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    SERIESIN HGH

    EDTORA OAR

    Lester Embree, Center President

    Duquesne Universiy

    Algis Mickunas, Secretary

    Ohio Universit

    Edward G. Ballard

    Tulane University

    Jos Huertas-Jourda

    Wilfred Laurier University

    Joseph J Kockelmans

    Pennsylvania Stae University

    William McKenna

    iami Universit

    J MohantyUniversiy of Okahoma

    Thomas M Seebohm

    Johannes GutenbergUniversit ainz

    Richard Zaner

    Vanderbi Uniersity

    NTERNATONA ADVSORY OAR

    uzanne Bacheard

    Universit de Paris

    Rudolf Boehm

    Rijks universi ti t -Gen

    Albert Borgmann

    University of Montana

    Amedeo P GiorgiDuquesne University

    Richard Gratho

    Universi Bielefeld

    Samuel sseling

    Husserl-Archief te Leuven

    Alphonso Lingis

    Pennslvania State Universit

    Werner Marx

    AlbertLudwigs-Universit

    David Rasmussen

    oston College

    John Salis

    Loyola Uniersiy Chicago

    ohn Scanlon

    Duquesne Universi

    Hugh J. Silerman

    State Universiy of Nw York Sony rook

    Carlo Sini

    Universit di iano

    Elisabeth Strker

    Universi Kln

    Jacques Taminiaux

    Louvain-la-euve

    D Lawrence Wieder

    University of Oklahoma

    Dallas Willard

    Universiy of Souhern California

    ponsored b the Center for Advance Research n Phenomenoo, Inc

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    SCHELLING' TREAIE

    ON HE ENC

    OF UMN REED

    Martin Heidegger

    b

    Joan tambaugh

    OHO NVESTY PESSATHENS OHO

    ONON

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    Lby Pbc

    Heegger arn 997Scheng's rease n he essnc f ha fee

    (Seres n cnnena hg )Transan f Sche ngs Ahanng er as sn

    er menschchen Frehe nces grahca rferences an n Schng Frrch Jseh 7 75

    54 Phshsche Unrschngn er as esener menschchen Frhe r Seres J43S35H433 95 35 3947SN 04-090-SN 04094 (k)

    Prne n he U ne S aes f AecaA rghs resere Transan rg 5 Ja S aag

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    LE OF CONEN

    Preface

    Er's Preface

    nrodco Rmarks Lcr Cors Smmr Smstr Sche lng's Wrk an he Task f Ths nerrean 2 . Sche lng's Daes; E ns f Hs Wrk an eraure n H 43 Schelng's Quesn au Free as Hs rca Quesnng

    au eng 9

    4 Schellng an Hege

    A nrpraion First Disssions in Slling is 4

    nrucn he nrucn (ages 79) 4 Free n he Scenc Wr Ve as a Whe 42 Wha s a Sse an H Des Phsh e u

    Sses? 3 Skech f ern Precs fr a Sse ( Snza an 's W

    a Sse an's Sgncanc fr eran as) 334 Th e Se en an ( neecua nun an sue

    Knege n Scheng) 45 s a Sse f Free Psse? (Onhg rnces

    f nege) 4 The nea f he Quesn au he Sse f Fre 57

    Inrpraion Inrodion t o Sling tis pgs The Quesn f he Sse an anhes Varus Psse nerreans f anhes 3 Panhes an he Ongca Quesn (n acc

    f he s") 74

    4 Varus Versns f he nce f Fre (The OngcaQuesn as a Funaena Quesn) 3

    5 The Naure an unares f eas's Psn 90 Schellng's nce f Fre Fre fr an E

    The Quesn f El an s run 9

    Inrpraion Main Par Scing ais Its skMapysics Evil as Fondaion a Systm Frdm pags 04

    The nner Pss f E 05a The Ques n f E an he Quesn f eng 05 The Jnure f eng Scheng's sncn f rn an

    Exsence 0c The ecng f an reaures (Tera

    een an eng)

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    . The Jn re eng n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8e. ngng as he Nare he rn n .

    (The Ex sence n en y h Hs rn) . . . . . . 24. rean as he een ecng he Asle an

    reae engs (The nan reae engs) . . . . . . . 2

    g. The Qesnaly Tay's nerran Nare.Realy an ece Presence ( Vrndni . . . . . . . . . 3 7

    h. SelWll an nersal Wll. The Searaly he Prncesn an as he nn he Pssly El . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

    The nersa Realy El as he Pssly nals . . 46

    . The Prcess he nan Real El . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2

    V The Fr El Aearng n an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

    V The Jscan 's ny n he Face El . . . . . . . 58

    V El n he Syse as a Whle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

    V . The Hghes ny engs a s a Whl an H an Free . . 6

    AppndixExcers r he anscrs n rearan r he aanc

    Schellng senar ser seesr 4 an excers rsenar nes 4 43 65Nes 6

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    PREFCE

    Ths s f Frerch Sch ngs ra s On Humn Frdm shce as a ce nesgan f a hsh ss knn Engsreaers han ha f he her ar eran eass Jhann le Fche an erge he Frerch Hg Schengs rase saaae n an eceen Engsh ransan O Humn Frdm (hcagOen r 93) Jaes ann h as r he nrcnThe rear can hs s he rea se as a h an rhas nae a knf age en arn Heegers n rrean an hs n ner

    sanng f n gnera h nger assages f Sch ng q n hsk are aken na fr Prfessr anns ransan There are snr scrancs n ransan f Heggrs e an Prfessrtanns erng ch f he rng n he Hgger e aschsen h an ee Heggers n nerran rahr han Schl ngstreatse rer

    Ths s rhas he s sraghfrar" s f Heeggrs aear n Engsh A h sae e eas h qes ns a he rrne

    f r faar h eran eas Ths he asc res a s akehere e a he er hear f he eas ran he qesn f hca f he sse an f na han fr he qesn fanhes an e s can f e Sche ng s h rs hnker n heranaseas ra n grae srs h he r f e Hes n as fr nsance Dscares Snza an nz ssss e as cnr ng he ar an erfcn f h he r as ase ack r ran f eng hang n rea esence n s n rghRaher Scheng ges he a f seekng h rgn f e n h sf

    assern f h crearThese qesns are h gra qs ns f h h shca ran

    neal faar an ran hshers Heer her heseuesns lea Scheng an h h Hgger are sss hchme er cs he nars f he ea s ran T ake ne f hs ran eaes Schengs cnce f h grness" hareasn can n nger grn an an ns ack Jac ehe annrecly frar he recn f Heeggrs n nqr;

    surely n e cngena a Fche r a Hege It s he tha hs hher nshe nsn f Heeggers

    thnkng ll re e sang an rcae Engsh reaers

    heng s ne f the hnkers h Heeggr has he s an an

    ths stuy shu frfu fr an nersanng f h

    an aagh

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    EDOR PREFCE

    n s n s k cnns nc f cu cusgn ns f u n su ss f 936 Tnusc s c n fncs n connc snncs fu Pfss Hgg f s fuc n cng s

    Snc s nusc s s n un f cu cus sss ncss n sn c fu ks h

    nsn f cfng s n css ns s sks o n s suuus n syf sc s n s

    n cnns cs f nuscs f n ncsn n Scng n s ss of94 z Hgg n c s nscs n n n cnns n c f sn ns f 94 943

    u k nk ucn n c n

    Hnn f ns kng n ng gs u s k nk ucn f s fncs n ns n f s k

    Hg Fck

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    troductory emarks of the ectureourse, ummer emester, 6

    . SHELLNS RK N THE TSK THSNTERPRETTN

    Scng scusss ssnc fun f n s ng Piloopica Inquii int o t Natu Human Fdom and Matt Connctd hit Ts s f s g ks Sc ngu s n u n Scling Pioophica iting (Lnsu P K ns ks 809

    Egn un n nn Nn u ns ssn us n E snc 806 Ric n n nnsnc T sn n ncs f Rhinund unNans cn n s f uus nnunc snf Ric n Richtag f Rgnsug n ugus s nz ans ng n n Ks cn n c funPussa su s s f n Jn n us Nn sun Puss s s T kng n s cnf n s Puss s us ck nk f E Tsac y Kuscsn n Rhinund nc s c ngug o E

    In 1808 Nn c ng f ncs n Efu T G consan Nn T k u cuug-dy and yf f Nn s gs "ng krd W n f n? Pcs s f "C Ps Idand fyu T s gwfw

    Eihtn hundd nd nin: Gcsixyysd . Faut, p n

    had j u aad F ys n1 804 Kn gf gFour yar bf 1 805 Scl s snc f s In 1809Nolonu hs s sus f n fAspn T Tnaant rvol un spf An sHf

    Manwh l Puagun gn s "nc ns (Fc) nth noh Brn von S n c nw fm f mns n

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    2 Sclling ati on t Enc Human Fdom

    Scrnrs cr sr n fr f n r Fc g s rsss rn ntn rn c Trug s srns Trnurc (Daltigkitkic) Scl rchr bc t lc cr frn sc

    n 80 l n Hubl bc th Prussn n sr f culur nrk n funng f nrs f Brln fr c t rngs fF chtn Scrcr rr Tt s r t rl cur rurnd trn fr Kngsbrg T flng r Qun Lus Nx rHnrc n K s s lng rn b rk ln f gtng rdf Nn b frc s s lf nnsN ln

    r s gr nnn f nur" Hgl cl rlsu" s s r rug c fr bl f n n bu l lcr s L ns h s su fl "n Hrnbrg l bc t Prussn cncr f sttH k grng Prussnrn rlt fr cng rurl

    l ts n n rqu rn fr c r n sncrcn r nnrr n grn s n n sxrss n t r f xrn crcu ng t cl

    n Prussn s s f ngnc " s f t Sr T srScrnrs n r n r nssnl curg b l n cs fr bu n cs f cknlg r knlg n cul ur uurn t ssn kng c s f funnlsns f src xstnc kng c s t rsusn fr gr l

    T rfun unru f s rs Nln skn t nrfur s sn c lg Pcs s ft N Sr s ft n f s Sr t

    T ssnc f Sr r s fr Scngs rs n fr s ubs n 80 I s s grsccsn n s s n f st rfun rks frn us f srn ls

    n 807 rs bfr Scngs rs n fr Hgls rs ngrs rk r Pnomnolo Spiit. T rfc t s rcnns sr nl f Sc ng n l nl brk bn bn frns snc r ut T r n bn f ung Sbnfrns Hrn s kn ts s b s gs n t rcn fnss

    Tus r sr s r s fll sudns n Tbngn S t r rn rt n r xsnc n cnsqun ls n trrk bu r n sl srs c n ccrng s n ls rn sr T trnsfrtn f sr n s trcl frchs n t c bu cn nl c bu n nc gn lrnt r n rsr cr r

