Reservoir Potential of TertiaryReservoir Potential of Tertiary d M i S d td M i S d t

Reservoir Potential of TertiaryReservoir Potential of Tertiary d M i S d td M i S d tand Mesozoic Sandstones,and Mesozoic Sandstones,

Cook Inlet AlaskaCook Inlet Alaskaand Mesozoic Sandstones,and Mesozoic Sandstones,

Cook Inlet AlaskaCook Inlet AlaskaCook Inlet, AlaskaCook Inlet, AlaskaCook Inlet, AlaskaCook Inlet, Alaska

Kenneth P. Helmold1, David L. LePain2, Marwan A. Wartes2, Richard G. Stanley3, Robert J. Gillis2, C. Shaun Peterson1 and Trystan M. Herriott2Kenneth P. Helmold1, David L. LePain2, Marwan A. Wartes2, Richard G. Stanley3, Robert J. Gillis2, C. Shaun Peterson1 and Trystan M. Herriott2

1Alaska Division of Oil & Gas, Anchorage, AK2Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, AK

3U. S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA

1Alaska Division of Oil & Gas, Anchorage, AK 2Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, AK

3U. S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA

AAPG Pacific SectionAAPG Pacific SectionAnchorage, AKAnchorage, AK

May 10, 2011May 10, 2011

AAPG Pacific SectionAAPG Pacific Section Anchorage, AKAnchorage, AK

May 10, 2011May 10, 2011

Collaborative effort between DGGS, DOG, UAF, Purdue University and USGS

Collaborative effort between DGGS, DOG, UAF, Purdue University and USGS, y, y

DGGS: Dave Lepain, Marwan Wartes, Bob Gillis, Paige Peapples DOG: Diane Shellenbaum, Laura Silliphant, Ken Helmold, Shaun Peterson UAF: Paul McCarthy, Jake Mongrain Purdue: Ken Ridgway, Emily Finzel USGS: Rick Stanley

Sources of funding: Apache Corporation, Benchmark Oil & Gas, State of AlaskaSources of funding: Apache Corporation, Benchmark Oil & Gas, State of Alaska

P id d ti l dP id d ti l d

p,p,

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements Mike Wilson Wilson & AssociatesMike Wilson Wilson & AssociatesMike Wilson, Wilson & AssociatesMike Wilson, Wilson & Associates

Provided pointProvided point--count analysescount analyses (composition & grain size) of(composition & grain size) of outcrop and subsurface samplesoutcrop and subsurface samplesoutcrop and subsurface samplesoutcrop and subsurface samples

Dave Doherty, Renaissance AlaskaDave Doherty, Renaissance Alaska Provided routine core analyses andProvided routine core analyses and modal data collected from publicmodal data collected from public domaindomain

Jim Hickey,Jim Hickey, DeGolyerDeGolyer && MacNaughtonMacNaughton Provided interpretation of MICPProvided interpretation of MICP analysesanalyses

Don Krouskop, AK Division Oil & GasDon Krouskop, AK Division Oil & Gas Provided routine core analysesProvided routine core analyses from DOG databasefrom DOG database

W kflW kfl

F k i lF k i lProvenance assessmentProvenance assessment

OutlineOutline

WorkflowWorkflow Geologic settingGeologic settingg gg g

Sample preparationSample preparation Framework mineralogyFramework mineralogy

Provenance assessmentProvenance assessment Overall Reservoir qualityOverall Reservoir quality

Petrology & RQ by formationPetrology & RQ by formation

T tiT ti P hiP hi

Mean=20.02063 Mean=20.

0 10 20 30 40

80%

WorkflowWorkflow TertiaryTertiary erosionerosion

PetrographicPetrographic datadata

1D burial1D burial PetrophysicalPetrophysical ++

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

mea

bilit

y (m

d) Sterling Beluga Tyonek Hemlock W Foreland Kaguyak

historieshistories datadata time, temp. & effective stresstime, temp. & effective stress rock composition,rock composition, ΦΦ & K& K

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Porosity (%)

Perm Naknek

Tuxedni

Distribution for IGV -0 Ma

0 050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

0.350 02063

DiageneticDiagenetic modelsmodels

pp

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Calc

ulat

ed IG

V, v

ol %

IGVIGV

Calibration Test

0.000

0.050

0 10 20 30 40

10% 10% > 18.212 1.78

modelsmodels

PredictivePredictive

0

5

10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Measured IGV, vol %

PredictivePredictive RQ mapsRQ maps

filled with Mesozoic and filled with Mesozoic and filled with Mesozoic and filled with Mesozoic and

