spread into other parts of the world. Today, more than 350 million people are Buddhists, most of them concentrated in Asia. Relatively few people in India are Buddhists today.

• Buddhist community in India grew throughout Buddha’s life

• Followers spread teachings after Buddha’s death

• Teachings not written down until first century BC; helped preserve, spread teachings throughout India

Buddhism in India

The Spread of Buddhism

• 200s BC, Buddhism reached peak in India during reign of emperor Ashoka

• Ashoka became Buddhist, helped spread Buddhism into all parts of India

Ashoka

Traders

• Trade also helped spread Buddhism beyond India

• 200s BC, merchants traveling routes from India to Central Asia introduced Buddhist teachings

• Traders from Central, Southeast Asia took Buddhist teachings into China, slowly spreading, blending with native Chinese philosophies

Buddhism Beyond India

• Ashoka sent missionaries to Sri Lanka, large island off India’s southern coast, and north to lands along Himalayas, east into lands of Southeast Asia

• Buddhism took firm hold in kingdoms that eventually became Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, islands of Indonesia

Religions of South Asia

Religions of South Asia

• As Buddhism encountered other religious traditions outside India, it changed, developed

• Blending caused smaller traditions within Theravada, Mahayana

• Zen, branch of Mahayana, emphasized self-discipline, meditation

• Today Buddhism very diverse

Change, Development

• From China, Buddhism eventually diffused into Korea, Japan

• AD 300s, first introduced to Korea

• Korean travelers took religion to Japan 200 years later

• By this time, Buddhism had become leading religion in East, Southeast Asia

Korea and Japan

Leading Asian Religion

Sequence

How did Buddhism spread through Asia?

Answer(s): through missionary work and trade

GROG 4-2 (5 Points)

Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by explaining what each of the teachings in the left column is and how Buddhists believe each

one will help them attain nirvana.

The Rise of Christianity

Chapter 6 Section 4

Pages 183-187

Bell Ringer 6-4 (5 Points)

Write a short biographical sketch of the Buddha. In your sketch,

describe his early life, the changes that occurred when he

was an adult, and his basic teachings. As you write, be sure to make the order of events clear

Crash Course

• Christianity from Judaism to Constantine: Crash Course World History #11 - YouTube

Reading Focus

• How was Christianity rooted in the teachings of Judaism?

• What were the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth?

• How did Christianity spread throughout the Roman world?

• What was the early Christian Church like?

Main Idea

A new religion called Christianity developed within the Roman Empire and gradually spread throughout the Roman world.

The Rise of Christianity

• Jews had to pay tribute to Romans but unwilling to abandon religion for polytheistic religion of Romans

• Roman leaders allowed Jews to practice religion as long as they paid tribute, maintained civic order

Roman Compromise

• Teachings of Jesus of Nazareth developed into new religion—Christianity

• Many of teachings rooted in beliefs, customs of Judaism

• 63 BC, Romans conquered Judaea, chose new ruler for region, installed him as king

Judaism in the Roman World

Christianity and Judaism

Reactions to Roman Rule

• Judaism had different branches, varying ideas on cooperation with Romans

• Zealots called on fellow Jews to drive Romans from Judaea, reestablish Kingdom of Israel

Messianic Prophecies

• After revolt in 130s, all Jews banned from Jerusalem

• Not all Jews willing to take up arms; others waited coming of Messiah— spiritual leader prophesied to restore ancient kingdom, bring peace to world

Zealots

• Zealots formed pockets of resistance against Romans of Judaea

• After mass uprising AD 66–70, Romans sacked Jerusalem, killed thousands of Jews, destroyed Second Temple

Judaism in the Roman World

Make Generalizations

What were two Jewish reactions to Roman rule?

Answer(s): refused to give up religion; Zealots wanted to rise up against Roman rule

Against this background, a spiritual leader named Jesus of Nazareth emerged, teaching people to prepare for God’s

Judgment Day.

• Nearly all knowledge of Jesus comes from Gospels—first four books of New Testament

• New Testament and books of Hebrew Bible make up today’s Christian Bible

• Jesus born in Bethlehem, near Jerusalem

• Learned carpentry, studied writings of Jewish prophets

Life

• Jesus preached message of renewal and warning

• Gathered group of disciples

• Created excitement by performing miracles of healing; defending poor, oppressed

• Instructed people to repent of sins, seek God’s forgiveness

• Must love God above all, love others as much as self

Preaching

Jesus of Nazareth

Death and Resurrection

Jesus’s popularity, crowds alarmed authorities who feared political uprisings

• Jesus arrested, tried, sentenced to death

• According to New Testament, after crucifixion

– Jesus rose from dead

– Spent 40 days teaching disciples

– Ascended into heaven

• Followers believed Resurrection, Ascension revealed Jesus as the Messiah

Summarize

What was the main message of Jesus’s teaching?

