helios in greek and sol in roman - uvicastrorobb/sun.pdf · helios in greek and sol in roman •...
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Helios in Greek and Sol in Roman• Drove his chariot across the sky to
provide daylight
• Returned each night in a huge golden
cup on the river Oceanus
• His son Phaeton drove the chariot one
day but lost control burning Africa and
turning the Ethiopians black
Ra and his barge
Japanese sun goddess Amatersasu
emerges from her cave
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The Sun
• Radius is 100 times Earth‟s
• Rotates in ~25 days at Equator and ~40 days at poles
• Mass is 1,000 times Jupiter‟s mass.
• 1 Jupiter = 300 Earths
• Density = 1.4gm/cm3
• Surface Temperature 5780K
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Lifetime of the Sun• Sun radiates 1026 watts
• Burning oxygen and hydrogen – sun lasts 18 000 years
• Gravitational potential energy – 30 million years
• But geologists and radioactive dates say billions of years
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Hydrogen Fusion
Powers the Sun• Largest bomb USA made
was 15 Megaton Bikini Atoll blast 1954
• Nuclear (Strong force) is a million times the chemical (Electromagnetic force)
• 4 Hydrogen nuclei equal 1 Helium + energy
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Binding Energy
• Fission produces energy by
breaking up high mass nuclei
• Fusion produces energy by
forming higher mass nuclei
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Fusion Animation
• Protons repel each other since both have positive charge
• Coulomb barrier overcome by temperature of Millions Kelvin
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Fusion Animation &
Antiparticles Two protons make a deuterium
ejecting a positron and a neutrino
Neutrino escapes sun in seconds
Positron is antielectron and annihilates an electron => gamma ray
Every particle has an antiparticle
When we make them we always get both – anti-stars, anti-Earths, anti??
A proton and a deuterium make a Helium 3 and a gamma ray
Two Helium 3‟s make a Helium nucleus and release two protons
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Mass Disappears(?) • 4 protons have more mass than 1 Helium
• 0.7% of input mass M becomes energy (m=0.007M)
• E=mc2 with E in Joules, m in kg and c=3X108 m/sec
• Per second sun converts 600million tons of Hydrogen to Helium
• 4 million tons of mass to energy
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Antiparticles - Positrons• When a particle meets its antiparticle they annihilate
• Producing only energy = gamma rays
• Lucky for us the universe seems to be all matter
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Ray Davis‟ Solar Neutrino Detector• Standard Model - four forces, four particles, three families, no gravity
• Average neutrino not stopped by a light year of lead
• First Neutrino detectors only found a third of the expected number
• Problem with sun?, neutrino detector?, neutrinos?
• Won Noble Prize in 2002 for NOT finding something
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Sudbury Solar Neutrino Observatory• Neutrinos “oscillate” from electron to muon to tau type
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Components of Sun
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Core, Radiation Zone,
Convection Zone• Heat/energy produced in hot dense
core (15 million Kelvin)
• Transported by radiation initially and
• By convection after 70% of Radius
• By radiation from Photosphere to Earth
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Core, Radiation, Convection Zones,
Photosphere, Chromosphere, Corona
• Each gamma ray photon
produced in core is
absorbed and reemitted
• As possibly two or more
lower energy photons
• Trip to surface takes
~million years
• One gamma ray becomes
~1800 visible photons
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Photosphere - Sun with Giant Spots• Effective temperature 5780K so sun is gaseous/plasma throughout
• Photosphere is apparent surface where hot gas becomes opaque H-
• Photosphere is 3400 times less dense than air on Earth – 500km deep
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Granulation Movie
• Granules are the top of
convection cells
• About 1000km across
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Granulation Model
• Granules last about 20
minutes
• Difference in
temperature between
center and edge is
about 100K
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3-D Sun, Near Edge
• Notice granules blocking each other‟s image
• Gas rises/falls with a speed of ~1km/sec
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Supergranules & Limb Darkening
• 35,000 km across last about a day &contain ~300 granules
• Best seen in chromospheric network (bright circular areas)
• Edge of sun (limb) appears fainter than the center
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Chromosphere in
H-Alpha
• Thin layer above Photosphere ~1000km thick
• Filaments are dark & plage are bright regions
• Spectrum taken during eclipse shows emission lines - curves (chromo) and rings (corona)
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Chromosphere and Venus Transit• Temperature increases through chromosphere
• In transition region between Chromosphere and Corona
temperature increases most quickly 10,000-1,000,000K
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Spicules on Limb• Spikes of gas rise
7000km through
chromosphere
• They last ~5 minutes
• Seen here in H-Alpha
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Corona in X-rays• Corona heated to millions of degrees by flares?, spicules?, ??