Beaufort SeaBeaufort SeaChukchi SeaChukchi Sea

Regional GeologyRegional Geology

NPRANPRAANWRANWR

FairbanksFairbanks

Prudhoe BayPrudhoe Bay

Cook InletCook Inlet

AnchorageAnchorage

FairbanksFairbanks

BasinBasin •• CollisionalCollisional forearc basinforearc basin

filled with Mesozoic andfilled with Mesozoic and•• CollisionalCollisional forearc basinforearc basin

filled with Mesozoic andfilled with Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine andCenozoic marine and nonmarine stratanonmarine strata

•• ArcArc trench system sincetrench system since

Cenozoic marine andCenozoic marine and nonmarine stratanonmarine strata

•• ArcArc trench system sincetrench system since

NW SE

•• ArcArc--trench system sincetrench system sincelatest Triassiclatest Triassic

•• Accretionary prismAccretionary prism to SEto SE

•• ArcArc--trench system sincetrench system since latest Triassiclatest Triassic

•• Accretionary prismAccretionary prism to SEto SE

•• Magmatic arc toMagmatic arc to NWNW

•• FaultFault--bounded basinbounded basin

•• Magmatic arc toMagmatic arc to NWNW

•• FaultFault--bounded basinbounded basin Swensen, R., 1997

to ft of Mesozoic to ft of Mesozoic to ft of Mesozoic to ft of Mesozoic

••••

••••

StratigraphyStratigraphy •• Up to 30,000 ft of MesozoicUp to 30,000 ft of Mesozoic•• Up to 30,000 ft of MesozoicUp to 30,000 ft of MesozoicUp 30,000Up 30,000

sedimentary rockssedimentary rocks

•• Up to 25,000 ft of Tertiary ageUp to 25,000 ft of Tertiary age nonmarine sedimentary rocksnonmarine sedimentary rocks

Up 30,000Up 30,000 sedimentary rockssedimentary rocks

•• Up to 25,000 ft of Tertiary ageUp to 25,000 ft of Tertiary age nonmarine sedimentary rocksnonmarine sedimentary rocks

•• Basin fill hasBasin fill has b difi d bb difi d b

•• Basin fill hasBasin fill has b difi d bb difi d b

nonmarine sedimentary rocksnonmarine sedimentary rocksnonmarine sedimentary rocksnonmarine sedimentary rocks

been modified bybeen modified by folding andfolding and faulting to formfaulting to form structural trapsstructural traps

been modified bybeen modified by folding andfolding and faulting to formfaulting to form structural trapsstructural trapspp

LithologiesLithologiesinterfinger withininterfinger withinformationsformations

pp

LithologiesLithologiesinterfinger withininterfinger withinformationsformations

Interfingering isInterfingering isthe basis forthe basis for stratigraphicstratigraphic

Interfingering isInterfingering isthe basis forthe basis for stratigraphicstratigraphic trapstrapstrapstraps

From Curry and others (1993) and Swenson (2003)

SampleSample DistributionDistributionCC DistributionDistribution

See insetSee inset

CappsCapps GlacierGlacier

Clam GulchClam GulchChisik Is.Chisik Is.Fossil Pt.Fossil Pt.

Tertiary outcropsTertiary outcrops144 samples from 37 sections144 samples from 37 sections

Mesozoic outcropsMesozoic outcrops

Tertiary outcropsTertiary outcrops 144 samples from 37 sections144 samples from 37 sections

Mesozoic outcropsMesozoic outcrops

Falls Ck.Falls Ck. Gull Is.Gull Is.

Red GlacierRed Glacier64 samples from 14 sections64 samples from 14 sectionsTertiary wellTertiary well

61 samples from 1 well61 samples from 1 wellTertiary & Mesozoic wellsTertiary & Mesozoic wells

64 samples from 14 sections64 samples from 14 sections Tertiary wellTertiary well

61 samples from 1 well61 samples from 1 well Tertiary & Mesozoic wellsTertiary & Mesozoic wells Fritz Ck.Fritz Ck.