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    nrodco Rmarks Lcr Cors 3

    hn Schling publishd his tratis on rdo, h was thitou ars old

    H pubishd his rst phiosophical work in his ast ar as a studnt (1794), On

    Possibili a Form Pilosopy in Gnral A philosophical th could notpossib b an broadr than this ro this wok to th tratis on rdo astorm dvlopnt o his thinking taks plac Each a o this span o n

    ars brings on or or tratiss and in btwn such dcisiv works as th Firs

    Skc a Sysm a Pilosopy Nar (799) and th Sysm anscndnal

    Ialism (1800) Th orr brought icht's Idalis into a copltl nwral and brought Idais as a who onto a nw track Th latt bca thprcursor or Hgl's Pnomnolo Spiri and th prcondition o Schlling's

    own lat stps In 80 Prsnaion My Sysm Pilosopy appardAr th tatis on rdo, Schlling did not publish anthing or, apartro a w spchs and t poical pic agains t H acobi But this span oort-v ars until his dath in 1854 ans nithr a sting on is prviousachivnts nor an xtinction o th powr o thought th shaping o hisactual wo was nvr copltd, this was du to th annr o ustioningwhich Schling gw into ar his tratis on do

    Onl in t is light can th priod o silnc b undrs tood, o, athr, th oth

    wa around Th act o this s ilnc thows light upon th dicul t and novlt oustioning and on th thin's car knowldg o all this hat is usuallbrought orward to xplain this priod o Schl ling's silnc is onl o scondasignicanc and is basicall r gossip Schlling hisl is a bit guilt r inthat h was not insnsi tiv nough to it Bu t th labo o tining that was goingon during this piod o sinc as an autho can b o o lss ugd b thnint cturs which w hav ro th Naclass [poshuous wos Mo orss, or btwn lcturs and a nishd slcontaind wo th is not onl adirnc o dg, but anssntial dinc But, i on a saso, Schlling

    had togt standd in his work bcaus his ann oq u e s i n g didn't allowaninn cntr in th standpoint o phiosoph at that im e . \ T onl ssntialthinkr ar Schl ling, Nitzsch, brok downin tidl o hisal work, ThWll to Powr, or th sam rason But this doubl, grat brakdown o gratthinkrs is not a ailur and nothingngativ at al-onth contra. It is thsign th advnt o sothing coplt dirnt, th hat lightning ofa nwbginning. Whovr ra knw th ason or this bakdown and could con-qur it intigntoud hav to bco th oundro th nw bginningo

    WesternphilospDuringthti ofhis gratstproductivitand his dpst so litu, Ni tzschnc rot th ooing vrss in a ddication cop o his booDawnDay88

    Whoeve oe da has much ocams siet about much

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    4 Shing ' atis on th Essn oHuman Frdom

    Whoeve must oe day kde the ghtgust be fo a og tme-coud ( 1 883 )

    Sc lngs s on fo s on of os vy os n c sc co gns o fo I sl ovs ov s o co l ony s onng s o nx y o on o s clo T s o n y onng s on fo T n non of s non s ov fo

    To con ssnc of n fo n ns s qson of fo Ts nnos cn of osoy s

    og o nogn lc oslvs nongy in 2 Fo s cn o ng Sclngs losoy cos o s s ol n

    n s fnn s3 In s y n n nsnng of osoy of n

    Is s o n s of s ovng focs fo Scng s ycv n os n of s o g of Gn osoy H s o suh n xn vs n Il s fo n g ss on fnn oson

    H no o ng s qsonng o ysc c noc H n o o c slf oc y s nng f o lonn nyon T soy of so of s os n ns cn n n; s so no ncssy o I s suc n f ys so of n n

    In nx c s n on of Scllngs son fo T oc of o non s s follos sl folo of s s -y-s n vlo cn ncons s ncssy

    o no soclly n ns s clly n gnsc n nsnng of s ovs y fo s n no occrnc of losoy of n Ils vng nnos of s s oy n s oslvs s v n n o o coo of In soy of n ssn ngs nv ovco y nngon's c n nly fng onslf n fogflnss Fo sssn cos c gn n gn T ony qson s n g sry n song nog fo

    2 SHELLIN S TES; E ITINS F HIS RK NLITERTURE N HI

    To ngs sol c non o fScngs is ( soos ly xnl sc of Sc ngs if; (2) fnc o os ncssyn sfl ools fo o o

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    Introduto Remrk the eture oue 5

    Rgrng hn hnkrs rk r cs n rcs f hs rk rvlbl h lf" f hlshr s unrn fr h ub c nvr g

    t kn h s ssnt n hshc f thrugh bgrhcl scrnsnyh If nvrhls s k f gnr rfrncs Schngs lf s th th n ntn f kng ssb rr h curs f hs f r

    clrly n h hstry flr usLi ny thr grt Grns Schllng cs fr Prtstnt rsng.

    H s brn nury 2 7 1 7 75 n th Sbn cy f Lnbrgth brhlcof th grt strnr hnns Klr T yrs lr n 1777 Schllngsfthr n s rchr n rfssr t th hlgcl rrry sch n

    Bbnhusn nr bngn hn h s n yrs l h yung Schllngwnt t Lin schl n Nrtngn h n hr Hlrln s snng hs

    boyhIn nly yr hs fhr h k h by u f sch gn snc ccrng

    th chr h h nthng r rn hr Thus Schlng s ughgthr h h r snr suns n bnhusn un 70 hn hrcul s sun nvrsy f Tngn h g f n Thtchr n Bnhusn rcgnz n h n ingenium preox rccus

    criv n Evn bfr hs sus t h unvrsy bss hr hshcl schl lrur hch h rc Schng s rng Lbnzs Mondolo. This rk rn csv fr f hs fuur hsc thnkngSchllng kn nhng bu Kn (y u h s yr th Schlng nto h nvrs ty fTbngn 70 s u bsh h bc funn frth yungr gnrn n h frn f rn s Kns ritique dgmen.

    Schllng s tu fr v yrs n Tbngn yrs f lshy n hryrs f hlgy H k h s curs f sus t h s s Hlrln n Hgl bh h v yrs r hn Sch ng h nvrs yrr Kns hlshy h Frnch Rvlutn h rks n h rgunbu nhis hch s ccsn by Jcbs ssy n Snz rn h srul rl fTbngn n y cuss

    As s lry nn Schlngs rs hshc rng s ub-li sh n th ls yr fhs susI stlynunc by Fch 's cr noscncwhch hj usbcknwn

    Whn in Estr 1795 Hdrlin h hd hrd Fichin J n hi hus

    t tor thr vis Schllngn Tbngn h cussur h h h (Schng)wsj ustsfar alongasFiche . "

    chlling to bc hus ur k hs frins n Lzg hr hgrly ursu th syf hnurl scncs hsmm

    In 1798, wn hwstwn-thr yrs l Schllngs cl J n sn xtrordinry nid rofssor of hlshy Fcht's suggstn n

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    6 lling' Tais on Essnc Hman Frdom

    unde Goethe nuene The name Wema and Jena ae ucent to let unow n what a vely and tomy n teletua wod hellng wa o deelo In

    1801 egel too ame fom anfut t o J ena to habl tate hmef tereThe tme n Jena 17981803, wa the mot futful n hellng lfe e

    founded h ytem thee wthout gdly emanng wthn tat ytem InJena for the t tme he gave h etue on the method o f academ tudywhh have beome famou Pofeonal and eonal eaon led to deatue n 1803 Afte a hot eod of teahg n Wburg ellng moved toMunh n 1806 whee thee wa a yet no uverty e beame a membe ofthe Aademy of ene and the geneal eetay of the Aademy of Art

    Aart from an nterruton by a tay n rlangen from 80 nl 87ellng remaned n Mun unl 1841 In 186 te old aaran uneryIngoladt of Landu t ( ere eer nce 800) wa moed o nc e call ofhellng to te unverty wa a mater of oure dee many secre nrgeagan

    In 1831, ege dedegel who had develoed a brllant eetene neln eve ne 1818 and wo ruled ove hloohy n Germany oon he lano call helng a h ueo ame to lfe u only n 184 after Fredh

    Wlhelm IV too ove the govenment dd h al atually ome abouthellng gave letue n erln un tl 1846 b u t h e wa no able t o develo heame b llant eetvene a egel Th wa due not only to the manner of hhloohy at that tme; but alo to the t and the lak of rt of te woleage helng wthdew from all ubl atvty and ed unl h dea n 1854omle tely fo the fomaton of h lanned maor wok wh never go beyondthe form of a oue of letue

    Wen el lng name menoned eole lke to on o a s nker

    conanly hanged tandon and on ofen egnaes a a ack nharaer ut te trut a ere wa eldom a tnker wo fog oaonaely eer ne earlet erod for one and n que andon Onthe oer hand egel te ontemlave tnker b led t grea workwhen e wa thty-even year old and w t ublaon wa mmedaelyettled wth egad o looy and andont eryng a followed wa mly a mater of workng ng ot and of alaton T ofoue all n a gand tye and w a rh erany

    u t cellng ad o gve u eveyng agan and agan and agan and agan

    bng t ba to a new gound ellng ay once ( IX 7 8 ) 5, - ) * e who we to lace hmelf n e begnnng o f a trly free looylmut abandon even God Here we ay wo we o manan e wll loe ;and who ge t u e wll nd Only e a come o e ground ofmelf and

    *Quoaos fom e Gema ex foo vome a age me of e coeceoks oume 7 of e s vso of e coece oks coas e ase offeeomfom ages 336416

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    nroduo Rmarks ur Cours 7

    as known the whole det of lfe who has one abandoned everythng and ha

    self been abandoned by everythng e for whom everythng dsaearedand wo saw mself alone wth the nnte: a great ste wh Plato omared tdeat

    ellng took ths ste several tmes For that reason he usually laked theeae and ontnuty of develoment and thus hs work oen laked the suessof nal touhes ut all of ths has nothng n omon wth the fatal twstng of aange of on t of vew

    Trough an nterretaton of the s tudy on freedo we want to exerene whatreally suorted fullled and snathed ts long lfe agan and agan to new

    begnnngs One doesn t need to know anytng else other than the ture of teold ellng to suset that n ths thoughtful lfe not only a ersonal destny wasat stake but also the hs toral srt of the ermans as tey themselves sought a

    gestalt Regardng : t e useful tools of our workA The wors of hellng were ublshed soon after hs death by hs seond

    oldest son n fourteen volumes n two dvsons 186-61 Te rst dvsonenomasses ten volumes ere everythng whh has been ublshed searateyand the essays and treatses whh had aeared n newsaers aademseehes and eture ourses were nluded artally sulemented byunublshed wrtngs I n the seond dv son 1 86-8 the later dotrne of thehlosoher as t was formed aer 1 80 was made aessble from the Nalass nthe form of le tures ( the h losohy of mythology and of revelaton )