• Photosphere emits few X-rays so it is dark
• Some other stars are bright in X-rays so they probably have a corona
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Pearly White Corona• Seen during a solar eclipse or with coronagraph
• Light scattered from dust and electrons - continuum
• Emission lines from highly ionized elements
• Very rarified and hot (Millions Kelvin)
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Dark Coronal Holes Emit Solar Wind
• Solar Wind speed ~400km/sec and density ~7 protons/cm3
• Sun looses 10 million tons/year or 10-14 solar masses
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Helioseismology • Solar surface moves up and down like ocean waves
• 5 minute oscillations were first of millions of modes to be discovered
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Oscillation Modes• Sound waves refracted back to surface
• Longer wavelengths reach further into sun
• Wavelength X Frequency = sound speed
• Sound speed gives temperature & density with depth
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Differential Rotation
• Red fastest – Blue slowest
• Left side shows rotation
period is ~25 days at equator
and ~40 days at poles
• Right side shows rotation in
interior
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The Active Sun
• Surface gas is electrically
charged and moving
• So it generates magnetic
fields
• Notice bright plage regions,
filaments and prominence
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Spot Motion and Evolution
• Spots last a
few days to a
month
• Big spots last
longer
• Group of
spots is
called an
active region
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Sunspot
Close-up
• Dark central region called umbra Temp~4000K
• Grey surrounding region is penumbra Temp~5000K
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Sunspot at Various Heights in Sun
• From photosphere to a few hundred kilometers to chromosphere at few thousand km.
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Under A Sunspot• Spots are cooler due to deceased circulation
• Blocked energy is radiated from nearby regions
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Latitude of Spot Appearance
• Spots first appear at +/-35 degrees latitude
• Appear closer to equator later in cycle
• Spots from new cycle can overlap with old cycle
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Sunspot Number by Year• More sunspots at maximum & sometimes none at minimum
• Number of spots varies with 11 year cycle
• Discovered by Schwabe in 1843
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Solar Constant• Solar irradiance more easily measured from above atmosphere
• A change of ~3% would start an ice age
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Is the Solar Constant Constant?
• Lack of sunspots: 1645-1715 called
Maunder Minimum
• Coincides with Little Ice Age
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Solar „Constant‟ / Sunspot Number• Some stars exhibit brightness changes like rotation & spot cycles
• Ca H&K emission lines from active regions on other stars
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Detecting a Sunspot‟s Magnetic Field• Sunspots have magnetic field 1000 times Sun‟s average
field, which is 1000 times Earth‟s magnetic field
• Magnetic fields are seen on some stars
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Magnetic Polarity of Spots
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Babcock Model• Differential Rotation winds up field lines
• Which loop through the photosphere making a pair of spots
• Spots appear closer to equator during cycle
• Overall field reverses with 22 year cycle
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Solar Flare Movie• Flares can last from a few seconds
to hours
• Seen in Visible, UV and X-Rays
• Also seen on other stars in
Visible, UV and X-rays
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3rd Largest
Solar Flare in
X-rays
• 28 Oct 2003
• Observed with EIT on
SOHO
• Jupiter sized group in
white light
• Visible to naked eye
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3rd Most Powerful Flare
• 28 Oct 2003
• Frames ~30 min
spacing
• Related Coronal
Mass Ejection
• Noise caused by
ejected protons
• X-rays seen from
corona of other
stars
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Eruptive
Prominence Over
Half Hour• Magnetically confined gas
which is 70,000K
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Flare and Eruptive Prominence
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Coronal Mass Ejections
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Heliosphere• Solar wind is
eventually stopped
by interstellar
medium
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Solar Flares
Affect
Magnetosphere
• Solar flares and coronal mass ejections
• Impact Earth and guided by magnetic field
• Hit upper atmosphere and cause aurora
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Sun-Earth-Aurora Connection• Aurora forms oval surrounding magnetic pole
• Big storm → big oval
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Aurora Movie by Andre Clay in Alaska