Bidarki Ck.Bidarki Ck. Oil BayOil Bay

Pomeroy Is.Pomeroy Is. Tertiary & Mesozoic wellsTertiary & Mesozoic wells((ФФ –– K data only)K data only)

5779 samples from 98 wells5779 samples from 98 wells

Tertiary & Mesozoic wellsTertiary & Mesozoic wells ((ФФ –– K data only)K data only)

5779 samples from 98 wells5779 samples from 98 wells

CollectingCollecting & Preparing Friable& Preparing Friable SandsSands 1. Theory1. Theory

•• canscans 3. “Epoxy Party”3. “Epoxy Party” •• pipespipes •• conduitsconduits •• drillsdrills

p y yp y y

•• drillsdrills

“bread“bread loaves”loaves”

2. Practical2. Practical

tt

Sandstone ProvenanceSandstone Provenance

Magmatic arc (Alaska Range)Magmatic arc (Alaska Range) Alaska RangeAlaska RangeAlaska RangeAlaska Range Chugach MountainsChugach MountainsChugach MountainsChugach Mountains

Magmatic arc (Alaska Range)Magmatic arc (Alaska Range) Volcanic cover (JurassicVolcanic cover (Jurassic –– Tertiary)Tertiary)

Basalt, andesite, tuff,Basalt, andesite, tuff, brecciabreccia Plutonic roots (JurassicPlutonic roots (Jurassic –– Cretaceous)Cretaceous) GranodioriteGranodiorite, quartz, quartz monzonitemonzonite, diorite,, diorite, syenitesyenite

A i i (Ch h T )A i i (Ch h T )Accretionary prism (Chugach Terrane)Accretionary prism (Chugach Terrane) Valdez Group (Upper Cretaceous)Valdez Group (Upper Cretaceous)

Sandstone siltstone shaleSandstone siltstone shaleSandstone, siltstone, shaleSandstone, siltstone, shale Schist,Schist, phyllitephyllite ((greenschistgreenschist facies)facies)

McHugh Complex (JurassicMcHugh Complex (Jurassic –– Cretaceous)Cretaceous)g p (g p ( )) Argillite,Argillite, graywackegraywacke, limestone, chert, limestone, chert

Tuff, gabbro, basalt (Tuff, gabbro, basalt (prehniteprehnite--pumpellyitepumpellyite facies)facies)

Framework CompositionFramework Composition QmQ+ Sterling

Beluga Tyonek Hemlock W Foreland

low P/Flow P/Fhi h P/Fhi h P/F QpQp richrich

W Foreland Kaguyak Naknek Tuxedni

low P/Flow P/Fhigh P/Fhigh P/Frichrich

FeldspathicFeldspathic

LithicLithic richrich

KPL­F

pp

KPLF

1.1. Sterling, BelugaSterling, Beluga & W Foreland& W Foreland areare lithic richlithic rich

22 Tyonek &Tyonek & Hemlock areHemlock are relativelyrelatively

1.1. Sterling, WSterling, W ForelandForeland & Naknek& Naknek have high P/Fhave high P/F -- intermediateintermediate igneous provenanceigneous provenance2.2. Tyonek &Tyonek & Hemlock areHemlock are relativelyrelatively

quartz richquartz rich 3.3. Naknek & Tuxedni are feldspathicNaknek & Tuxedni are feldspathic

igneous provenanceigneous provenance 2.2. Tyonek &Tyonek & Hemlock haveHemlock have lower P/Flower P/F --

“granitic“granitic” provenance” provenance

cc

Lithic CompositionLithic Composition Ls+Qp+

SRFSRFQpQp QpQp richrich

Sterling Beluga Tyonek SRFSRF

richrichrichrich Tyonek Hemlock W Foreland Kaguyak Naknek Tuxedni

VRFVRF richrich

VRFVRF richrich

LmLvLsmLvm

TransitionalTransitional SRF richSRF richTransitionalTransitional

1.1. Most Beluga are rich in argillaceous SRFMost Beluga are rich in argillaceous SRF

2.2. Tyonek &Tyonek & HemlockHemlock are rich inare rich in QpQp and chert (common provenance ?)and chert (common provenance ?)

