hemispheric, transboundary & regional air pollution
TRANSCRIPT
Hemispheric, Transboundary
& Regional Air Pollution
Colin O’Dowd & Team C-CAPS
National University of Ireland Galway
Dublin Borough
0
200
400
600
800
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
January 1982
Bla
ck S
mo
ke (
ug
/m3)
15
20
25
30
35
40
Death
sDeaths
Black
Smoke
Climate Impacts - Radiative Forcing
Warming
Cooling
Health Impacts Beijing 2013
Irish perspective: where our air come from?
An ideal world………………
Marine Polluted
PM
1
Organics (41%)
Nitrate (10%)
Sulphate (30%) Ammonium (13%)
Sea Salt (1%)
BC (5%) Organics (5%)
Nitrate (2%)
Sea Salt (86%)
BC (1%)
Sulphate (5%)
Is it how much or what?
Carbon Isotope Analysis – offline source apportionment
Realtime aerosol chemistry: Aerosol Mass Spectrometry
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
NE
M, µ
g m
-3
100908070605040302010
m/z
Org NO3
SO4
NH4
Chl
Nitrate
Organics
Sea salt &
etc.
Sulphate 20
15
10
5
0
Conce
ntr
atio
n, µ
g m
-3
12:0009/02/2009
00:0012/02/2009
12:0014/02/2009
00:0017/02/2009
Date
What organics
come from where?
The need to source apportion:
Informed effective emissions control
Cork city air quality
Traffic/Industry
Peat/Coal burning
Wood burning
Aged/Processed
20
15
10
5
0
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n,
µg
m-3
12:0009/02/2009
00:0012/02/2009
12:0014/02/2009
00:0017/02/2009
Date
86420
10/02/2009 13/02/2009 16/02/2009Date
864208642086420
Organics
PMF
5 2
5 0
87 0
8 2
10 1
79 0
13 2 20
4
61
0
15 3 24
4
52
1
22 2
32
6
36
3
33 1
45
5 12
4
21 1
59
3 9
7
40 1
38 4
15
4
24 2
36
4 31
3
28 3
34
6 29
1
11
2 12 1
73 0
7
2 6 1
84 0
19%
25%
3%
50%
2%
2%
mP
Jan
Feb March
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
AugSep
Oct
Nov
Dec
14 4 26
1
54
0
23 2 16
1
58
0
16 3 20
3
57
0
20 2
48
4 24
1
21 2
46
6 21
4
35 2
40
5 15
3
18 1
50
4 22
5 20
1
56
5 13
5
21 4
21
3
49
1
9 2
9 1
78 0
11 3
11 1
75
0
20% 35%
4%
37%
3%
2%
mA
Jan
Feb March
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
AugSep
Oct
Nov
Dec
9 2
4 0
85 0
14 3
14 1
69
0
17 3 27
4
49
0
14 2 35
5
41
1
21 2
51
6 14
5
20 2
51
10 14
4
20 1
56
3 14
6 32 2
47
4 12
3
30 2
32
4 30
2
28 3
28
6 34
1
10 2
25 4
58
0
14
5 20 3
58
0
18% 36%
4%
37%
2%
2%
mT
Jan
Feb March
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
AugSep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Sea salt
NO3
-
Organics
MSA
SO4
2-
NH4
+
43
11
32 13
1 0
38
11
33 17
1 0
43
23
21
12 0 0
37
24
23
15
0 1
49
6
30
13 1 1
43
4
37 14
0 2
36 2
47 10 1 4 58
5 27
9 0 1
33 4
46 15
1 0
44
7
38
10 0
0
49
6
33
11 1
0
43%
13%
30%
13%
1% 1%
cP
Jan
Feb March
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
AugSep
Oct
Nov
Dec
5 years of continuous AMS measurements
at Mace Head revealed seasonal trends in
the chemical composition of aerosol as
well as general chemical signatures
associated with air masses of different
origin.
50
40
30
20
10
0
AM
S,
g m
-3
1/May 3/May 5/May 7/May 9/May 11/May 13/May 15/May 17/May 19/May
Date
Sea salt
NO3
-
Organics
MSA
SO4
2-
NH4
+
Ash
Cloud
Local Biomass
Burning
Volcanic ash Mace Head
Plume entered the surface layer at 22 UTC, sulphate increased from 23 UTC.
Ground measurements with
AMS
• Non spherical particles detected using depolarisation ratio
• Biomass burning aerosols 02/04/2013 to 07/04/2013
Biomass burning aerosol: transported from Wales to Shannon
CO2 Time Series
CO2 Time Series Biomass burning aerosol: North America
Biomass burning aerosol: North America
Biomass burning aerosol: North America
Modelling Capability: WRF-CHEM- FLEXPART
Weather forecasting
Air Pollution
Volcanic Ash
Biomass Burning
Radioactive Fallout
Modelling Capability: WRF-CHEM- FLEXPART
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
Em
iss
ion
s-I
rela
nd
, G
g y
ea
r-1
200920082007200620052004200320022001
Year
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Su
lph
ate
(P
M1
0),
g
m-3
120100806040200
SOx Emissions-Ireland, Gg year-1
NOx PM2.5 x 10
SOx
a) b)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Su
lph
ate
(P
M1
0),
g
m-3
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
Su
rface g
lob
al ra
dia
tio
n,
W m
-2
1.61.41.21.00.80.60.4
Sulphate (PM10), g m-3
2012201020082006200420022000
Year
r = -0.77 r = -0.73
a) b)
Reduced Emissions, Reduced Air Pollution:
Annual Averages for sulphate aerosol mass, all sector, Mace Head.
Annual Averages, all sector, Mace Head & Valentia Observatory:
SO2 and SO4.
Conclusion
Aerosol Mass Spectrometry an excellent method for realtime in-
situ source apportionment.
LIDAR useful for identifying upper air pollution transport.
Combined LIDAR and AMS most effect for evaluating pollution
transport.
Multiple sources of transboundary air pollution (ash, biomass
buring, radioation, etc.)
Need integrated and multi-purpose modelling capacity in Ireland
Long term observations demonstrate a reduction in air pollution
in line with a reduction on emissions.
Effective emissions control.