henderson(hasselbalch. - 2016 physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfhenderson(hasselbalch. •...

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HendersonHasselbalch The difference between the pH of the solu7on and the pKa of the drug is the common logarithm of the ra7o of ionized to unionized forms of the drug. For acid drugs Log(Ionized/Unionized) = pH pKa, or [I]/[U] = 10 (pHpKa) Deriva’on: Ka = [H+][A]/[HA] log Ka = log([H+][A]/[HA]) log Ka = log[H+] log ([A]/[HA]) pKa = pH log ([A]/[HA]) log ([A]/[HA]) = pH pKa

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Page 1: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Henderson-­‐Hasselbalch  •  The  difference  between  the  pH  of  the  solu7on  and  the  pKa  of  the  drug  is  the  common  logarithm  of  the  ra7o  of  ionized  to  unionized  forms  of  the  drug.      

•  For  acid  drugs        Log(Ionized/Unionized)  =  pH  -­‐  pKa,  or        [I]/[U]  =  10(pH-­‐pKa)     Deriva'on:  

 Ka                =  [H+][A-­‐]/[HA]  -­‐log  Ka  =  -­‐log([H+][A-­‐]/[HA])  -­‐log  Ka  =  -­‐log[H+]  -­‐  log  ([A-­‐]/[HA])    pKa          =  pH  -­‐  log  ([A-­‐]/[HA])    log  ([A-­‐]/[HA])  =  pH  -­‐pKa  

Page 2: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

H.H.:  a  quan7ta7ve  picture  

•  Most  drugs  are  weak  acids  or  weak  bases  

•  It  is  not  all  or  nothing,  there  are  always  several  species  at  different  concentra7ons   pKapH

BHB

pKapHHAA

−=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+

−=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −

][][log

][][log

Page 3: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Frac7on  Ionized  as  a  func7on  of  pKa  and  pH  

+   -­‐  

0   0  

Page 4: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Weak  acid  is  mostly  neutral  in  stomach  

A  drug  is  a  weak  acid,  has  a  pKa  of  5.5.    Taken  orally,  it  is  in  a  stomach  solu7on  of  pH  3.5.    

pH  –  pKa  =  3.5  –  5.5  =  -­‐2  For  an  acid,  we  use:    ionized/unionized  =  10-­‐2/1=  1/100  

For  every  1  molecule  of  the  drug  that  is  ionized,  100  are  unionized.    This  drug  in  the  stomach  is  highly  fat  soluble.  

Page 5: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Basic  Drugs  For  basic  drugs,  everything  is  the  

same  except  that  the  ra#o  reverses:  

Log(Unionized/Ionized)  =  pH  –  pKa  

Examples:  Chlorpheniramine,  chlorpromazine,  ephedrine  and  phenylephrine,  amphetamine,  methamphetamine,  and  methcathinone,  amitriptyline,  imipramine,  lofepramine  and  clomipramine,  nortriptyline,  desipramine,  and  amoxapine.    

pKapHBHB

pKapHHAA

−=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+

−=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −

][][log

][][log

NH2+      [Cl-­‐]  

Page 6: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Amphoteric  drugs  

•  Ordinary  ampholytes,  e.g.  m-­‐aminophenol  •  pKaacidic  >  pKabasic.    pKaA=9.8,  pKaB=4.4  •  Increasing  pH:  1.  NH3+    2.  Neutral    3.  O-­‐  

Page 7: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Zwicerionic  ampholytes  

•  E.g.    Amino  acids,  pep7des  

•  pKaacidic  <  pKabasic  

Distribu7on  of  ionic  species  for  the  zwicerionic  ampholyte  labetalol.  from  A.  Pagliara,  P.-­‐A.  Carrupt,  G.  Caron,  P.  Gaillard  and  B.  Testa,  Chem.  Rev.,  97,  3385  (1997).  

Page 8: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Isoelectric  Point  •  pI  =  pH  =  ½  (  pKaacidic  +  pKa  basic  )  •  It  can  be  both  uncharged  and  zwicerionic  or  mul7ply  charged  

•  For  absorp7on  every  charge  counts  (not  the  total  charge)  

•  pI  is  used  for  isoelectric  focusing  (Agarose  gel  electrophoresis)  

Page 9: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Zwicerion  drugs:  Examples  

Page 10: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Calcula7on  of  the  pH  of  drug  solu7ons  

•  The  drug  solu7on  itself  can  develop  its  own  pH  

•  The  pH  can  be  derived  from  its  pKa  and  concentra7on,  C  

 A  weakly  acidic  drug:  HA  +  H2O=[A-­‐]  +  [H30+]  (1-­‐a)c                      ac          ac    a  –  degree  of  dissocia7on  

a<<1    ac=[H+]      at  c  >≈ 10-­‐7M  

 Note:  this  approxima#on  

breaks  at  infinitesimal  concentra#ons.  