3.3. Sterling, WSterling, W Foreland &Foreland & TuxedniTuxedni are rich in VRF’sare rich in VRF’s

4.4. Some Sterling & Beluga are transitional (changing provenance ?)Some Sterling & Beluga are transitional (changing provenance ?)

v

ProvenanceProvenance CappsCapps GlacierGlacier

ImplicationsImplications Qp+ Clam GulchClam Gulch

Sterling Beluga Tyonek

Falls Ck

Clam GchUp Sterling

Low Sterling Rozak RVMid Sterling

1 Beluga Fm shows ertical

Theodore RTheodore R Beluga RBeluga R Falls Ck.Falls Ck.

Fritz Ck.Fritz Ck.BidarkiBidarki Ck.Ck.

Tyonek Hemlock W Foreland Kaguyak Naknek Tuxedni

Fritz Ck

Bidarki Ck

Mid Beluga

Up Beluga

1. Beluga Fm. shows vertical provenance transition from SRF-rich Middle Beluga (Fritz CK) to mixed SRF-VRF Upper Beluga (Bidarki Ck)

Tuxedni

older Upper Beluga (Bidarki Ck)

2. Sterling Fm. shows vertical provenance transition from mixed SRF-VRF lower

BidarkiBidarki CKCKFallsFalls CkCkCappsCapps GlrGlr

Straight CkStraight Ck

LsmLvm

Sterling (Falls Ck) to VRF-rich upper Sterling (Clam Gulch)

FritzFritz CKCK Clam GulchClam Gulch

younger

Outcrop Reservoir QualityOutcrop Reservoir Quality

10000

100000

r2 = 0.84

100

1000

md) Sterling

Beluga JurassicJurassic

1

10

mea

bilit

y (m Beluga

Tyonek Hemlock W Foreland Kaguyak

((diagenesisdiagenesis zone)zone)

0.01

0.1Perm Naknek

Tuxedni

TertiaryTertiary(deposition zone)(deposition zone)

0.0001

0.001

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Porosity (%)

Routine CoreRoutine Core AnalysisAnalysis 100000Well Outcropp 5779 Subsurface samples5779 Subsurface samples

100005052 Tertiary100000 1000430 Upper Cretaceous 297 Neocomian

- Jurassic

Perrm

eabi

lity

(md)

10000

1000

100

10

11

Perm

eabbi

lity

(md)

0.1

10

100

10

0.001

0.01

0 5 10

Tertiary Unitsy 15 20 25 30

Porosity (%) 35 40 45 50

1 10000

100000

SWC are artificially enhanced 1000

0.1

0.01

Perm

eabi

oity

(md)

100

10

1

0.1

y

0.001 Core dataCore data SWC dataSWC data0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0.01 50

0 0010.0015921 Samples5921 Samples Porosity (%) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Mesozoic Units Porosity (%)

1.1. Core and outcropCore and outcrop data occupy similardata occupy similar ΦΦ-K fields-K fields

2.2. LowLow--permpermeeabilityability SSterlingterling ssandsands plotplot ofofff regionalregional 2.2. LowLow permpermeeabilityability SterlingSterling sandssands plotplot ofofff regionalregional trend (facies ortrend (facies or texture ?)texture ?)

3.3. WWellell data include conventional and sidewalldata include conventional and sidewall corecore datadata

1.1. Mesozoic core +Mesozoic core + SWCSWC data overliedata overlie TTertiary dataertiary data

2.2. FairFair –– moderatemoderate overlapoverlap betweenbetween TTertiaryertiary corecore andand corecore andand2.2. FairFair moderatemoderate overlapoverlap betweenbetween TTertiaryertiary SWC dataSWC data

3.3. Poor overlapPoor overlap between Mesozoic core and SWCbetween Mesozoic core and SWC datadata

Reservoir Quality by FormationReservoir Quality by FormationPe

rmmea

bilit

y ((m

d)

100000100000

10000

100

1000

1

10

0.1

1

Sterling Beluga Tyoneky Hemlock W Forlnd Kaguyak HerendnHerendn Naknek Tuxedni

0.01

0 0010.001 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Porosity (%)

SterlingSterling FormationFormation 100

1000

10000

100000

d)

Core Outcrop

tive

Perc

ent

50 70 80 90 95 98 99

claysiltpebble gr c m f vf sand-size mud-sizegravel-size

vc

FormationFormation 0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Perm

eabi

lity

(md

Grain Size (Ø) -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cum

ula

0.51 2 5

10 20 30

Grain Size:Grain Size: 0 31 mm (0 31 mm (mLmL))