    Slling rks dted by Manfred hrter aordng to the orgnal edtonn the new order oers a rain subsiu for ths olleted edton whh hasbeome so rare U untl now sx an volumes have aeared sne 1 9 7 Theyalso ontan the age numbers of the old edton

    Another useful addton s Slling rks A Slion in r Vlums, 1907 nthe Mener Phlosohal Lbrary There are also searate ndvdual wrtngs ass the ase wth our text

    Three volumes Fom Slling L in Lrs, 89-870 edted by L Pltt are ndsensable as soure materal for ellngs lfe hstory but also for thedeveloment of hs works

    In addton Fhtes and hellngs hlosohal orresondene from thealass of both thnkers 186

    The olleton L Romani irs, 1907 whh was ublshed byundolf gves an mmedate selfontaned ture of the soures above alldurng the tme n Jena

    Only two of the wrtngsabou hellng and hs work are worty of menton tl the best presentaton as a whole s by Kuno Fsher Slling ,

    Uk, nd or rst edton 18 7 19 n the fourth edton as vo V I I of sHito Mode hiloophy Kuno Fsers work s exellent as t s modes t and yet

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    8 Scheling eatise on the Essence Human Freedom

    draws on a r knowledge of e wole age Te work on e soes of s lfesor n s broad desron s maserful even oug s anqaed n

    deals Te reamen of ellngs work akes lae n e fo of a smlereor oen n useful s aemens ofonen w don do anng loso

    all bu also don sol anng2. H Kn ermeer gves a new sorer resenaon nder e e ell ng

    and e Roman ool " Mun 1929 n e olleon isto Philosophy inIndividua esentation, Vol 30-1 Knermeers book s seros aefl ougou and fresl wren and bngs as a sulemen a relable gde o all ewrngs on el lng and Romansm u e desve loso of ellng

    as s develoed n e rea se on freedom s no arorae esened n sbook In add on e auors orenaon o odas daleal eolog narowse soe of e book eseall were e rue measal and slaveqesons are oued uon

    3 Wndelbands Primer the Histo Philosop, n e new edon of esoe 1935 s e bes soure for e soral esena ons of e wole age oferman Idealsm In s onaned an overvew of e oson of osoalsora nvesgaon"

    For a general enerang analss of n elleal s or o f e wole age envesgaons of W Dle are emnenl usable Tese works ae all mererearaons for a grea and rofondl oug s or of eman sr If sa quson of an nerreaon of erman Ideasm w s medael sefulfor a reave dalogue en les work s of no el no les s an e generalresenaons of s me smaller n value and soe u were s a maer ofmakng vsble e omlex wa of e sr a of e ndvdal as well as aof e eole everyng beomes lmnous and grea even f e somewadrng manner of Dles resenaon no longer omleel aords w orsle Among e olleed works one sold eseall menon vol 2Wtanschauung (d Vew), An Anasis Man Since the Renaissance and the Rermaion eatises on he Hiso Phiosophy and Religion; vol 3 Studies on the Histo Geman Spii vol 4 Hege Yuh Hiso and Oher eatises on he Histo GemanIeaism; and ndvdall blsed: "xperience and Poet: essng oeeNovals Hlderln One ofen forges e wok of e oung Dle : Sheiemache L (vol I 1870 Above all e seond and for volumes brngfundamenal resenaons of e nelleua l oson of erman beween 1795

    and 1806 In e aos of dal new ublaons and l le tractati, we mus noforge e endurng works of essen al ermans abo e grea ermans Alsowa s mos new n sene s no alwas wa s bes and s e dea of senewen loses s grea radon Te wole age s nnkable wou e sr ofKan rea and noble and even newl onrmed e eave rsm of s wor eneraes everng eseall b e ower of ransfomaon wemanaes from

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    Introducto Remarks the Lecture Course

    3 HLLNG QUION AOU FRDO A HORALQUONING OF I NG*

    9

    We shall now begn he nerrea on of cellngs rease and ake h s ownwords as he moo of or n erreaon of cellngs rease on freedom

    I f yo wan o honor a hlosoher yo ms cach m where he has no yegone foh o he conseqences n hs ndamenal hogh ; (n he hogh) fromwhch he akes hs on n dearre" (chellngs olleced Works WW econ2 I 60

    And hese oher words I s a oor obecon o a hlosoher o say a e sncomrehensble" (X 163 5 233

    Phiosophica Inquiries into the naure Human Freedom and Matters connected therewithFrs of all we wan o ge a bref exlnaon of he le Wa does hs l e

    ndcae? nq resno a resenaon and commncaon of resls and asserons or smly he caracerzaon of sndon We re forced o follow and occomany he ah of hlosohcal qesonng And aers o be a maerof sng le qes on ha of he nare of freedom ndeed of human freedom Were famlar wh hs qeson nder e common exresson e roblem of

    freedom of he wll" One roceeds as f e mn wll s free or nfree andgres how ha cold be roen n way sceny conncng Freedom ssosed o be a roery of man One belees one lready nows w orwo man s s only sll ncern weer e roery of freedom cn bearbed o m and hs facl y of wll or wheer ms be dened h m

    cellngs rease has nohng o do w s qes on of e freedom of ewll whch s lmaely wrongly and hs no qes on ll For freedom shere no he roerty of man b e oer way arond s a bes eroery of freedo Freedom s e encomssng and enerng nre nwhch man becomes man only when he s ancored ere a means he nareof man s gronded n freedom freedom self s deermnaon ofre engn general whch ranscends all hman be ng nsofar as an is as man e msarcae n hs de ermnaon of eng and mn is nsofar as he brngs abohs arcaon n freedom K sentence: Freedom no e roery of man bher man he roery of freedom )

    he nqry deals wh hman freedom s means ha deals wh pclark oreedom as he nareof reBeng ngeneral e nare of

    an s nqeson; ha s ones qesonng beyondmn o wch s moreessenal andowerfl an he hmself: freedom no s n ddonand arbeof he hman will , b raher as he nare ofreBeing, as e nare of he

    ondfo bengs as a whole In her ery onof dearre nd n accordnceh ha on of dearre ese nqres are dren beyond man beyond

    *-cheig's seig f eied gR

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    10 Scheng eatse on the Essence Human Feedom

    freedom to te ueton oe of enn enera ndeed tey are

    mmedately wtn te realm of t queton about te naure of eng a

    queton w rove to be te broadet deeet and tu mo eenalqueton of all ellng n ted at t broader and broade onneton only n aqu te exernal faon n te tt le wt te ulemen and mater onnetedterew t

    Ifwe ay eed to te dreton o fte treate ten t underandable wy wedon t need to gve more detaled reaon wy t treate wa oen eaue ta about te wole of eng w e annot nd anytng outde of from werewe ould n addton artularly exlan why te nqury dea wt freedom

    or te uent reaon for te queton of eng a a wole l e n eng te lfandtere alone ut man annot wtdraw from eng a a woe or e wat e onl y by tandng n te mddle of beng a a wole and erdurng* t tandMan annot wtdraw from beng a a wole e an be m taen abou teme an tae t and tat for al tere e an tae art for te wole but alwayonly n u a way tat e tae ometng artular for te wole and tualway omeow tn n term of te wole and n te dreon of e wole ere te que ton reman omletely oen weter e oneon of te wole

    alway u t a relatve oneton or weter t get at te woe abouelyWe tated tat no furter exlanat on wa neeary wy we ave oen reateunle n term of te treate telf or t rae a queton n wometng exreed w underle al of man ndvdual ntenton andexlanaton te que ton of ooy a u Woever gra t queonnow mmedately tat t meanngle to a wy and o wat uroe weooe or looy grounded only n term of telfor ele not at alut a art reveal t trut only troug telf

    One an never rove tat and wy looy neeary very uattem at roof already mundertand looy ut for te ame reaon t alo moble to ow ta t looy ueruou and tat t about tmeto get rd of t or rere t at te out et Woever ea t way roer temot brll ant rooffor te fat tat e n any ae omle ely unable to eaand treat of tat w e only ut down; e omletely gnorant of ooy

    Te fat tat te neety of looy annot really be grounded and talooy t elf an never be attaed an advantage for t nner nature but for

    t external o ton t alway a dadvantage I lam an never get rd of teuon of arbtrarne Never a long a we enounter looy a ometng w alo ext among man many atve a long a we ut tae noteof looy and don t allow oureve o be tranformed by t and underand

    *InnehltRN

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    Inouco Remaks he Lecue Couse

    ha hloohy only to be brough abou through freedom and hat arryng ou t an a t of hghet freedom

    u f omehng le a gradual eruaon o hloohy mob le and roedure an never be dretly exlaned and made omrehen ble we an t llnow demand an exlanaton why reely hellng reae and why reelyh reae on human freedom aen a a foundaon Th oo an only beexlaned n term of the treate telf and only f we ueed n a hloohalnerreaton of u h ue que tonable not only beaue t deendon he human rengh and human rght of u al l but even more o beaue tdeend on reuoton whh we mu ye aemt o eure

    Thu far a hloohy doe no ex whh would oer u the ond ton for anadequate undertandng of hellng treate an undertandng whh ouldbrng abou a reave tranformaon hel lng own hloohy doen t brngha abou eher or every hloohal wor f t a hloohal wordrve hloohy beyond the andon aen n the wor The meanng of ahloohal wor le reely n oenng a new realm etng new begnnngand mule by mean of whh he wor own mean and ah are hown o beoverome and nuen

    f he reuoon and ondon of a wor orgn are n rnle no

    uen for nterretaon beaue the wor telf o new rera ofqueonn And ne all exlanaon alway refer only to wha alreadyreen and nown no only doe wha reave and truly horal remanloed o he h oral exlanaon wha far more fatal he ole domnane ofhoral exlanaon mae eem a f what reave reely no therebu only a romant fanay u f one ye wan o ave wha nexlable nhory from beng dolved no wha an be exlaned one ually ee oedfyng and enthu a t eehe n ead of gong ba o he ondon of rue

    nowng xlanaton n term of wha follow and eeed are alo nouent eeally ne havng ee a roblem n own rgh Theymotly brng about omethng hahaard and exernal whh already nown(n t way of eetng)

    We hal l only really en ter and truly gauge he realm of hellng treate onfreedom f we gra what tae t beyond telf Wheher we fulll th ondon tantamount to the queon wheher we hloohe or only al abou hloohy We hloohe only when he oon of our human beng beome theeal nee

    d of the queton about eng a a whole ne however our humanbeng htoral t reman o n hloohng oo That mean the moreorgnally we begn our hloohal queton the more nwardly we grow n thebndng fore of our h tory The more genune th nwardne the more learly mle relaton aear n whh we tand n a horohloohal waynd whh we are to mater that to hae from the very ground

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    2 Scelling' eatise on te Essence Huan reedo

    c a sme essen al reaon conss s for s w regard o wa ce ng srease as made a qeson A rs s s only an asseron and ony eexresson of a ersona convcon Weer s more and someng else canonly be sown by an nerreaon of e rease