 

cpKpH a log21

21 −=

Ka =a2c2

(1− a)c≈ a2c

a2 = Ka / ca2c2 = Kac

[H+]= (Kac)12

− log([H+]) = − log((Kac)12 )

− log([H+]) = − log(Ka )− log(c)12

Deriva'on:  

For  the  solu'on  of  a  weakly  acidic  drug:  

Page 11: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Weakly  basic  drugs  •  Similarly  it  can  be  shown  that  

•  Example:  codeine  monohydrate  (317.4),  pKa=8.2  

C=0.026  M                        pH=7+4.1-­‐0.79    

cpKpHcpKpKpH

a

aw

log7log

21

21

21

21

21

++=

++=

Basic  Amine  is  charged  at  neutral  pH  

Page 12: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Ion  Trapping  of  an  acidic  drug  

The  same  highly  fat  soluble  drug  readily  crosses  the  stomach  membranes  and  enters  blood  plasma,  which  has  a  pH  of  7.5  

pH  –  pKa  =  7.5  –  5.5  =  2  [I]/[U]  =  102/1=  100/1  For  every  100  molecules  of  the  drug  that  are  ionized,  only  1  is  unionized.    The  drug  in  the  blood  is  not  very  fat  soluble.  

This  phenomenon  is  called  ion  trapping.  

Page 13: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Absorp7on  is  quan7ta7ve  too  

•  Permea7on  rate,  RP=  P  Area  ΔC  •  Amount  absorbed  =  RP•  Time  

–  P  is  membrane  par77on  coefficient  (related  to  LogP)  

–  Area  is  effec7ve  surface  area  of  membrane  

–  ΔC    is  concentra7on  difference  for  the  neutral  form  of  the  drug  

•  Astomach/Aileum  differ  1000  7mes.  That  means  that  even  if  the  frac7on  of  neutral  species  in  stomach  is  100  7mes  greater,  s7ll  10  7mes  more  compound  will  be  absorbed  in  the  gut.  The  effect  of  7me  comes  on  top.  

Cout  

Cin  

A=120m2  

A=0.1m2  

Page 14: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Drug  Salts:  Bases  

Note:  Hydrochloride  in    Drug.HCl    may  be  misleading,  it  should  be  just  chloride  (Drug+.[Cl-­‐]),  same  with  H2SO4  

   

Acid  [AH]  

Basic  Drug  [B]   +   -­‐  

Drug,  BH+  Anion  

Anionic  Salt  of  the  Drug  

plus  

Acid   Anion   Examples  

Hydrochloride  (HCl)   Cl-­‐   Pyridoxine  HCl,  Pramipexole  HCl  Chlorpromazine  HCl,  Demeclocycline  ..  Demethylchlortetracycline  Nalbuphine,      Chlorhexidine  Propafenone,  Mitoxantrone  Lincomycin,        Ro7go7ne  Vilazodone,        Naphazoline    

Sulfuric  Acid   SO42-­‐   Dextroamphetamine,  Hydroxychloroquine  

Ace7c  Acid  (acetate)   CH3COO-­‐   Leuprolide,  Goserelin,  Desmopressin,…  

cocaine  hydrochloride    

+    

Page 15: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Drug  Salts:    Acids  Base  B,  e.g.  NaOH  

Acidic  Drug  AH  

e.g.  R-­‐COOH   -­‐   +  Drug  

ion,  [A-­‐]   Ca7on  

Ca7onic  Salt  of  the  Drug  

plus  

OH-­‐  Base   Ca'on   Examples  

Sodium   Na+   Ecabet,  Diclofenac,  Indomethacin,  Benzoate,  Salicylate  

Calcium   Ca++   Atorvasta7n,  Calcium  Gluceptate  

Potassium   K+   Penicillin  V  Potassium,  Losartan  

Ca++  needs  two  nega7ve  charges  

Calcium  Gluceptate  

Warning:  do  not  forget  to  use  correct  molecular  weight  of  the  salt  

Page 16: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Salts:  summary  •  Stoichiometry:  make  sure  

that  the  total  formal  charge  is  zero  (e.g.    [D-­‐]2    Me2+    )  

•  Ambiguity  of  chemical  representa7on:  [DH+][Cl-­‐]  vs  [D][HCL],  MolWeight.  