0.0001

0.001

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Porosity (%)

Grain Size:Grain Size: 0.31 mm (0.31 mm (mLmL)) Sorting:Sorting: 0.55 (mod)0.55 (mod) Porosity:Porosity: 36.3 %36.3 % Permeability:Permeability: 4,5484,548 mdmd IntergranIntergran volvol:: 30.630.6 % (minor compaction)% (minor compaction) Total Clay:Total Clay: 1.71.7 %% Total Cement:Total Cement: 0.8%0.8% Mineralogy:Mineralogy: volcanic RF (volcanic RF (interminterm –– maficmafic))Mineralogy:Mineralogy: volcanic RF (volcanic RF (interminterm maficmafic),),

plagplag, K, K--spar , hornblende,spar , hornblende, basaltic hornblende,basaltic hornblende, littlelittle qtzqtz..

Provenance:Provenance: volcanic arc ?volcanic arc ? Diagenesis:Diagenesis: Very good RQ, potentialVery good RQ, potential

problems with modproblems with mod –– deepdeep burialburial

Di iDi i i l f d ili l f d il

BelugaBeluga FormationFormation 100

1000

10000

100000

)

Core Outcrop

tive

Perc

ent

50 70 80 90 95 98 99

claysiltpebble gr c m f vf sand-size mud-sizegravel-size

vc

FormationFormation 0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Perm

eabi

lity

(md)

Grain Size (Ø) -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cum

ulat

0.51 2 5

10 20 30

Grain Size:Grain Size: 0 26 mm (0 26 mm (mLmL))

0.0001

0.001

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Porosity (%)

Grain Size:Grain Size: 0.26 mm (0.26 mm (mLmL)) Sorting:Sorting: 1.27 (poor)1.27 (poor) Porosity:Porosity: 30.0 % (not all effective)30.0 % (not all effective) Permeability:Permeability: 331.8331.8 mdmd IntergranIntergran volvol:: 22.022.0 % (mod. Compaction)% (mod. Compaction) Total Clay:Total Clay: 7.77.7 %% Total Cement:Total Cement: 1.7 %1.7 % Mineralogy:Mineralogy: Argillaceous SRF & MRFArgillaceous SRF & MRFMineralogy:Mineralogy: Argillaceous SRF & MRF,Argillaceous SRF & MRF,

minor quartz, Kminor quartz, K--spar, chert,spar, chert, plagioclaseplagioclase

Provenance:Provenance: accretionary prismaccretionary prism DiagenesisDiagenesis:: potential for mega ductilepotential for mega ductile

grain deformation, littlegrain deformation, little cement, faircement, fair RQRQ

hihi

gravel-size sand-size mud-size Core Outcroppebble gr vc c f vf silt claym

100000 98 95

99

1000090 80 70 1000 50

100

TTyonekyonekFormationFormation 100

Cum

ulaat

ive

Perc

ent

FormationFormation 30 20

Perm

eabi

lity

(mdd)

10 5 2 1

0.5

10

1

0.1-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Grain Size (Ø)

0.01

0.001

0.0001 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Porosity (%) 35 40 45 50

GrainGrain SSize:ize:GrainGrain Size:Size: 0 30 399 mmmm ((mUmU))00..3939 mmmm ((mUmU)) Sorting:Sorting: 0.820.82 (mod)(mod) Porosity:Porosity: 25.325.3 %% Permeability:Permeability: 1,7551,755 mdmd IntergranIntergran volvol:: 23.2 %23.2 % (mod. compaction)(mod. compaction) TTotal Clay:otal Clay: 6.0 %6.0 % TTotal Cement:otal Cement: 3.0 %3.0 % Mineralogy:Mineralogy:Mineralogy:Mineralogy: quartzquartz KK--sparspar plagioclaseplagioclasequartzquartz,, KK sparspar,, plagioclaseplagioclase,,

PRFPRF,, chert,chert, argillaceousargillaceous SRFSRF & MRF& MRF,, biotitebiotite

Provenance:Provenance: dissected arcdissected arc plutonsplutons,, metamorpmetamorphihic covec coverr

DiagenesisDiagenesis:: good RQ,good RQ, chlorite/smectite rims,chlorite/smectite rims, kaolinite porekaolinite pore--fills, little cementfills, little cement