    4 HLL ING AND HGL

    n addon o e ack of obecve resoson for an nderakng of eqes on ere s anoer reason wc as ndered a osoca assmaonof s work of cengs o now Ta s e redomnance of Hegeanosoy I exs ed en as a s orcal fac and aer deermne e sorcaorraya and dgmen of bo osoes

    I was aready menoned a ere s a break w ce ng e reface oHeges Penoenolo Spirit (807) Ts break concerns e once of eAbsoe as e deny and nderence of al ooses wc cng admade e fndamena rncle of losoy W regard o s egel says oconsder any exsence as s n e Absolute consss n nong ese an sayngabo a wle s now dobess soken of as someng sec ye n e

    Absoe n e absrac deny of A = A ere s no sc ng a a foreveryng s a on ere To s snge knowedge a n e Abso e as one " agans dermnae and comee knowedge or knowedge wc amsa and demands comeonr o gve o s Absolute as e ng n wc asone says a cows are backa s e nave of vacos knowedge * Hegesbreak s a e mor remarkabe n a s bas oson as aears n ePenoenolo ad deveoed becase of cose work ogeer w ceng n ebegnng Ts oson was aso bcy evden n er common edors of

    e Critical Journal Pilosopy a a me (80203) ceng and Hege adfonded s orna n order o se so and measre for e nosocalorde" In s rease Te Derence beween e Fcean and cenganysems of Posoy ( 80 ) Hege msef excy acknowedged celngsnew s e beyond Fce n e corse of er work ogeer wose recrocaleec was fr f for bo er as searaed Ter ersonal reaons ddno ye searae aog er corrsondence began o dwnde aer celngs dearre for Jena A e begnnng of e year of bcaon of ePenoenolo, Janary 807 ceng wroe o Hegel I am f of eagerexecaon for yor work wc s naly comng o Wa ms come abowen your mary sl akes me o le s frs ren! I ws yo frer eqe and lesre o carry o sc serng and so o seak meess works Teleer concdes Farewel and le s no aow e connecon beween s o be

    *G W ege henomenolo SPirt. e s m ges-RN.

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    Inroduo Rerks he Leure Coure 13

    nrrud o long agan aurd of e mo nolabl and lo frndfrom our llng (llng' Lfe 112 )

    On ond ofNombr a ar llng wroe a r o gl oonrm a ad reed Phenoenoo Spirit w gl ad n m

    a ler on Ma r gl all nod r a alluon o

    llng ad mol o do w m' a wa mad of (ellng')oo and e arro llng owr mnon n anwr a eaknowledged auranbu ould no nd a drnaon waemaed xrel and ngl n refa

    From n on llng arbord a grudg agan gel manl bau

    gl' rqu ddn' and llng ad alrad bn lang a nw foundaonof em for era ear llng' donn w gl grw deer anddr w e ar and on rud n oln oubur Onl mu larwn lng mlf ook gel' la n rln dd udgmn beomqu and obe g on onrar awa aknowldgd graaomlmn of formr frend wo wa oungr and ad bom famoubfore m T wa no dul for m r for knw a wa noon of abolu m of abolu knowdg and ould a l allow

    o w ald w oug wr ubordna from andon of allandon n rln l ur on or of oo w gl waauomd o ra u o own m rad elng' loo a la nrng rue gal of oo And a of ra onfrdom llng a mad known a ng ra on Freedom of a dula naur bu and aon n oo a ng anno bdelod (gl rks, Frundaugab XV 682

    T word of g ow wondrfu obe bu alo lmaon of udgmen gl ddn' e a u ngl ng frdom wa no nglfor llng bu wa oug and dlod a nal foundaon of wole a a nw foundaon for a wo loo T md undrandng ofllng edn bu n mor o fa a gra nkr neerundrand a or a boom u bau e wan the se thing n formof er unqu greane f wand deren ng n an agremna er leng a or b wou ld no b o dul

    en oda e udgmn of lng and under g' adowSellng hmelf urd agra dea undr n lar f. If our nr-

    reaon of e ra gv a drn ur of elng' loo n hnge of e oral judgmnof lng on a dennon Wa dee e delomn of queon f od n ra. I aaer of awaenng dden bu durbng for and owng aleadng ahead Aer hee omewa xrna rmark ug oe word ofhe reae el

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    A Interpretation of the First

    Discussions in Schelling's Treatse.

    INTRODUCTION TO THE INTRODUCTION (ages 7 9*

    l . FRDOM N T NTF WORLD V W A A WOL

    We sa ll leave te relmnary remars asde for now and begn rgt awaywt te treatse roer.

    Te treatse s omosed as a ontnuous text wtout te vsons bengexressly made reognable and easly aarent by eadngs or numberng of

    setons Yet te treatse as a very rgorous and lear nner s truure w wllbeome more and more aarent n our nterretaton

    Te ntroduton overs ages 7 to 32. t as te ta s of orretng essentalonets from te realm of losy w aordng to ellng ave alwaysbeen onfused but eseally now and tus to reare te dsusson of teleadng queston.

    Plosoal nves tgatons n to te nature of uman freedom may n artonern temselves wt te orret oneton of te term for toug te feelng

    offreedom s ngraned n every ndvdual te fat tself s by no means so near tote surfae tat merely to exress t n words would not requre more tanommon larty and det of ereton n art su nvestgatons may beonerned wt te relaton of ts onet to a wole sent world vew.

    Wt tese ntrodutory sentenes ellng sets mself two tass for tetreatse on te nature of uman freedom: () te denton of te concep offreedom; 2 te laement of ts onet n te losed ontext of te wolesent world vew

    Regardng ( ) to wat extent s te denton of te onet offreedom a tas

    at all? sn t resely te answer to ts ques ton of wat freedom and beng freemean lear to everybody wtout furter ado? Must t not be lear n advane

    *For Egs readers age refereces f o roma umeras of e Germa ed o refer oSchelling: OJHuman Freedom, rasaed b James Guma Cca: e Cour1936)

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    ntrprtation t it icuion in Sclling ati 1

    nce freedom u a a fact" alway drecly acceble o everybody byhmel chellng on ou ha he feelng" of h fac drecly gven o

    everyone The feelng of he fact of freedom mean the drect exerence ha weare f u chellng alo make u conder tha h fac doe no le on theurface o ha exen o ha we could nd he arorae word for nanlyord whch could tell u wha h beng free ealy Wha we encouner nourelve nu vely a he mreon of our beng free no ucen to erve athe foundaon for a deermna on of he concet nally morant dec onabou he queon offreedom are already beng made here a he begnnng ofther atem accordng o he way we hold ono he feelng of he fact of beng free

    n ourelve and ranform no knowledge Wh regard o later ue we now \want o derenae (a) he fac of human freedom and he factual y of th fac(b ) the feelng of th fac and the ruh of a feelng n genera l (c ) the nerreaton of wha fel n th feelng and he knd of conce of he comrehenve conce here

    Tha we have a noe hat our hear beat tha we erceve hng ha weeak and hearall ofhee are fac whch we nd n and around ourelve Thawe are free h alo th knd of fac or anoher knd? Wha do we mean by fac

    here?Tha today Arl 21 a lo a fac Tha here are dog and ca a fac oo

    n wha then doe the factual y of a fac con ? an he fac of freedom behown lke for nance he ndng of a tomach ulcer on he X-ray?

    The feelng of a fac feelng an adequae ource of exerence a all or n' feelng ofen ut a lan feelng a n deermnae gueng and deceve uIQton? We do eak alo of a r feelng whch we rely uon a omehngulmate

    n any cae chellng exlcly emhaze ha an uncommon clary anddeh of erceon are needed n order o feel aroraely he fac of freedomand u n word

    Wh whch ene do we gra he fac offreedom fwe neher ee hear touchmel or tae ? I the ene of an aude and wha knd of aude?Wheren doe the ury and deh of h ene con by mean of whch weerceve he fac of freedom n feelng? he ure feelng of freedom founded onthe roe aude or he o he way around? Or are aude and feelng alo not

    the at or the r hng whch gve ruh and tha mean dcloure aboureedom? One queon relace anoher and w e are only a he age of remnarly ganng an adequate concet of freedom The uual dcuon aboureedom of the w and the at temt to rove ex ence or nonextence all fal he undamena e rror of tang the aforemenoned remnary queton oohy or ee not akng hem at al If they were erouly aked the lluoryeon abot feedom o the w whch con nually lay havoc n doctr ne of

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    16 Schelling eatise on the Essence Human redo

    moalty and law would have long ne daeaed and would beomeevden that the eal queton about feedom omethng que deen fom

    what alked about n he oblem of feedom of he wll "Regadng 2 he eond tak of he teate o n human feedo nlude he

    nooaton of he onet n the whole of a ent wold ew " Th takeem to need no futhe exlanaton fo feedom an individual f ven whent ntue dened geneally tll th geneal naue offeedom on o oheeen al deemnaton n othe onneon fo examle feedom a haatet of mn eonalty a ; bu at the ame me mn body andnatue; he detemnaon offeedom mut be onaed wh naue; h t

    mu be elaed o naue Pobably thee ae ll ohe uh elaon Thu lea tha the de temnaton of h onet ut be ulemened by nooang he one whn a whole hellng eak of he whole en woldvew " We hould hek whehe we oely unde and hellng exeongh away We mu avod gvng lae and ontemoy enng o hexeon ent wold vew "

    Today we undeand by en wold vew" ha neeon of heonneon of hng n natue and hoy whh founded on he eul ofen eeah hell ng exeon doe not hae h menng fo boh he

    em wold vew" and lo he degnaon en" ae nended n adeen moe modal ene

    n he age of eman dealm ene ssenscha * en ly nduly he ame a hloohy h knowledge whh know he l nd gound and n aodane wh h fundaenl knowledge een wh eenl n eveythng knowable n a eaonedo eenal onneon n hene Fhte ue the em Done of ene" (he ene of enehehloohy of hloohy) fo h mao wok Hegel ek of the ye of

    ene" (F at; The Phenomenolo Spirit of he Science Logic Wha ohewe and oday alone alled he ene" only ene nofa t hloohy hat a t gounded n wha el and eenal and odeedaodng to t andad The le ue eenal knowledge an ea of ognonand an tve eld of ognton ontan ha he le hloohy he moeunent th knowledge o ha an be lled ene" only n anaoxmae ene If aodng to he al eed and naowed one of enewe mu ay today hat hloohy no ene ha doe no mean ha t abandoned o hane dea and onon but only ha hloohy a wha moe modl anno be deemned by he andad of wha deveTh neeay onneon beween ene n he fundamenl ene (hloohy ) and ene n oday deed ene wa howeve no oned ou by