•  Solubility  of  crystals:  usually  becer  than  non-­‐salt,  but  differs  between  different  salts.  

•  Iden#cal  in  Solu#on:  Once  the  salt  is  dissolved  it  becomes  iden7cal  to  the  non-­‐salt  form  of  the  drug  in  solu7on  

•  Resonance:    Example,  sulfate:  perfect  tetrahedron  with  total  nega7ve  charge  of  -­‐2  distributed  between  4  nega7ve  oxygens  and  one  posi7ves  sulfur.      

Page 17: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Salts  with  becer  solubility:  example  •  Example:    

–  Phenobarbital,  a  white  powder,  is  a  weak  acid  with  limited  solubility  in  water,    

–  the  sodium  salt  of  Phenobarbital,  also  a  white  powder,  the  salt  of  the  weak  acid,  now  water  soluble  

•     pKa  =  7.41  

     

                           

•  pH  (satur.  sol)        5                                                      ~  10.  •  Solubility:                1g/L                                                1g/10mL  

Epoprostenol.Na+  Prostacyclin  I.V.  vasodilator  in  ischemia  &  PH  

Na+  

More  examples:  Naproxen              Naproxen  Sodium    Fenoprofen  Fenoprofen  Calcium      Penicillin  G  Penicillin  G  Potassium  

Page 18: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

More  anions  for  basic  drugs  •  Base      Salt/Conjugate  Acid  •  Diphenhydramine  Diphenhydramine  HCL    •  Glucosamine      Glucosamine  sulfate    •  Epinephrine        Epinephrine  sulfate  •  Ephedrine                      Ephedrine  HCl    •  Atropine                      Atropine  sulfate    •  Tetracycline    Tetracycline  HCl  

•  Most  of  these  drugs,  as  you  can  tell  by  their  name,  are  "amines",  which  means  they  are  weak  bases    

•  Acetate  CH3COO−  (ace7c  acid)  •  Carbonate  CO3  

2−  ,carbonic  acid)  •  Chloride  Cl−  (hydrochloric  acid)  •  Citrate  HOC(COO−)(CH2COO−)2  (citric  acid)  •  Cyanide  C≡N−  (hydrocyanic  acid)  (toxic)  •  Nitrate  NO3

−  (nitric  acid)  •  Nitrite  NO2

−  (nitrous  acid)  •  Phosphate  PO4

3−  (phosphoric  acid)  •  Sulfate  SO4

2−  (sulfuric  acid)  Sodium-­‐nitroprusside,  -­‐  vasodilator  

Page 19: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Solubility  and  Permeability  

Two  opposite  requirements:  •  Solubility  is  good  for  charged  compounds  with  mul7ple  polar  groups  (e.g.  pep7des)  

•  Permeability  is  good  for  hydrophobic  and  apolar  compounds  

Two  solu7ons:  •  Be  exactly  in  the  middle  with  the  same  chemical  structure  (minority)  

•  Be  able  to  change  via  enzyma7c  ac7va7on  (prodrug)  or  adopt  alterna7ve  charged  forms  

Page 20: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Solubility,  LogP,  and  LogD  

•  Not  all  uncharged  compounds  are  insoluble  

•  Not  all  polar  or  charged  compounds  can  not  permeate  a  membrane  

•  It  is  a  quan#ta#ve  macer  •  Three  measurable  quan77es  are  used  to  characterize  a  drug  substance:  LogSw,  LogP  and  LogD  

water  

membrane  

Page 21: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Drug  Solubility:  defini7on  •  Water  (aqueous)  solubility  (SW)  is  the  maximum  amount  of  a  substance  that  can  dissolve  in  water.  SW  depends  on  P,T.      

•  Sw  is  in  moles/L  (M).  Watch  for  mg/L  or  mg/dL  !  

•  LogSw  (or  LogS  )  =  Log(Sw)  

Sucrose  

Succinylcholine  >10M!  But  not  fat  soluble   Mitotane:    0.1  mg/L  

Page 22: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Solubility  and  Gibbs  energy  

•  Solubility  is  defined  by  a  difference  between  the  free  energy  in  the  crystal  form  (primarily  enthalpy)  and  the  dissolved  form  (solva7on,  different  entropy  terms)  

•  The  entropy-­‐of-­‐mixing  contribu7on  to  dissolu7on  (and  rigid  body  rota7on/transla7on)  does  not  depend  on  chemical  type  and  interac7ons.  The  main  difference:    –  the  number  of  freed  rotatable  bonds,  hydrophobic  surface,  (ΔS);  