--

pebble gr c m f vf sand-sizegravel-size

vc silt clay mud-size Core MGS A43-11

98 99 100000

90 95 10000

70 80 1000

HemlockHemlockFormationFormation 50

100100

Cum

ulaat

ive

Perc

ent

FormationFormation 30 20

Perm

eabi

lity

(mdd)

10 5 2 1

0.5

10

1

0.1-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Grain Size (Ø)

0.01

0.001

0.0001 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Porosity (%) 35 40 45 50

GrainGrain SSize:ize:GrainGrain 0 40 4Size:Size: 5500..4545 mmmm ((mUmU))mmmm ((mUmU)) Sorting:Sorting: 1.04 (poor)1.04 (poor) Porosity:Porosity: 16.0 %16.0 %Permeability:Permeability: 94 md94 mdIntergranIntergran volvol:: 111.5 %1.5 % (significant compaction)(significant compaction) TTotal Clay:otal Clay: 5.1 %5.1 % TTotal Cement:otal Cement: 2.9 %2.9 % Mineralogy:Mineralogy:Mineralogy:Mineralogy: quartzquartz KK--sparspar plagioclaseplagioclasequartzquartz,, KK sparspar,, plagioclaseplagioclase,,

PRFPRF,, chert,chert, argillaceousargillaceous SRFSRF & MRF& MRF,, biotitebiotite

Provenance:Provenance: dissected arcdissected arc plutonsplutons,, metamorphic covemetamorphic coverr

DiagenesisDiagenesis:: mod.mod. -- good RQ, compaction,good RQ, compaction, chlorite/smectite rims,chlorite/smectite rims, kaolinitekaolinite

enanceenance arcarc

P bilitP bilit 259259 dd

Total Cement:Total Cement: 7.7 % 7.7 %

W ForelandW Foreland FormationFormation 100

1000

10000

100000

d)

Core Outcrop

ativ

e Pe

rcen

t

50 70 80 90 95 98 99

claysiltpebble gr c m f vf sand-size mud-sizegravel-size

vc

FormationFormation 0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Perm

eabi

lity

(md

Grain Size (Ø) -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cum

ula

0.51 2 5

10 20 30

0.0001

0.001

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Porosity (%)

Grain Size:Grain Size: 0.450.45 mm (mm (mUmU)) Sorting:Sorting: 1.411.41 (poor)(poor) Porosity:Porosity: 21.9 % (not all effective)21.9 % (not all effective) Permeability:Permeability: 259259 m dmd IntergranIntergran volvol:: 28.0 % (early clays & zeolites)28.0 % (early clays & zeolites) Total Clay:Total Clay: 17.3 %17.3 % Total Cement:Total Cement: 7.7 % (zeolites)7.7 % (zeolites)(zeolites)(zeolites) Mineralogy:Mineralogy: VRF (VRF (interminterm -- maficmafic),), plagplag,,

hornblende, basaltichornblende, basaltic HbHb,, biotitebiotite, pumice, shards,, pumice, shards, minorminor qtzqtz

ProPro olcanicolcanicProvenance:Provenance: volcanic arcvolcanic arc DiagenesisDiagenesis:: clinoptilolite, chlorite/smectiteclinoptilolite, chlorite/smectite

rims and pore fillsrims and pore fills

KaguyakKaguyak FormationFormation 100

1000

10000

100000

d)

Core Outcrop

ativ

e Pe

rcen

t

50 70 80 90 95 98 99

claysiltpebble gr c m f vf sand-size mud-sizegravel-size

vc

FormationFormation 0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Perm

eabi

oity

(m

Grain Size (Ø) -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cum

ula

0.51 2 5

10 20 30

0.0001

0.001

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Porosity (%)

