HematopoiesisHematopoiesis

Blood cell formation Blood cell formation that occurs in that occurs in the red bone marrow found in flat the red bone marrow found in flat bones (skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, bones (skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, proximal epiphyses of the humerus proximal epiphyses of the humerus and the femur.and the femur.

Erythropoietin (EPO)Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone that controls rate of Hormone that controls rate of erythrocyte (RBC) productionerythrocyte (RBC) production

Is produced by the kidneysIs produced by the kidneys Targets the bone marrowTargets the bone marrow

Formed ElementsFormed Elements

Accounts for 45% of whole bloodAccounts for 45% of whole blood ErythrocytesErythrocytes LeukocytesLeukocytes

PlateletsPlatelets

PlasmaPlasma

Liquid portion of the blood – accounts Liquid portion of the blood – accounts for 55% of whole bloodfor 55% of whole blood

Is 90% waterIs 90% water Helps to distribute body heat evenlyHelps to distribute body heat evenly

AlbuminAlbumin

Is a plasma proteinIs a plasma protein Regulates osmotic pressure of bloodRegulates osmotic pressure of blood

Helps to keep water in the Helps to keep water in the bloodstreambloodstream

MegakaryocytesMegakaryocytes

Fragments of bizarre multinucleate Fragments of bizarre multinucleate cellscells

They rupture and release thousands They rupture and release thousands of pieces that seal off from of pieces that seal off from

surrounding fluidssurrounding fluids

PlateletsPlatelets

Are needed for the clotting processAre needed for the clotting process Formerly called thrombocytes Formerly called thrombocytes

(platelets)(platelets)

ThrombusThrombus

A clot that develops in an unbroken A clot that develops in an unbroken blood vesselblood vessel

EmbolusEmbolus

When a clot (thrombus) breaks away When a clot (thrombus) breaks away from a blood vessel and from a blood vessel and floatsfloats freelyfreely

in the bloodstreamin the bloodstream Potentially life threateningPotentially life threatening

HematocritHematocrit

The volume of a blood sampleThe volume of a blood sample

LeukocytesLeukocytes White CellsWhite Cells

Are White Blood Cells (WBC’s)Are White Blood Cells (WBC’s) Protect, defense, immunityProtect, defense, immunity

Account for less than 1% of total Account for less than 1% of total blood volumeblood volume

Are complete blood cells: contain Are complete blood cells: contain nuclei and organellesnuclei and organelles

DiapedesisDiapedesis

Means “leaping across”Means “leaping across” WBC’s are able to slip in and out of WBC’s are able to slip in and out of

blood vessels as neededblood vessels as needed

LeukocytosisLeukocytosis

An increased white blood cell countAn increased white blood cell count Could be indicative of a bacterial or Could be indicative of a bacterial or

viral infectionviral infection

LeukopeniaLeukopenia

Abnormally low WBC countAbnormally low WBC count Commonly caused by certain drugs, Commonly caused by certain drugs,

and anticancer medicationsand anticancer medications

GranulocytesGranulocytes

Contains granules (appears as grains Contains granules (appears as grains of sand)of sand)

Are “philled” with sandAre “philled” with sand

Types: NeutrophilsTypes: Neutrophils

EosinophilsEosinophils

BasophilsBasophils

NeutrophilsNeutrophils

Act as avid phagocytes at site of Act as avid phagocytes at site of acute infectionsacute infections

EosinophilsEosinophils

Kills parasitic wormsKills parasitic worms Tend to increase during allergiesTend to increase during allergies

BasophilsBasophils

Rarest form of WBC’sRarest form of WBC’s Contains Contains histamineshistamines at sites of at sites of

inflammationinflammation

AgranulocytesAgranulocytes

Lack visible organellesLack visible organelles Include: lymphocytes and Include: lymphocytes and

monocytesmonocytes ““are a “cyte” for sore eyes”are a “cyte” for sore eyes”

LymphocytesLymphocytes

Part of the immune systemPart of the immune system Reside in lymphatic tissuesReside in lymphatic tissues

MonocytesMonocytes

Are the largest WBCAre the largest WBC Change into macrophagesChange into macrophages

Help fight chronic infectionsHelp fight chronic infections

ErythrocytesErythrocytes

Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) Are anucleateAre anucleate

Have few organellesHave few organelles No mitochondriaNo mitochondria

Have biconcave disks for increased Have biconcave disks for increased surface area for Oxygen/Carbon surface area for Oxygen/Carbon

DioxideDioxide

PolycythemiaPolycythemia

Excessive or abnormal increase in Excessive or abnormal increase in RBC’sRBC’s

May result from: 1) bone marrow May result from: 1) bone marrow cancercancer

2) High altitudes2) High altitudes Leads to increase viscosity, sluggish Leads to increase viscosity, sluggish

flowflow

Hemoglobin (Hb)Hemoglobin (Hb)