–  intermolecular  interac7ons  in  the  crystal  vs  water,    ΔH  

water  

µ 0aq + RT lnSW = µ 0crystal

Page 23: Henderson(Hasselbalch. - 2016 Physical and …xablab.ucsd.edu/15/w8.pdfHenderson(Hasselbalch. • The.difference.between.the.pHof.the.solu7on. and.the.pKa.of.the.drug.is.the.common

Polymorphism  •  Compounds  can  crystallize  as  different  polymorphs  (different  molecular  conforma7on  and  packing,  cell)  

•  Polymorphs  can  have  drama7cally  different  solubility,  mel7ng  point,  7me  of  dissolu7on,  habits  

A

AA

AA

AAA

A

AA

A

A

A

AA

AA

AAA

A

AA

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

AA

A A

AA A

A AA

AAA A

AA A AA

A

A

A

A

A

AA

A A

AA A

A AA

AAA A

AA A AA

G

AA

AAA

AAA

G

G

G

GGG

A

A

A

GG

AG

G

AA

AAA

AAA

G

G

G

GGG

A

A

A

GG

AG

C-A+

C- C-C-

C- C-C-C-

A+

A+

A+A+

A+

A+A+

A+C-

A+C- C-C-

C- C-C-C-

A+

A+

A+A+

A+

A+A+

A+

Salts  

Co-­‐crystals??  

Polymorphs  Same  API  Same  Ac've  Moiety    

Different  API  

Where  Do  Co-­‐Crystals  Fit?    

Is  a  New  Regulatory  Class  of  Solids  Needed?  

       

Adopted  from  the  presenta7on  of    FDA-­‐Div-­‐Director  Dr.  Andre  S.  Raw  

API:  Ac7ve  Pharmaceu7cal  Ingridients  

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Crystal  habits  of  drugs  •  The  same  symmetry  group  may  lead  to  

different  size  and  shape  of  a  crystal  •  Crystal  habits  (and  size)  may  influence  

–  injec7on  (plates:  easy,  needles:  difficult),        –  tablexng  (easy  for  compression)  –  rate  of  dissolu7on  

•  Habits:    –  Acicular  (needle-­‐like)  –  Prisma7c,  pyramidal,  tabular,      equant,  

columnar  an  lamellar  types  •  Habit  determinants:  

–  Solvent  –  Temperature  –  Concentra7on  of  impuri7es  

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Snow  flakes  &  drug  crystals  

•  Snow  flakes  are  a  very  well  known  example,  where  subtle  differences  in  crystal  growth  condi7ons  result  in  different  geometries.    

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Par7cle  size  and  the  rate  of  dissolu7on  

•  Consider  the  surface  of  the  fixed  amount  of  compound  as  the  func7on  of  linear  micro-­‐crystal  size,  d,  and  the  total  volume  V  

•  For  non-­‐cubic  shapes,  calculate  the  Area  as  a  func7on  of  total  volume  and  shape.  

dVd

dVA 66 23 ==

d  

For  simple  cubic  shape  the  total  area  of  microcrystal  surface  is  inversely  propor7onal  to  the  crystal  size  

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Log  D  and  Membrane  permea7on  

•  To  get  inside  the  cell  a  drug  need  to  get  inside  the  membrane  first  

•  Par##oning  between  water  and  a  membrane  is  characterized  by  LogP    for  hard  drugs  and  LogD  for  ionizable  drugs  

•  Nega7ve  LogD:  too  polar  •  Large  posi7ve  LogD:  –  too  hydrophobic  

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The  quan7ta7ve  octanol/water  model.  Molecule  Does  not  Change:      LogP  

wat

oct

CCP loglog =

OH

O

OH

Owater   octanol  

•  P  means  Par77on  •  Octanol  ~  membrane  •  Free  energy  difference  

HOH  

RTCCP

CRTCRT

ow

w

o

ooww

3.2loglog

lnln00

00

µµ

µµ

−==

+=+

oo

ww

CC,

,0

0

µ

µ drug  in  water  drug  in  octanol  

Benzoic  Acid:    LogP  =  1.87  

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The  octanol/water  model:  LogD  

wat

oct

AHAHP][][loglog =

OH

O

OH

Owater octanol

watwat

octoct

AAHAAHD][][][][loglog

+

+=

O

O

O

O

LogD  is  the  apparent  par77on  coefficient  

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LogD  depends  on  LogP  of  the  neutral  form  and  pH-­‐pKa  

wat

oct

AHAHP][][loglog =

OH

O

OH

O

logD = logP - log(1 + 10pH-pKa) for acids ≈ logP – (pH – pKa) (for pH> pKa+1, charged form dominates)

water octanol

watwat

octoct

AAHAAHD][][][][loglog

+

+=

O

O

O

O

logD = logP - log(1 + 10-(pH-pKa)) for bases ≈ logP + (pH – pKa) (for pH < pKa-1, charged form dominates)