    * Wssenschaf-A eegge exs e esg ex s s Ge esse f s-R

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    nerpreon he rs scussons n Schellng} ese 7

    rman Ida is, i t on wnt through a spcia oration thr. Essn tia, it isas od as th xistnc o strn knowdg and strn scinc. ru, th

    scincs in toda's narrowr sns o th word ar nvr ad by phiosoph andthrough phiosoph, but nithr ar th xpicab whou phiosoph; that is,can th b proctd and trul nsurd and brought to an ordrd cours Ocours, phiosoph is not ust dcoration in ordr to giv a proound outwardapparanc to vrthing through th industrious us o phiosophica trinoog Phiosoph is on ssntial or scinc as its innrost sint orc. Onlan obvious oo could think that th scincs can b rnwd b gtting rid o andoutawing phiosoph at th sa tim Such a bginning is u st as nonsns ica as

    tring to tach swiing b continuous taching ar o watrIn Sching's xprssion "scintic word viw, "scinc thus ans "phi

    osophica and this ans

    g o bings as a who ounding

    its upon ast princis and ssntia insihts h tr "word viw ans - th sam a s "wor ctiv and was on usd a s such a t that t A carand oundd us o ths words dpnds rst o a on whthr an aduatconcpt o word can b cratd and st up as a standard But th ustion aboutth concpt o word has hard vn bn undrstood up to now, lt aon ra

    askd. (Copar Beg me and concrning th histor o th concpt oword so rrncs in m se es Gunes sction I I Copar aso Crque ure Reso A698, B726: "his Ida (o a highst ground distinct ro thword) "is thus uit oundd respecve o he worl usge o our rason (On"rationa word considration.

    h coinag o this tr "worl w (Tltaschauung) cos roKant, andh uss it inth Critique oJudgmnt. Th trhas thr a sti arrow;and or dnit aning: it ans th idiat xprinc o what is givn to th

    snss,o apparancs.

    "The orld is th totait o sns objcts (univeum, univeitas rerum). Ths obj cts ar things in contrast toprsons ( Kant Works,

    Acadi Ausgab XXI , 70) . Man is th Cosmotheoros (word onookr whohis crats th nt oword cognition a priori ro which as a wordinhabi tant hashions word contpation at th sa ti in th Ida ( ibid ;3 1 ) Butbhindthisuso th word"word , lurks an abiguitwhichbcosapparn t in th qustion ohowan words thr can b. Thrcanon bOnWord, iwordquas th totait o things . But thr is a urait owords iord is awaysaprspctivoftotaity ( ibid, 30)

    I tis thdirction othis scond aningo th concpt oword,whichw cangraspas th opningototait, awas ina dnit dirctionand thus iitd,that Sching's us of th concpts "word and "word viw taks . This concpt, too, is prgurd in Kant, and spcia in Libniz In accordancith th nw posit ion ohis thinking, Schling thn uss th word "worddCis iinhis rit ingsonthphiosophofnatur at thndofth nintis In thuso th tr"ordvithatLibnizian toughtis at workaccordingto

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    20 Schelling etise on the Essence Humn Feedom

    in to the scientic wold view, peviousl sepaated fo the tie e e e lone. Fo this, howeve, essentil consequences follow if we no tn ac to

    what was said ealie. The concept is attained with a ee to wt s to e asped ,the fact that is given in feelin The concept itself is pedeteined tecoplete conceptual context wich compehends beings as a oe tus alsoeve individual fact , the fact of feedom, too The st expeiene of te fact offeedo in feeling, too, is a lead led conceptual epesentatios peconcep-tions o pehensions . Thee ae no pue facts . Iediate feein e oveswithin an intepetation. On te othe hand, a conceptual cotet annot ethought up and invented itse lf out of the void , ut the poject as ole st

    be suppoted and bound b oinal expeiences of the st fts F ts pposewe ust decide and sucientl pove wht therst facts ae wt e to esas a whole

    How we feel and expeience the fact of feedo alea epes po theleadin, tcit peconception in wose liht the fact is to l luite tsef. teanne in which the peconception deelops depeds upon the eto tepofundt of feelin in whic te fct eets us . Being philosp e p lo-sopical investiation of huan feedo can nethe tke s ps t fct

    and feelin no with the conceptual context and its fouto o wt anextenal couplin of oth . Fo the einnin te investitio s pso stbe suc ta t in it the feelin of the fact and te conceptal poj e e le ithequal oiinalit and of necessit Suc a positon s not selfeiet. specileducation is necessa in ode to take t and nait it. Coon sese ndeveda opinion have the peculiait of als eain to te one se t te sideof the fact o to that of the concept Te doe does dees te sl tehesknowlede. Rolls ae to e found at the ae's ad ssaes t te tes Bu t

    wee it is a mtte ofst nd last thinsone cannot t a poee s sipl.his is especia ll tue of the fact and te concept of feedo We coe now to ( 3 , te thid point to e noted ih Scel expesses in

    the in tevening sentence Tis is especiall te ase i te onepto of feedom, fo if it has an eal it at all it cnnot e a ee soinate o cden talconception but ust e one of te doinant cetal points of the sste. It isnecessa to deteine ech concept i tems of te ole. Te conept offeedom is not j ust one concept aon othes t te cente of Ben as wole

    Thus the deteination of this concept elons explictl and expess to detemination of the whole i tself (copae Heel's j udent, ove p. 3 ) .The concept offeedom i s not onl oe concept aon othes which somehow

    has its place in the sste too. Rthe if it has an el t at al l,i t is the doinantcental point of the sstem.

    If i t has an ealit at allWat does tht e a concept hs ealit? Thismanne of speaking goes ac to Knt. Relits is tht whch costittes the esthe thing in what it is, the thingess ofa tig, its natue coet as eal it

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    Inrprain h Fir iuin in Shin Ta 2 1

    ean wha i rprnd and inndd i n h ccp i nj hgh p s gronded in h nar h hing i i coni h ar Wha ithogh in h concp i h aw wha i ra i Th cncp rd harealiy whn ing r a a annr Bing lng gh wih h na andeenia grnd Bing I hi i corrc h cncp rd i n ngr anabirary n

    Th h qin d c nialy ndana I rdi

    a fndana drinain Bing ingna, h prjc h cinic

    orld viw a a whl in which d i coprhndd ha a i galandcenr ialy nhing lhan prciydi Th y

    consrcd d na cnain h ccp d ang any hr

    freedoi rahr h cnrapin h y Th y i ih yoffreedo. " Thnia dinain h ac nd hy

    philphy n i ralgrnd And ingrdin hyi nhig

    thandnraingh ndanal acand inaing i acaiyTh y i i h y rd Sch ing 1809 ni hi

    deah h il n wk h ryv yar wa d ica h ainthe biding h y rd in a rd wo

    A sy rd wih j a ga in wih h a ip icy aa prc cnrpar Spinoza yh w ay h highachievn" (Mnich cr 182 7 36) 5 106)

    We arady ad ha hi wrk g ra g an ca essnial inn r dici which Schig hi aw o cary a ch ha hspeak oh ndanal dic ly igh a h ginnng h civ aior rai n d and v h ang a hay and ay ecpin r h vry ginning Th n nc na hi dicy asstem rd and i h na h pia bj h ncy hgh

    To r accrding an anc in y n an org radiion h

    ea of red is said o niry icninwih h ida o y andever philsphywhich akcai oniy ad cpn i aid ndinenyingfredom."

    he concep o redom is gnra ly incpai wihh y Accrd-ngl hn a philoophy i cntrcd which i phiphy ha i which layclam to a grondd nityandaliy nial knwldg and in hdvpent of this knoldgehold at ch a cai i dnyrdo Forfreeo s a kn ofcaseand grnd orhr hing Thi cacospryrtself an cannoin accordanc wih i aning and nar rdcdsethngelseandgrondd ini t Frdxcdh recr o grndinghe ss temheve demand he hghgingconncin grndingA sste f freeom"-that lik a qar cicle in i i i cpleelyatle n focsnghs nneros phiphica n hi dicyChel lng nos hogreatly hs poiion go againand vinl g

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    Schig atis o th Essc Huma Fdom

    against older views and also views arising again at his time becaue the questionof the system of freedom" seems imossible from the out set

    The innermos t diculty of the whole in tention of the treatie on freedom idiscussed in the introduction thus making the question ielf more transarenthat means essential concets and relation which are icusse in the treatiseroer receive their rst anticiatory claricaion in the inrouction.

    The introduction i tself begin wi th a ga discussio of he elfcontradictoryidea of a sys tem offreedom" ( 79 . The develomen of the iculty relatedto a secial form ofthe question and it his torical instance exten from age 9 to

    WHAT I A YTEM AND HOW DOE PH ILOOPHY COME TOBUILD YTEM?

    Before following th is introductory reection on t he impo ibili or possibi litof a system of freedom a reliminary reecion i necesary For he questinwhether the concet of freedom is compatible wih the yem or not obviouslonly ha weight and the trenchancy of an eential uneaine if o he one handthe sysem its elf is a necessiy and an abolue requirement for u and if on the

    other hand freedom and it actualization are the deepe nee an utmosmeasure of exitence But if neither of these i he cae every poib iity of a realtension between system and freedom diappear The queion how uch aconictnot at all exerienced and not a al opresing ulike hat be weesystem and freedom can and hould be dissolve then become he mot indifferent mater in the world not sui te to be treate here

    And in fact: system is not a necessity for us oday nor i freedom a nedToday" that does not mean this very ay nor hi year nor even hi decade burather the whole transi tional age from the nineteenh o he twentieh century adat the ame time thi trani tion in its whole European expanion In sp ite of itvast multi lic ity of forms in spi te of its oaque and variegated permeation witthe past his today ha a very denite samp of it own and tha means a irectioand a manner of its hi torical domination over exitence.

    All of this is at rst easier to undersand with regard o that which this today nolonger has.

    Nietzsche recognized the condition of his today a the rie of nihilism " FoNietzsche nihilism means that the highest values lose their value that t

    answers to the why and wherefore lose their binding and haing force. Evesince Coernicus man is rolling out of the center into X into the indenite (TWill to Power nr. 1 What one does and where one belongs what one values ongoes along with all of thi in a selfstupefying routine There i culture ancultural tendencie there is the church an society Some iniviua might clino hem in ersonal hones an remain atie but from a o h a a toal i

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    Inrprain h Fir Dicuin in Sching Tai 23

    oting any longer arises , no criteria and creative impl ses any onger come fromit, everything jst contines to be carried on. Inner devastation and lostness

    irease beyond measre What belongs nderneath rises to the top. What iserely smart invention claims to be creative work . Lack of reection is taken foroer of action , and science gives the appearance of being essential cognition.