Is an iron containing proteinIs an iron containing protein Transports oxygenTransports oxygen

Also binds with CO2Also binds with CO2 250 million HB molecules in 1 RBC250 million HB molecules in 1 RBC

Normal levels 12-18g/100ml of bloodNormal levels 12-18g/100ml of blood Males: 13-18g; Females: 12-16gMales: 13-18g; Females: 12-16g

ABO Blood GroupsABO Blood Groups

2 Antigens (A or B) inherits one or the 2 Antigens (A or B) inherits one or the other, both or noneother, both or none

Absence of both antigens = Type OAbsence of both antigens = Type O Presence of both = Type ABPresence of both = Type AB

Either A or B if just one antigen presentEither A or B if just one antigen present AB type is universal recipientAB type is universal recipient

O type is universal donorO type is universal donor

Agglutination Agglutination

Binding of the antibodies causing Binding of the antibodies causing RBC’s to clumpRBC’s to clump

Leads to clogging of small blood Leads to clogging of small blood vesselsvessels

AntigensAntigens

Is recognized as “foreign”Is recognized as “foreign” Stimulates release of antibodies from Stimulates release of antibodies from

the immune systemthe immune system Over 30 common RBC antigensOver 30 common RBC antigens

Disorders of the clotting Disorders of the clotting processprocess

Undesirable ClottingUndesirable Clotting

ThrombusThrombus embolusembolus

Bleeding disordersBleeding disorders

Thrombocytopenia – is Thrombocytopenia – is a platelet deficiencya platelet deficiency

Hemophilia – lack Pf Hemophilia – lack Pf factors for clottingfactors for clotting

HemophiliaHemophilia

Hereditary bleeding disorderHereditary bleeding disorder ““bleeder’s disease”bleeder’s disease”

Patients are given fresh plasma or Patients are given fresh plasma or injections of missing platelet factor injections of missing platelet factor

(Pf)(Pf)

HemostasisHemostasis

Hem = bloodHem = blood Stasis = standing stillStasis = standing still

Means stoppage of blood flowMeans stoppage of blood flow

HeparinHeparin

Body’s natural anticoagulant Body’s natural anticoagulant

CoagulationCoagulation

To clotTo clot

FibrinFibrin

Is converted from fibrinogen to fibrinIs converted from fibrinogen to fibrin

Is an insoluble protein formed during Is an insoluble protein formed during blood clotting processblood clotting process

Process of Blood ClottingProcess of Blood Clotting

Is a multistep process:Is a multistep process:

1.1. VascularVascular spasmsspasms – of the smooth – of the smooth muscle in the vessel wall producing a muscle in the vessel wall producing a vasoconstriction resulting from vasoconstriction resulting from serotoninserotonin. .

Lasts up to 30 minutesLasts up to 30 minutes Makes the platelets “sticky” as they Makes the platelets “sticky” as they

are producedare produced

Process of Blood ClottingProcess of Blood Clotting

2. 2. PlateletPlatelet plugplug forms – damaged forms – damaged blood vessel releases Von blood vessel releases Von Willebrand’s Factor. Willebrand’s Factor.

Platelets release ADP causing Platelets release ADP causing aggregation and a plug to formaggregation and a plug to form

An increase in the “stickiness” An increase in the “stickiness” resultsresults

Process of Blood ClottingProcess of Blood Clotting3. Coagulation (clotting phase)3. Coagulation (clotting phase)

Platelet Factor III (PF3) releases Platelet Factor III (PF3) releases thromboplastin. thromboplastin.

PF3 and Calcium forms an activator PF3 and Calcium forms an activator producing a cascade effect. producing a cascade effect.

Prothrombin (in the plasma) is converted Prothrombin (in the plasma) is converted to Thrombin (an enzyme)to Thrombin (an enzyme)

Formation of Fibrinogen (plasma protein) Formation of Fibrinogen (plasma protein) to Fibrin to trap platelets “meshwork.”to Fibrin to trap platelets “meshwork.”

Process of Blood ClottingProcess of Blood Clotting

Entire process normally takes 3 – 6 Entire process normally takes 3 – 6 minutesminutes

A sudden and severe loss of blood leads A sudden and severe loss of blood leads first to shock and eventually deathfirst to shock and eventually death

Use direct pressure to helpUse direct pressure to help

Elevate body part above the heart to allow Elevate body part above the heart to allow gravity to take effectgravity to take effect

3 phases of hemostasis (process of blood clotting):•Vascular spasms – decreases the flow of blood to the area•Platelet plug formation – platelets become “sticky” and cause chemical release to form clot•Coagulation – prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin

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