Grain Size:Grain Size: 0.49 mm (0.49 mm (mUmU)) Sorting:Sorting: 1.25 (poor)1.25 (poor) Porosity:Porosity: 11.4 %11.4 % Permeability:Permeability: 8 28 2 mdmdPermeability:Permeability: 8.28.2 mdmd IntergranIntergran volvol:: 27.027.0 % (mod. compaction)% (mod. compaction) Total Clay:Total Clay: 12.012.0 %% Total Cement:Total Cement: 3.6 %3.6 % Mineralogy:Mineralogy: quartz, plagioclase,quartz, plagioclase, KK--sparspar

hornblende, VRF,hornblende, VRF, PRFPRF Provenance:Provenance: dissected arcdissected arc plutonsplutons

and overlyingand overlying volcanicsvolcanicsand overlyingand overlying volcanicsvolcanics DiagenesisDiagenesis:: kaolinite, chlorite/smectite,kaolinite, chlorite/smectite,

ductileductile VRF’s,VRF’s, fairfair -- modmod RQRQ

t 959899

claysiltpebble gr c m f vfsand-size mud-sizegravel-size

vc

yy

Cum

ulat

ive

Perc

en

0 5125

10203050708090

Grain Size (Ø)-6 -4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

0.5

NaknekNaknek FormationFormation 100

1000

10000

100000

d)

Core Outcrop

ativ

e Pe

rcen

t

50 70 80 90 95 98 99

claysiltpebble gr c m f vf sand-size mud-sizegravel-size

vc

FormationFormation 0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Perm

eabi

lity

(md

Grain Size (Ø) -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cum

ula

0.51 2 5

10 20 30

0.0001

0.001

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Porosity (%)

Grain Size:Grain Size: 0.220.22 mm (mm (fUfU)) Sorting:Sorting: 1.231.23 (poor)(poor) Porosity:Porosity: 4.14.1 %% Permeability:Permeability: 0.210.21 mdmd IntergranIntergran volvol:: 24.2 % (extensive zeolites)24.2 % (extensive zeolites) Total Clay:Total Clay: 6.5 %6.5 % Total Cement:Total Cement: 18 2 % (zeolites)18 2 % (zeolites) t Total Cement:Total Cement: 18.2 % (zeolites)18.2 % (zeolites) Mineralogy:Mineralogy: plagioclase, hornblendeplagioclase, hornblende, bas., bas. HbHb,,

ilmeniteilmenite/magnetite, little quartz/magnetite, little quartz Provenance:Provenance: dissected arcdissected arc plutonsplutons

- DiagenesisDiagenesis:: laumontite, heulandite,laumontite, heulandite, authigenic chlorite/smectiteauthigenic chlorite/smectite or chlorite, pooror chlorite, poor RQRQ

e eabe eab 5 95 9 dde eabe eab 5 95 9 dd

G i SiG i Si 0 200 20 ((fUfU))G i SiG i Si 0 200 20 ((fUfU))

gg gg pp gg yygg gg pp gg yy

TuxedniTuxedni GroupGroup 100

1000

10000

100000

d)

Core Outcrop

ativ

e Pe

rcen

t

50 70 80 90 95 98 99

claysiltpebble gr c m f vf sand-size mud-sizegravel-size

vc

GroupGroup Red Glacier Fm.Red Glacier Fm.

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Perm

eabi

lity

(md

Grain Size (Ø) -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cum

ula

0.51 2 5

10 20 30

0.0001

0.001

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Porosity (%)

Grain Size:Grain Size: 0.200.20 mm (mm (fUfU))Sorting:Sorting: 0.81 (mod)0.81 (mod)Porosity:Porosity: 7.5 % (little effective7.5 % (little effective ԄԄ))Permeability:Permeability: 5.95.9 mdmd

Grain Size:Grain Size: 0.200.20 mm (mm (fUfU)) Sorting:Sorting: 0.81 (mod)0.81 (mod) Porosity:Porosity: 7.5 % (little effective7.5 % (little effective ԄԄ)) Permeability:Permeability: 5.95.9 m dmdtytyIntergranIntergran volvol:: 35.6 % (extensive clay cement)35.6 % (extensive clay cement)Total Clay:Total Clay: 21.9 %21.9 %Total Cement:Total Cement: 16.7 % (zeolites)16.7 % (zeolites)Mineralogy:Mineralogy: volcanic RF (felsicvolcanic RF (felsic interminterm))

tyty IntergranIntergran volvol:: 35.6 % (extensive clay cement)35.6 % (extensive clay cement) Total Clay:Total Clay: 21.9 %21.9 % Total Cement:Total Cement: 16.7 % (zeolites)16.7 % (zeolites) Mineralogy:Mineralogy: volcanic RF (felsicvolcanic RF (felsic interminterm))

Gaikema Fm.Gaikema Fm.