Answer(s): Followers must love God above all else, and love others as they loved themselves.

After Jesus’s death, his disciples began teaching that all people could achieve salvation—the forgiveness of sins and the promise of everlasting life.

• Jesus’s 12 disciples worked to spread message

• Earliest Christian missionaries

• Apostles traveled widely, teaching mostly in Jewish communities

Apostles• Paul, originally

known as Saul, born in Tarsus, in Asia Minor

• Had actively opposed those teaching that Jesus was the Messiah

Paul of Tarsus• Paul had

conversion on way to Damascus, became Christian

• If not for his work, Christianity might have remained a branch of Judaism

Conversion

The Spread of Christianity

Converting the Gentiles

• Paul believed God sent him to convert non-Jews, or Gentiles

• Paul helped make Christianity broader religion, attracted many new followers but dispensing with some Jewish customs

• Helped establish Christian churches throughout eastern Mediterranean

• Paul’s epistles, or letters, to those churches later became part of the New Testament

Roman Christianity

Paul found some Jewish customs hindered missionary work among non-Jews, dispensed with those requirements for Christians

Paul emphasized new doctrines that helped distinguish Christianity from Judaism

Christianity spread; message of love, eternal life after death found appealing

By AD 300, some 10 percent of Roman people were Christian

Results

• As Christianity spread through Roman world, some local officials feared Christians conspiring against them; arrested, killed many Christians

• Those killed seen by Christians as martyrs, people who die for their faith

Imperial Approval

• Spread of Christianity hastened by conversion of emperor Constantine

• AD 313, Constantine made Christianity legal within empire, Edict of Milan

• By late 300s, polytheism gradually disappeared from empire

Threat

• Christians persecuted at local level, but large-scale persecution rare during first two centuries after Jesus’s life

• Large-scale persecution by Romans grew as rulers saw Christianity as threat

Persecution

Find the Main Idea

What helped spread Christianity through the Roman world?

Answer(s): Paul of Tarsus and other disciples; Constantine’s conversion; outlawing of public non-Christian sacrifices by Theodosius

Communities

• Earliest Christian churches not only spiritual organizations but close-knit communities

• Provided all kinds of support for members

Deepening Faith

• Ceremonies developed to inspire people’s faith, make them feel closer to Jesus

• One ceremony was Eucharist

Complex

• Support included burial services, food, shelter

• Christianity grew; organization became more complex

Ceremonies

• During Eucharist, people eat bread, drink wine in memory of Jesus’s death, resurrection

• With baptism, people are admitted to the faith

The Early Christian Church

Patriarchs did not recognize the popes’ supremacy claims at first, but over time popes gained more influence within the Christian Church.

By about 100, priests who were trained in these ceremonies became prominent within Christianity. The authority of the priests was based on the authority Jesus gave the Apostles. This spiritual authority distinguished the priests from the general congregation of the church.

• Church expanded, developed administrative structure

• Bishop oversaw church affairs, had authority over other priests

• 300s, heads of oldest congregations, patriarchs, had authority over other bishops

Administrative Structure

Expansion of the Church

• Many believed Peter founded Roman Church, was first bishop

• Later bishops of Rome, popes, Peter’s spiritual heirs

• Gospel of Matthew: Jesus gives Peter keys to kingdom of heaven

• Therefore future popes inherit keys

Peter the Apostle

Summarize

How did the Christian Church change as it grew?

Answer(s): Special ceremonies and rituals developed; priests became a special class within Christianity; bishops had authority over priests; the bishop of Rome became a pope.

GROG 6-4 (5 Points)

Sequence Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic

organizer by identifying the sequence of key events in the

spread of Christianity.

The Origins of Islam

Chapter 9 Section 1

Pages 257-261

Bell Ringer 9-1 (5 Points)

• Write a short description of the organization of the early Christian church. Be sure to include key officials in the church, their main responsibilities, and a statement about how their roles changed over time.

Crash Course

• Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars All Without a Flamewar: Crash Course World History #13 - YouTube

Reading Focus

• What was Arabia like at the time of Muhammad’s birth?

• What were Muhammad’s messages, and how were they received?

• What are some basic ideas of Islam?

Main Idea

Muhammad, a merchant whom Muslims believe was the last prophet, reported that he received messages from God. The religion he taught—Islam—drew many followers.

The Origins of Islam

Arabia was sparsely populated 1,500 years ago. Small bands of bedouins moved their herds between scattered

oases in the desert.