    (Bt tis interpretation of existence in terms of vaes shows Nietzsches inmostiprisonment in the nineteenth centry, that tie which every tinker, poet , andoer mst take over in some form. Bt s ince it is a necessary limi tation, i t is not alck from which an es sential objection cold be immediatey derived. )

    How Nietzsche fonds and develops this great cognition and wat kind of

    ontermovement he introdces i s not to be set forth here. It is scient if weonsider tat it is not a matter of the mere thoghts of an otoftheway brooder,t of the arosal and shaping of a state of knowedge which itself is areadyorming history, not jst accompanying events ike an ineecta mirror. Itelongs t o the inmost es sence ofniil ism that it can be overcome only when morend more deeply known, ths never throgh deciding one day to cose one s eyesto it. Therefore, reection and ever more keen reection Knowledge , ever morenswerving knowledge. A knowledge which is not good and bearable for everyone, bt is inevitable for those who ave essentia tings to do in al areas ofhman activity.

    The fact that the qestion of ow freedom is reated to system, whether asystem of freedom is poss ibe or not, the fact that the qes tion of system doesn tppea to s today at al is not a matter ofcance, bt is a necessary conseqenceo dominant niilism, a conseqence of the fact that thinking and the wil tooprehend in genera appear to s as a hopeess eort in the face of transpiringreality. The express rennciation of the system then spposedy means, however,tking the sitation and vaation of knowedge, as it is today, seriosy. Takingthe sitation seriosly is ony the rst step toward te reection and the honesty of thinking whic rej ects all veiing and conterfeiting. B t then or indierenceto system and complete insens itivity to the qestion of the system of nowledge,ten al of this is for the bes t and a sign tat we are no longer pretendinga rst,althogh only a negative, step toward honesty and ths toward overcomingihilism . With this indierence to system we wod then approach Nietzsche srel will which makes nihi lism evident for the soe prpose of overcoming it andeginning to introdce this overcoming .

    hat does Netzsche say abot system? In one of his ast writings, lgh t Iol, wrtte the fal of 1 in SisMaria, the rst section bears te titleayings ad Arrows." Nmber 26 reads I distrst all systemmakers anda tem he wil to a system is a lack of prightness" (V I I I , 6 And froma seat earer erod , the years of the rst version of h Pr ( 1es te fo reark he will to a for a philosopher morallysea a er deadee a s ckess of haracternmoraly speakng his wil

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    24 Shlling Tai on h En Human Frdom

    to appear more stupid than he ismore stupid, that means stroner, simplemore imperious, less cultured, more commandin, more tyrannical (X

    353 Nie tzsche says of himself that he is not limi ted enouh for a system (X354, all quotes from the Gossoktvusbe)With th is , the renunciation of system appears to be elevated to a principle An

    we can riht away spare ourselves the question about the system offreedom anabout system in eneral as bein a plenty antiquated and in any case meresuspicious questionand thus spare ourslves havin to do with the whotreatise namely Ni etzsche were an infallible and thus wellestablisheauthori ty for us He is that no more than any other of the reat thnkers Besideand above all Nietzsche's words , which we quoted and which evryone especial

    likes to quote today, about ," that means here aainst " system in philosophy, dnot exhaust what he has to say about it, they don' t even et at what is decisiveIt could be that a renunciation of system is necessary now, but not because

    system is in itse lf somethin impossible and empty, bt on the contrary because iis the hihest and essentia thin An this is indeed Nietzsche's innermosconviction The wil to a system is , however, a lack of uprihtness , namey, whenthis will raes ihou and br the overcomin of nihi ism, becase it then onfurthers nihii sm, an anesthtization withn the enera spiritual evastation

    Nietzsches attitde toward system is fnantaly ernt from that oKierkeaard who is usaly mentioned hre tother with Nietzsch Kierkeaard dos completely reject th system, bt by syste" he means only teHeelian system and msnerstans it at that; ( 2 ) Kierkeaar's rej ection osystem is no a philoophial one, with philosophica intention, but a reiious oneWhat Kierkeaar brns aanst the system" from the stanpoint of a Christan believer is ineniousfor example, when he says the phiosopher of thsystem is as a man like someone who bui ds a cast e, but liv next oor in a shed That is inenious, but nimportant philosophically because the system

    especially in Heel's supposed version of it, is domatically taken as somethnselfexplanatory in philosophyAl of this is said by the way in order to show by implication that t

    combnat ion ofKierkeaard and Nietzsche, which has now become customary, justied in many ways, but is fnamentay ntre philosophically and miseadin Kierkeaard's indir sinicance for philosophy lies in a quidierent direction

    n the fall of 8 Kierkeaard came to Berlin to hear Schellin on tSystem of reedom" He s tayed four and a half months there and came back

    Copenhaen disappointedAleitimate philosophicalrenunciation of systemcan ony oriinate froman;essential insiht into it and froman essential evauationof system. But thenaletimate renunciation s fundamentay derent from mere ndierence

    system, ierent from mere helpessness wt rear oteqeon ofsyste

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    Inrpraion h Fir Diuion in Shin } Tai 25

    fcose we nd sc indieence and elplessness wi egad o te idea of asste diectly and easily today in oselves B if wa we" believe and wato tinks can be even less ncondi ional and neamined an aoiy tan teods of geat tinkes, we may not falsify o elplessness in e qesion ofsste wiot fe ado o imply an actal lack of vale in e qes ion of asyste

    efac ta e qestion abot te possibiliy of a sysem offeed omand the

    uestion ofsstem in geneal initially does seem to concen s a all is no evidenceaainst eqesion, b ate only against s Evidenceagains sconsiss no

    onl inte fact hatwe nolonge know anying inelligenabo tis qestion,

    ut also beyond at in the facta teseiosness and e coage fo eecionarethreaeningodwindleinus .

    Scelling imself emphasizes efollowing a the endof e efeence oe

    spposed incompatibi liy of system and e concep of feedom I is no easy odispte geneal amations of is so; fo who knows wa esicing noions

    have aleady been aaced to e wod sysem" iself, so a e asseion

    declaes someing wich, obe se, is vey eb also vey commonplace . "s we ask ( 1 Wat, in geneal, is a system? ( 2 How and unde wa

    onditions does pilosopy come to bild a sysem? ( 3) Wy is system" pe-isely in te pilosopy of Geman Idealism a bale call and an inmosteqiemen? (4) Wic qes ions wi egad to h e possibiliy of a system offeedom and system in geneal does Scelling select in he geneal discssion ofhis intodction?

    egading wa, in nra, i a ym? Like many ohe wods wic avele tei impin on e ealm of o man eisence, wehe diecly o intanslation , e wod comes fom e Geek. When we sae ti s, we ae no j s

    naming e oiginal langage of e wod, b e people , e ceaive foce o atpeople wic in is poes, inkes, staesmen, and ass bogh abot teeatest fomaive a ack on te wole of Being whic eve occed in Westenhistoy Essen tial wods ae no aicially invened signs and maks wic aeasted on tings meely o idenify hem. Essenial wods ae deeds wichhappen in tose moments wee te ligning as of a gea enlightenmen goesthogh the nivese .

    et s st develop h mai ma accoding o its acal possib iliie s.Sstem com

    es fomheGeekiemi, I p ogee, and is canmeanwothins Fist, o r_q ilg s c a way at no only is wat is esen and!g_dis tr i bu td andved accoding o analeady eisten new ofoeample, te way e widwpane is insd it ompleted fram - b t ode in sc a way tha e ode i self is eeby sOJeted Btthis pojection, ifitis genine,isnoYownovr tings , not

    ped on top ofthem Agenine pojecionowsbeings apain scaatat theecise now ecome visibein he niyo ei inmos joine

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    26 Shing Tai on h En uman Frdm

    for example the jointure which determines a living thing , a living ng, yma uoma; we sti ll speak today of the nervous system, of the m dgest on and

    procreation.I place tgether" can, however, alsomeans imply I shoe-o whout aprevious network f order-anything together with anythng ee indiscriminately and endlesly. Accordingly yma can al so mean mr umuaionand patchwork. Bn these extreme opposites ofmningnnr jo inture andmere manipulation-standsthat which gives systemits name:fraQ ew k>naninner order, butalso @t amereexternal accumion.

    System can signify several thingsn the one hand, an nner jonure giingthings their foundation and support, on the other hand, mere xtna manipula

    tion, and nally in between something like a framework. Thi c pons out thatthis inner possib ility of wavering etween jointure and manputon nd framework always belongs to system, that every genuine sytem awa remainsthreatened by the decline into what is spurious, that eery puru system canalways give the appearance o being genuine. In any case we nd n he nguist icusage ofthe Greeks al the decisive d irections of the meaning w iovd nnerjinture , external manipulation, framework.

    Thus the kom is caled: ma ouranou kai g a jontur heaven and

    arth, certainy not a mer externa compilation of both. There o te phrasema poiia, the system of the shaping order o ommun nu. Syma isunderstood in another way in the phrase phaagg ma rp rmon inthe shape and lining up of the phalnx . " Here the groupng ur, u notexternal It is rather guided by a denit understanding nd dpton o thecourse and order f battle. Syma signies something extern whn mplymeans a pile, a nd, or in the ase ofdtors, accumuatin and congon o theblood and body uids

    Later the word system is al so used in the ralm of cogniton, o knowldge, andthis usage becme particularly well known in uch phrase he syem ofphilosophy, the system of sciences . Accordng to what we have said in prncipleabout the word and concept system we an suspect that her, too, ystem can bintended and used in a genuine and a false sene. Een more than this . Because ofthe inner possibili ty of ambiguity which eongs o the natur o the sstem, thattempt to form a system must it self be ambiguous and in any ase not a mater ofcourse This is the case only where the sys tem of phiosophy but, ao, hat of thsciences are intended in a qui te externa sense. Thus , we have again and again

    schoolteachers who hae gone wid or reired privy councillors in a provinciacourt, good people in their profession who get the idea that they have to make system of philosophy or world view. On a foundation of writings read at randoto no purpose, large tabes and compartments re then projected in which thwhole world is stued, if possible decked ut, with lots of numbers , gures , anarrows And there are peope and places who tae tis stu seriously an

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    Inrprain h Firs Disussins in Shin' Tais 2 7

    perpetrate it. But what is fatal is not the fact tat suc things go on that is asecessary as the husks in wine pressing . What is fatal is only the fact that people

    think that such an arbitrarily patchedtogether network of title compartmentsrepresents the sole true form of a system and that i t is hrr suitable not tobother with the question of system at al l. To be sure the false form of system andthe business of constructing systems must be rejected again and again but only

    bcause system inthe true sense isone indeed the task of philosophy.