LogD  is  apparent  LogP  

pKa  =  4.2;    LogD  (pH=7.2)  ≈    1.87-­‐  3  =  -­‐1.13  

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Our  body  is  watching  the  lipophilicity  of  xenobio7cs  

Kidneys  take  care  of  the  polar  Liver  takes  care  of  the  hydrophobs  

•  Polar  and  charged    molecules  –  renal  clearance  (fast).  *Probenecid  (OAT  inh.)  increases  excre7on  of  uric  acid  but  blocks  renal  excre7on  of  and  other  drugs.  

•  BBB  blocks  the  polar  and  charged  compounds  

•  Hydrophobic  compounds  are  made  into  polar  ones  by  metabolism.    Cyp450s  modify  hydrophobic  compounds,    

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Lipophilicity  –  a  determinant  of  pharmacokine7cs  

•  LogD,  pH=7.4  (from  Shalaeva,  ““New  Technologies  to  Increase  Drug  Candidate  Survivability”,  Philadelphia,  2002)  

•  <  0    Too  polar.  Intes7nal  and  CNS  permeability  problems.  Suscep7ble  to  renal  clearence  

•  0  to  1  A  good  balance  between  permeability  and  solubility.  At  low  values,  (more  polar),  CNS  permeability  may  suffer  

•  1  to  3  Op'mum  range  for  CNS  and  non-­‐CNS  orally  bioavailable  drugs.  Low  metabolic  liabili'es,  generally  good  CNS  penetra'on  

•  3  to  5    Solubility  tends  to  become  lower.  Metabolic  liabili7es.  

•  Above  5    Low  solubility  and  poor  oral  bioavailability.  Erra7c  absorp7on.  High  metabolic  liability,  although  potency  may  s7ll  be  high.  

0  

1  

2  

3  

4  

5  

LogD  

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Cytochrome  P450    •  R-­‐H  +  O2  +  2e    =>    R-­‐OH  +  H2O        (uses  NADPH)  •  Adding  One  Oxygen:      monooxygenase  •  R-­‐OH  is  further  modified  by  solubilizing  sulfate  or  sugars  •  bergamoxn,  dihydroxybergamoxn,  and  paradicin-­‐A  in  

grape  fruit  juice  (and  other  juices)  have  been  found  to  inhibit  CYP3A4  ,  -­‐  overdose  

•  Saint-­‐John's  wort  induces  CYP3A4,  but  also  inhibits  CYP1A1,  CYP1B1,  and  CYP2D6,  -­‐  no  ac7on  

•  Tobacco  smoking  induces  CYP1A2,  ..  

4-­‐hydroxy-­‐tamoxifen  in  the  estrogen  receptor  pocket  

Cytochrome  P450  2B4  with  paroxe7ne  

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Problema7c  permeability  

•  Natural  products  (big  and  polar)  – permeability  a  major  problem  

•  Pep7domime7cs  (long  and  polar)  – permeability  a  major  problem  

•  RNAi  •  CNS  targets  (7ght  barrier)  – Blood-­‐brain  permeability  a  major  problem  

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Solubility/Permeability  gate  •  Permeability  – PSA  >  140-­‐200  Å2  is  problema7c  for  systemic  distr.  – PSA  >  75  Å2  is  problema7c  for  CNS  delivery  

•  Solubility  – Solubility  <  5-­‐20  µg/mL  is  problema7c  

•  Poor  permeability  is  worse  than  poor  solubility  -­‐  no  easy  formula#on  fix  exists  

•  Intra-­‐molecular  H-­‐bonds  improve  permeability  with  minimal  affect  on  solubility.    

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Pro-­‐drugs  to  improve  solubility  

NH

Cl

OO

O-Na+O

O

ClOH

O2N

NH

Cl

OH

O

ClOH

O2N

O-Na+O

O

OH

Esterase

or Water

Chloramphenicol Succinate

Chloramphenicol

Sodium succinate

Drug OPromoiety

OOH Promoiety

Promoiety ODrug

O

Drug OH

O

Promoiety OH

OOH Drug

or

+

+ Enapril  +H2O  

Nutrasweet