• Farming limited in Arabia

• Commerce lively

– Trade routes converged at Arabian Peninsula

– Ideas as well as merchandise exchanged

– Trade-dependent towns rose near coasts

• Mecca, near Red Sea, most important of coastal towns

The Setting

• The Kaaba, cube-shaped structure, at heart of Mecca

• 500s, already ancient, considered sacred

• Possible meteorite built into one wall, “relic from heaven”

• Idols of local gods inside

• Site drew religious pilgrims

• One god considered supreme: Allah

Religious Function

The Arabian Peninsula

• Had always been religious man, but faiths of others probably also influenced Muhammad’s thinking

• Took frequent spiritual retreats

• Angel appeared to him during retreat, commanded him to speak messages from Allah

• Muhammad disturbed by visitation, unsure of meaning

• After more visits from angel, Muhammad concluded God had chosen him to be prophet

Muhammad’s Faith

• Muhammad ibn Abd Allah born 570

• Parents died, Muhammad raised by uncle, powerful clan leader

• Grew up to have successful career in Mecca as merchant

• Married to older woman at age 25, fathered seven children, all but one of whom died young

• Met followers of Judaism, Christianity while traveling on business

Early Life

Muhammad the Messenger

Messages

• Among many messages from angel, Muhammad reported Allah one and only true and all-powerful God

• Other messages, instructions on how to live to please Allah, live in paradise

Safety

• Many disliked Muhammad’s criticism of traditional beliefs in many gods

• Only protection of uncle kept him safe

• After uncle’s death Muhammad knew he and followers not safe in Mecca

Public Preaching

• Muhammad originally told only wife, few friends about experiences

• Began to preach in public after about three years, attracted many followers

• Some powerful Meccans did not accept teachings

The Revelations

Hegira

• 622, Muhammad moved to Yathrib, came to be called Medina, “the Prophet’s City”; journey from Mecca to Medina came to be known as hegira

• Later Muslims marked year of hegira as first year of Islamic calendar

Mecca

• People of Mecca who wanted Muhammad stopped did not give up

• Fought several battles with Muhammad, followers, ultimately lost ground

• 630, Muhammad controlled Mecca, influence unmatched

Building Faith

• Muhammad spent decade building community of fellow believers

• Called faith Islam, meaning “achieving peace through submission to God”

• Followers known as Muslims

Sharing the Revelations

Sequence

What events led up to Muhammad’s taking control of Mecca?

Answer(s): Muhammad moved to Medina, number of followers grew; Meccans fought him and his followers but lost

• As Muhammad gained political power, revelations continued

• Muhammad could not read, write; recited revelations

• Followers memorized words, some wrote them down

• Writings Muslims believe as direct revelations from God collected in Qur’an, sacred test of Islam

• Muslims read from Qur’an to hear Allah’s teachings

• Seek religious experience in rhythm, beauty of words

• Full meaning known only in original Arabic language

• Translations not true representation

Qur’an

• Five basic acts of worship central to Islam, Five Pillars of Islam

• Profession of faith

• Performance of five daily prayers

• Giving of alms to poor, needy

• Fasting during month of Ramadan

• Make pilgrimage to Mecca

Five Pillars of Islam

Basic Ideas of Islam

Profession of Faith- Pillar 1

• “There is no god but God…”

• By affirmation, Muslim signals acceptance of the faith

• Denies existence of other gods, accepts Muhammad as prophet

Giving Alms to Poor, Needy

• Muslims supposed to give percentage of income to charity

• Even those with little encouraged to help others

Five Daily Prayers

• Worshippers say daily prayers five times during day

• Always face Mecca to pray, no matter where they are

Fasting During Ramadan- Pillar 4

• Muslims required to go without food, drink, dawn to dusk

• Ramadan when Muhammad began to report messages written down in Qur’an

Five Pillars of Islam

Mecca

Pilgrimage to Mecca

• Muslims physically, financially able required to go to Mecca

• Journey called the hajj

– Gather to pray in mosque

– Perform various rituals, walk seven times around Kaaba

– Climb Mount Arafat, site of Muhammad’s last sermon

Sunna and Sharia

• Record of Muhammad’s behavior, teachings known as Sunna, “tradition,” provides guidance in personal relationships, business

• Muslim legal system known as Sharia, reflects various rules by which Muslims should live, outlines method of reasoning, argument for legal cases, made up of opinions, writings over several centuries

Guidelines for Behavior

• Qur’an provides guidelines for moral behavior

• Muslims may not eat pork, drink alcohol, must wash before praying

• Qur’an prohibits murder, lying, stealing

• Requires jihad, to defend Muslim community, also means “holy war”

People of the Book

• Islam monotheistic like Jewish, Christian faiths

• Islamic beliefs:

– Allah the same as God in Jewish, Christian traditions

– Abraham, Moses, Jesus messengers from God

– Muhammad, last of God’s prophets

– Qur’an represents God’s final message

– Muslims told to respect Jews, Christians as “people of the book;” share tradition of prophets who taught, received God’s revelations

Summarize

What are the acts of worship required of all Muslims?

Answer(s): The Five Pillars of Islam—profession of faith, five daily prayers, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, and the hajj

GROG 9-1 (5 Points)

Sequence Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by listing events,

in order, that led to the origins of Islam.