    But again this does not mean that system is aways the pressing and sole task.Sti ll less does it mean that system always has the same form and the samemeaning in the manner of external uniformity. Thee is great philosophy withouta sys tem The whole of Greek philosophy is proofof this. The beginning ofWestern philosophy waswithout asystem but yet or rather especiay forthat

    reason this phiosophizing was thoroughly systematic that is directed andsupported by a quite denite inner jointure ad orde of questioning thatquestioning which in general created the essentia presupposition for al systematics and a possibe system. NeitherPlato o Ais totle have a system of

    philosophy neiter in the sense of building a ised syste or in the sense ofeven projecting one . But they did create the pesuppositions for te reuiement

    and actualization of buiding a system and at rs against their il s precisely foran external and false system. Thus whoeve speaks of Platos sys tem or Aristot lessystem is fas ifying histoy and blocking the way to te iner movemet of thisphilosophizing and the understanding of its caim to tut

    The socalled summas of medieval theology too are not systems but a form ofdoctrinaire communication of the content of knoedge. It is true that incontrast to other academic methods of presentation commentaries disputationsnd qestions the summas carry out an orde ofthe material which is independent

    of th coincidentally treated subject matter and of the necessi ty at hand of a s ingletching lesson and matter of dispute. Stil the summas are primarily directedtord teaching. They are handbooks.

    Th famous Summa hia of Thomas Auinas is a hadbook too ahndbook for beginners whose function is to pesent a is esse ial in a simpleordrd way. One should compare the Pru of the work Quia catholicaevrittis doctor non solum provectos debet instruee sed ad eum pertinet etiamicipients rudire (secndum illud Apostoi 1 ad ointh. 3 12 Tamquam

    vlis in hristo lac vobis potum dedi no escam propositum nostraettionis in hoc opere est ea quae ad christiaam religionem pertinet eoodo tractare secundm quod congruit ad eruditioem incipetium . S incet tcer of atholic truth not only has to teach tose who are advanced(rocti bt his dty is also to prepare beginners (inipins according to thosords o th Apostls I . or 3, In accordance with the small children who your v iven myslf s drink and not as solid food because it is thus a mattero rring beginners or proposed intention in tis ork is to treat what

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    28 Sching Tai n h Enc Human Frdm

    concerns hrist ian Faith in such a way that it correspons to e knowege ofbeginners "

    The intention of the Summa an tus thewhoe charace o e

    wok cou notbe more clearly known But still these Summa are oen compae wih meealcatherals Now of course eery comparison imps Bu is compason oftheological handbooks with meieal caheras not ony imps an ws it iscompetely impossibl e The meieal catheras an h towes au n articulate egrees towar heaen The counterpar wou be a a Summa was builtup upon a broa founaion o the apex owar heaen; a is owa Go Butthe Summa starts precisely wi the apex a consequeny speas out in practical moral human life If the compaison between a scoo anbook an a

    builing and wok of art is areay generaly quesionabe eay becomesimpossibe when the sructura oerwhic beongs o e comparisonisexacty opposite in boh

    But the conceptual confusion increases beyon measue wen ese Summa, asthe suppose systems of meiea thought ae compae wi e ea syses ofHege and Schelling or with the suppose systs of ao an Arsoe Thiskind of intel ectual his tory mght be ery skfu an eece as an apgia, but ihas nothing to o with a knowege of isoy an aboe a obsucs thecorrect cgniin of te meiea peio i tsef an e manne o i saping ofknowege But this misntepetation also peens wa we ae ost concernedwith hee the correct cognion of e natue an a eans aso e con onsof the poss ibi ity of a system

    If an anty to sys tem is pesen in meea shapng of knowege s n themanner of subiiding an orering egrees of e eams of Beng Te wok ofthe greatest Western thinker of the aroinan peo te Isman ScotusEiugena belongs here pri phy mrimu, diviin natura, wtten aoun860. The inuence of Neopatonism is eien ee oo a ae Geek philoso

    phy which is areay permeate wit Juaeoistan an Roman hought anwhich later actualy was no witou nuence on the manne of formation osysems

    Sys tem" is not the mere arrangemen of a nse boy of ocine for thpurpose of simpy teaching beginners n te sciences In genea a system is no

    only (annot primarily)an oer ofcompete atea ofknowege an alu

    of knowlege for the purposeof correccommunication of knowege but syste

    is the inner jointue of what is compeensibe tsef is founing eelopme

    an ordering. Een more, system is the conscious joining ofthe jointure a

    coheence of Being itse If sysem thus as nohing o he externaity _dhaphazarness of the articial oer of acassicationof materia uner heanan numbers , then the formationof sysems stans under quite enite cotns and cannot come about istoricay at an arbiayime.

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    Inrprain h Firs isussins in Shin Tais 29

    e cme t (2 ) hw and unde what cnditin de phiphy cme t

    bid a ytem?he pibi lity f the thught f mething lie a ytem and the pibi ity f

    it tating pint and develpment have thei wn peuppitin Thi cncenthing e than the intepetatin f Being and tuth and nwedge in genea Th itYJf m in the deni te hitical fm in which we nw themup t nh !)_elnedupince the mment when We tenhityteed wh

    a

    t

    w

    e

    ca t

    h

    _m

    o .

    r od

    T

    h.. e.

    SSi

    bi

    i

    ty 0. f

    the

    t

    er

    f nw,"e and the wl t tem a manneof : d i s cover ng teuman being aentia chaactei tic f the mden pid. T want t nd ytem in hitbfe thi time dipay a lac f undetanding f the cncept ytem amiintepetatin in an extena ene

    Of cue ne can g fm the ea and unique ytem and attempt atytem f the mden peid bac t the pat and hw imiaitie But thi dent pve that the imiaity i a a habinge the expicit beginning f an eayfm and the necei ty f a wi t ytem And infa a the chaacte fjintuebelng t the eence f Being in geneawich f cue mut be hwnthee ie in a phiphy a aing abut Being te ientatin twad jintueand jining twad ytem A phihy i ytematica but n yte andt ny nt a ytem becaue en t get nihed Cnveey wat appeat be a ytem i nt away ytematic thught that i philp Fm al fthi f that ne mut nw cleay what ne mean whn ne ay ytem

    It wud g fa beynd the imit f u ta i f e attempted t peent thehitical (and that mean at the ame time the factua) cnditin f thepibiity and devepment f the idea f ytem in cntext Beide theecnditin ae nt away peent in the ame way at the ame time; but athethey develp in the cue f mden i ty in dieent degee f cai ty anduece and cnditin and hinder each thermutuay. Thi mean abveatat the ideaf ytemand themanne f it ea izatinae fced int quitete pathwhich ce tgethein the fmftheytemfGeman Idea-m

    Thu we nwwant t name ny a fewf the main cnditin unde which theeman f ytemwa ablet devepand the t attempt t fm a yemcul cme abu t Hweve we may ik thinra veview ny by beaing in

    mi thatnwhat flw in flwingScheing'teatieeentiapint wieetthemelvet u na me denite fm

    N engthy pf i neceay t the eect that thee cnditin _thelityf fmina ytmae at thsa im the eentia tinnandexience fthemoder scincs, f what we nwtday a"cience Th mdeCncei j utas dieent in i tfactualchaactem thatf theMleAge a medeval cienci fm ancient cience. Teidea t i extant f

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    0 Shein Teatie n the Eene Human Freedm

    a" science as it travels through he times by itself and is supposed o be preservedin its eternal value also has its denite codiions of origi but it prevents

    precisely what it wants the maintenance of he scienic spirit The latter ismaintained only by profoundly renewing itselffrom time o imejust as the fallingof a level of achievement can only be preveted by being consanly raised

    The main conditions of the rst formation of a sys tem are as follows In the development of goals of knowledge ad in the founding of forms o

    knowledge a completely new claim makes i self know We call hat briey thepredminane the mathematia. The mathematical is a den itely oriented interpretation of the nature of knowldge in general Accordingly here belongs to

    knowledge the se lforiginating foundation of what is knowabl in erms of andwithin rst principles which need no foundation Thus he uni of a fouational context of principles suppored by rst principles and r d in accordq cewith them is required for he toality of knowledge The new ev lo- n omathematics which helps o determine the beginning of the moder period is not as one might think the rean for the predomiance of h mathematical but nequene of it (Compare What i a hin tras W B Baro Jr and VeraDeutsch Chicago Henry egnery Co 1967] pp 69)

    2 Taken as the criterio for all ofknowledge he mahemaical eres ofha

    knowledge an ultimat ad absoluely cerai foundaio This requiremenmeans o earh within the otal ealm of beings for the somehing kowable whichi itself admits of a correspondig founda io of ise To search for a knowledgewhich becomes founed by kowing iself a allowig oly his as knownKnowledge consids i selffounded whe i is ceain of isel This cerainty andits guaranee become the foundaion of al kowledge and tus he foudatioof the ruth of what is knowable N what is important abve all is at in gneralsomething is immediately and unshakably kowable a all imes ad n then is

    of enda imporance hat hat is in conte hat is know ha i s appropriateas something manifes hat is true This precedece of certaity over ruth leadsto conceiving truth i tselfas crta inty HI th pr c d nc 9. hod)ov o_t is at sake

    . This matical requiremen of certainty as he cr iterio for all knowledge nds a quite denite ful llment hisorically From this i follows that the it is posi ted as wha is rst of all and ruly kowable and hus true I think anthus know myself as thinking I nd mysef as existing the being of my ego absolutely certain Descares thus created for he requiremen of mathematiccertainty the ground and foundation sucie for it and placed knowledge general upon the se lfcertainty of he princip le: hink Iam"

    . The selfcertainty of thinking decides wha is" as a principle and thfundamentally Thinking and its cerainty become the crierion for truth. Aonly what is true can be acknowledged as ruly exitent The slfcerainty o

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    Inerpreaion he Fi Diuion in Sheing Teaie 3 1

    tinin bcoms th cout oudmt hich dcids hat ca b and anno b,evnmor, whatBeingmasigral .