Mineralogy:Mineralogy: volcanic RF (felsicvolcanic RF (felsic -- interminterm),), altered VRF,altered VRF, plagioclase, min.plagioclase, min. qtzqtz

Provenance:Provenance: volcanic arcvolcanic arcDiagenesisDiagenesis:: AuthigenicAuthigenic porepore--fillingfilling clay,clay,

Mineralogy:Mineralogy: volcanic RF (felsicvolcanic RF (felsic -- interminterm),), altered VRF,altered VRF, plagioclase, min.plagioclase, min. qtzqtz

Provenance:Provenance: volcanic arcvolcanic arc DiagenesisDiagenesis:: AuthigenicAuthigenic porepore--fillingfilling cla y,clay,

chlorite/smectite, chloritechlorite/smectite, chlorite,, laumontite, heulandite, poor RQlaumontite, heulandite, poor RQchlorite/smectite, chloritechlorite/smectite, chlorite,, laumontite, heulandite, poor RQlaumontite, heulandite, poor RQ

The Rich Get Richer...The Rich Get Richer... R.G. Loucks,

Tertiary & Up.Tertiary & Up. CretCret. Sandstones. Sandstones –– Rich guys (deposition zone)Rich guys (deposition zone)

TX BEG

•• Young age ( < 65 million years old)Young age ( < 65 million years old)

•• Shallow burial (< 10,000 feet)Shallow burial (< 10,000 feet)

•• Chemically stable mineralogy (Quartz +Chemically stable mineralogy (Quartz +KK--feldspar)feldspar)

Mesozoic SandstonesMesozoic SandstonesMesozoic SandstonesMesozoic Sandstones –– Poor guys (diagenesis zone)Poor guys (diagenesis zone)

•• Old age ( > 65 million years old)Old age ( > 65 million years old)

•• Deep burial (> 10,000 feet)Deep burial (> 10,000 feet)

•• Chemically unstable mineralogyChemically unstable mineralogy(Plagioclase + VRF’s)(Plagioclase + VRF’s)(Plagioclase + VRF s)(Plagioclase + VRF s)

•• Enhanced potential for unconventionalEnhanced potential for unconventional reservoirsreservoirs

t tt t

&&

i t i h T i d ti t i h T i d t

ConclusionsConclusions •• Tertiary & Mesozoic sandstones have distinctTertiary & Mesozoic sandstones have distinct

differences in mineralogy due to variations indifferences in mineralogy due to variations in provenance (accretionary prism vs arc)provenance (accretionary prism vs arc)provenance (accretionary prism vs. arc)provenance (accretionary prism vs. arc)

•• Vertical and possible lateral variations inVertical and possible lateral variations in provenance exist in the Tertiary sandstonesprovenance exist in the Tertiary sandstones

•• Mineralogy exerts a strong control onMineralogy exerts a strong control on diagenesis and reservoir qualitydiagenesis and reservoir quality

•• Tertiary & Upper Cretaceous have substantialTertiary & Upper Cretaceous have substantialTertiary & Upper Cretaceous have substantialTertiary & Upper Cretaceous have substantial potential for conventional reservoirspotential for conventional reservoirs

•• Jurassic has potential for unconventionalJurassic has potential for unconventional•• Jurassic has potential for unconventionalJurassic has potential for unconventional reservoirsreservoirs

and the subsurface and the subsurface

d l d t t t t f d di tid l d t t t t f d di ti

tt

The Way ForwardThe Way Forward •• Continue collecting petrographic data fromContinue collecting petrographic data from

outcrops and the subsurfaceoutcrops and the subsurfaceoutcropsoutcrops

•• Construct 1D burial histories for subsurfaceConstruct 1D burial histories for subsurface samples using Tertiary erosion estimatessamples using Tertiary erosion estimatessamples using Tertiary erosion estimatessamples using Tertiary erosion estimates

•• Combine timeCombine time--temperaturetemperature--pressure andpressure and modal data to construct forward diageneticmodal data to construct forward diagenetic modelsmodels

•• Combine static diagenetic models toCombine static diagenetic models to produce regional maps of reservoir qualityproduce regional maps of reservoir quality ( it bilit IGV )( it bilit IGV )(porosity, permeability, IGV, cement)(porosity, permeability, IGV, cement)

The EndThe EndThe EndThe End