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Part I

Review

Review questions1.In what ways can English consonants be classified?2. In what ways can English vowels be classified?

Part II

New Content

2.3Phonology

2.3.1 Phonology and Phonetics

1. Phonetics: it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc.2. Phonology: it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.

2.3.2 Phone, Phoneme, and Allophone

1. Phone: a phonetic unit or segment, some distinguish meaning, some don’t2. Phoneme: an abstract phonological unit of distinctive value that is represented or realized by a certain phone3. Allophones: the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments

2.3.3 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution,

and minimal pair1. Phonemic contrast: two phonetically sounds that are distinctive phonemes2. Complementary distribution: the allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution because they do not distinguish meaning, but complement each other in distribution, I.e. they occur in different phonetic environments.

Minimal pair Minimal pair: When two different

forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the string, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pairPill/bill; pill/till; till/kill; kill/dill/; dill/gill/p, b, t, d, k, g/ Cut/but; big/peg; peak/leap

Minimal set

Minimal set: When more than two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the string, all the many sound combinations are said to form a minimal setBeat, bit, bet, bat, boot, but, bait, bite,boar

2.3.4 Some rules in phonology

1. Sequential rules2. Assimilation rule3. Deletion rule

2.3.5 Suprasegmental features

1. Stress2. Tone3. Intonation

1. Review.2. Prepare L 16

Homework

1. Review

2. P31, Ex. 7-10 (oral)

3. Prepare Chapter 3