    Th so citio o chuch docti o th who odi ad omi otrut ad nod bas do ad yids o th oi pdomiac oseein oundin its Th ci tia t tud aoud Th tuth o aith adaitu od a no masud i tms o th sctaity o putinin with ad to its coctss

    Tins and m i Pasca tid oc aai to hod ast to pu thii adpu aith, both i thi oiiai ty ad acum toth ad i o Nxt to thlic o th undstadin coms h oic o th hat

    But whn th cumnica oc oss th so po as h st ad a souc tuth, th tota am o bis as it was omd by Chistiaity dos otdisappa om vi O th cotay, th od o bis as a hoGod, thcreato, th od o catus, ma, boi to th od ad dstid oodths bis as a ho thus xpicd o spciay demand a nessmaion o th oudatio ad ith th mas o od oudi is

    , hov, w must ta ito cosidatio th act that thouh GmaPotstat ism i th Romatio ot oy Roma doma as chad, but aso

    th RomaOita om o th Chistia xpic o Bi as tasomd hat as aady bi ppad i th Midd As with Mast cadt,Tau, ad Sus ad i th Gma heoogia is bouht to ba i a bii ad i a mo comphsiv way by Nicoaus Cusaus, by uth,Sebastia Fa, Jacob Bohmad i at by Abct D

    6 Th shatti o th so domiac o th chuc i isati odand actio is udstood as a iberaion o ma o hime But what ma is ashims, hi his bi a soudsist is dmid oy i his i batio

    and by th dity oitd histoy o his ibatio Huma thii,hich h mas th omi pos o ma, bcoms h udamta a othins thmsvs T coust o th od i owd ad actio bis Nt lywit et xt, but abo ith ad ti_(it is quitin ombo Coe and th o) tu ito pos o thi oin h most nao, cipoca coctioith th rigno echnooghich issmehindit omth pviousivtio f !ecomes thcisiv man o s-dvopmt o huma cativity ad at samtim itsnwayo conqu inth odoyad a

    Man felycatin and ui himsi cati bcoms tha f beintruyhumaButthcptioo at, too,thmanadxtntoIs culivaion ispimailydciddbyhumajudmty stadio its y tte.

    e iea of soveeinty"binsa nomatioofhstatada nid opoiical houghtand_ requirement. - -

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    32 Shng Ta n h En Human Frdm

    In everything recunted jut nw, an inner cntext i berayed, a hang fEurpean exitence in term f a grund whic remain in the dark fr u up until

    tday. Perhap ur century, t, tday till t cle t al tit cleepecially al in it will t vercmet be able t appraie what reallyhappened . Perhap we can never knw thi in itel' at all becae pat hi trybecme new again and again a pat thrugh it future

    What de all f thi have t d with ytem" ? Anticipating, we tated in a tillundened indicatin f the cncept y tem i the j inture f Being itelf, nt nlyan added framewrk fr being and certa inly nt an arbitrary cncatenatin .

    What, t hen, mut happen in rde r that a ytem," that i, the expure anderectin f the jinture f Being i telf, can cme abut? Nthing le than theariing f uch an interpretatin f Being, it determinabiliy and trut and uch apitin f man with regard t Be ing which make the requiremen f a te"pibl , \itOl necery Smething like thi riginated in the begin

    _ ning, mre exactly, cur a he f the mdern erd In a hi trical mmen were man' exitence undertand ief and bring

    itelf abut a being free fr an empwering f Being funded pn i telf, a temt extreme and rt gal fr uh human being, the will mu devep inelevating Being a a whle in a maniplable tructure t guiding kwledge h

    ak harg Bng n jnur, fr hapng and knng i eentiallyanimated and cnrmed by the new experience f man a the geiu The_ determinatin f the f hi jintre, wever, i at the ame time

    pregured by the dminance f the mahmaa. Fr ince thi thinking under-tand it elf a the curt f j udgment ver Being, Being ite lf can nly have amathemat ical tructure . Hwever, ince freeing man t hime lf i a etting free fman in the middle f being a a whle, that ttality (Gdwrdman) mu t beundertd and rdered in term f the unity f a jinture and uch a unity.

    The realm f being a a whle experienced in a Chri tian way i thugh

    and created accrding t the lawfulne f thinking determining all Being in tefrm f a mathematical cnnectin ffundatin rd nnx da rum dm ard nnx rrum (Spinza, Eh, Part II , Prp VII) The knwingcnquet f Beng a jinture, ytem and the will t ytem, thi i nt medicvery f diyncratic mind, but t i t he innermt law f exitence f th

    whle age. Sytem," knwledge' will t ytem, characterize the changedpitin f knwledge with regard t the nu f the Middle Age in i t truegrund and extent.

    In the cncept ytem," all f thi reverberate at the ame time themathemacal, tnking a the law f Being, the lawgiving f the geniu, thefreeing f man t freedm in the middle f being a a whle, the whle telf in it partcular mna ub qu One undertand nthing f what happened t be givente name barque" f ne a nt undertd he nature f ti frmatin fytem

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    Inrprain h Fir iuin in Shling Tai 33

    Fo this eason, th e fomation of system as o has it s denite stamp Becaseeing in genea is detemined in its essence in tems of the thinkabiity andawflness of thinking, bt this thinking is mathematica the stcte of Being,i e , system, mst be mathematica and at the same time a system of thinking, ofai of eason The explici t and te fomation of the system begins in the West as)the wi to a mahmaial m ran

    3 . SKETCH OF MODERN PROJECTS FOR A SYSTEM (S PINOZA,KANT'S WILL TO A SYSTEM, KANS SIGNIFICANC E FORGERMAN IDALISM

    The hi of this fomation of system is at the same time the te andinnemost hi h rigin md science his his toy is, howeve, his toy, ntjst the simpe nfoding of a pogam Contemovements and eapses, deviations, and detos beong to this deveopment of the dominance of eason in thewhoe of beings The kind , the beadth, the time of the fomation of the system isvey dieent in the va ios aeas of the cognitio of nate, the fomation of thestate, the eaization of at and the doctine of at, in edcatio and in the

    fonding of systematic knowedge, in phiosophy Yes , withi phi osophy, too, theattempts at a system show dieent beginnings and vaiosy diected deveopments he systems of Descates, Maebanche, Pasca , Spinoza, Hobbes , Leibniz, Wo and the Woans cannot be stacked in one ine and appaisedaccoding to the aspect of a continos deveopment At times, the wi to asystem is qite cea, as in the case of Descates , o peciay decided, as in thecase of Leibniz, bt the deveopment gets stck in the beginning o ese i t isabsotey opaqe in i ts maifod beginnings , as i n the case ofLeibniz O ese the

    wi to a system is on the bode of extenaization and the deveopment is boad,lacking nothing, d The soe completed system which is constcted a the way thogh in its

    fondationa connectionis the metaphysics ofSpinoza which waspbishedaftehis death nde the title: Ethica ordine geomerico demonsraa et in quinque paresdisica The ve pats ae I De Deo, I I De naura e origine meni, I I I Deorigineetnauraafcuum, IV D srvitu humana su d afuum viribus, and V Dpoiaillcu ud libra humana.

    Thetitle aleadyexpesses the dominance of the mathematical knowledge require-n-ordingomico . The fact that thismetaphysics ; that is, cienceofbeings as whole, i s called Ethics" isindicative thatman's actions andbehavio aeofdecisive impotacefo the kindofpoced einknowedge and the fondationofowledge

    But thissystemonlybecame poss ible onthefondationof apculiar on-iddnhich will be discussed I addition, it became possibe becase the meta-hysical fudametal conceptsof meievaschoasticismwee imybit into

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    3 Scheing ' Teatise on the ssence Human Freedom

    the system with a rare ack of criticaness The mahesis universais Descartes'sdoctrine of method, was taken over for the deveopment of system i tsef, and the

    true metaphysica fundamenta idea comes from Giordano Bruno n every deta iThis system of pinoza, however, must above a be mentioned here because itpayed a roe once again in the eighteenth century in discuss ions wich are inkedwith the names Lessing, Jacobi, Mendessohn, Herder, and Goete, discuss ionswhich sti cast their ast shadows into cheing's treatise o freedom Theinterpretations of pinoza's system, wic are very diverse in teir orientation,usuay contribu ted to thinking generay of a system" of phiosophy as something ike this very denite and onesided system The fact tat cheing'sphiosophy was interpreted as pinozism beongs to that remarkabe history of

    the misinterpretations of a phiosophies by contemporaries If che ingundamentalught agains a system, it is pinoza's system However, we cannot presenthere more exacty the systems of the seventeenth ad eighteent centuries Butgauged by the inexaustibiity of its systematic power, Leiiz's phiosophytowers far above a others

    ummarizing, we can say with respect to the mai conditos of the rstformation of a system in the modern period that the conditons for the possibi ityof the modern rst formation of a system are at the same t me te presupposi -tions for the origin and exis tence of today's sciences

    I The predomnance of the matematica as the criterion of kowedge 2 The seffounding of knowedge in the sense of this requirement as the

    precedence of certainty over tru th Precedence of procedure (method over con ten t3 The founding of certainty as the sefcertainty of the I tnk Thinking, rtio as the court ofjudgment for the essetia determination of

    Being5. The shattering of the excusive dominance of church faith in the shaping of

    knowedge, a he same t ime incuding te previous Cris tian experience of Being as a

    whoe in te new questioning The distinction between knowedge and faith,inteecus anddes is not made here for the rst time, but the sefunderstanding ofknowedge and its possibii ties and rights does ecome dierent

    6 . The sett ing free of man for the creative conques t and rue and new formationof beings in a areas of human exis tence

    The true ground of this whoe change remans oscure We do not know thwhoe of it s his tory And we sha never be abe to pick i t up from facts anyway

    But we can understand how the requirement for a system emerges in this changeof human existence and in the service of this change

    Where a creative setting free of man in the midde of beigs as a whoe comesabout , a beings themseves must be avaiabe beforehand, especiay when it is amatter of freey taking over beings

    The wi to a freey forming and knowing conrol over beings as a whoe proectsfor itse f the structure of Being as this wi

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    Interpretation the First Discussions in Schelling ' Teatise 35

    In accordance with the requirements of knowlede and certainty th is struc-

    ture is itself matmatical In accordance with the selfcertainty of thinkin of

    reason) as the law of Bein the structure itse lf is rationalSystem is a mathematical system of eason Syste is the law Being of modern

    human eistence Sys tem and the character of system make the chaned positionof knowlede in its own round and etent

    The h istorical realization of systems does not show a continuos line either ofdevelopment or of decline Between the claiy an depth of the systematic willand its enactment there is a distorted elation

    In the contet of our special task we now ask 3 ) why is system" precisely inthe philosophy of German Idealism a bat tle call an an inmost equiement?

    Reain 3): because to the determinations of system that it mst beathematical and a system of reason the essential insiht was aded that sch asystem could only be found and formed in accodance with knowede if knowlede were absolute knowlede In German Iealism system" was eplicitlyundestood as the requirement of absolute knowlee In adition system itselfbecame the absolute requirement and thus the key term o philosophy as such This

    chane in the idea of system from the seventeenth an eihteenth centuies to thatof Geman Idealism at the beinnin o the nineteenth centuy accorinlyprespposes that philosophy understoo itsel as absolute innite conitionerein lies an essentially heihtened emphasis on what is ceative in humaneason an that means a more primodial knowlee about th nature o easonSuch knowlede could only be ained by a new reection on reason itself Thisreection is the work of Kant Althoh Kant himself never took the fundamentalposition of German Idealism as ar as German Idealism went beyond Kant it

    is certain that this could happen on on Kant s foundation and followin the leadof the fundamental reection he accomplished on the nature of human eason This reection is basically carried out in the Critique Pure Reason . The criticalreection was supplemented by the Crit ique Practical Reason and completed inthe sense of its own criteria in the Critique Judgment We do not wish to o intothis now either We simply ask how does Kant stand with reard to the require-ment of a system and how does he determine the concept of system and whateanin does his philosophy have for the further continuation of the wil l to a

    system?We indicated the inner connectionbetween the conditions ofthe unfo