henle exercises/answers lcd - · pdf filehenle latin 1 exercise 6 1. nautae terram laudant....

Henle Latin 1

EXERCISE 6

1. Nautae terram laudant. T h e s a i l o r s p r a i s e t h e l a n d .

2. Nautae provinciam vident. T h e s a i l o r s s e e t h e p r o v i n c e . 3. Maria silväs laudat. M a r y p r a i s e s t h e f o r e s t s ( w o o d s ) . 4. Nauta silväs videt. T h e s a i l o r s e e s t h e f o r e s t s ( w o o d s ) . 5. Nauta portam videt. T h e s a i l o r s e e s t h e g a t e . 6. Provinciam nön laudant. T h e y d o n o t p r a i s e t h e p r o v i n c e . 7. Nautae Mariam laudant. T h e s a i l o r s p r a i s e M a r y . 8. Victoriam laudant. T h e y p r a i s e v i c t o r y . 9. Nautae gloriam laudant. T h e s a i l o r s p r a i s e g l o r y .

10. Mariam laudat. H e p r a i s e s M a r y .

11. Provinciam videt. H e s e e s t h e p r o v i n c e .

EXERCISE 13

1. Christianī orant. C h r i s t i a n s p r a y . 2. Amicī Deī Christianös laudant. ( T h e ) f r i e n d s o f G o d p r a i s e C h r i s t i a n s . 3. Christianī Filium Deī laudant. C h r i s t i a n s p r a i s e t h e S o n o f G o d . 4. Christianī Mariam laudant. C h r i s t i a n s p r a i s e M a r y . 5. Nautae servōs nön vident. T h e s a i l o r s d o n o t s e e t h e s l a v e s / s e r v a n t s . 6. Servī Christianös laudant. T h e s e r v a n t s / s l a v e s p r a i s e t h e C h r i s t i a n s . 7. Christianī servös Deī laudant. C h r i s t i a n s p r a i s e t h e s e r v a n t s o f G o d . 8. Gloriam Deī vident. T h e y s e e t h e g l o r y o f G o d . 9. Christianī Christum laudant. C h r i s t i a n s p r a i s e C h r i s t . 10. Maria et Christus amicös Deī laudant. M a r y a n d C h r i s t p r a i s e t h e f r i e n d s o f G o d . 11. Deus terram et silväs videt. Nautās et servös et Christianös videt. G o d s e e s t h e e a r t h a n d t h e f o r e s t s . H e s e e s t h e s a i l o r s a n d t h e s e r v a n t s / s l a v e s . 12. Christianī Filium Mariae laudant.C h r i s t i a n s p r i s e t h e S o n o f M a r y .

EXERCISE 17

1. Amicī Deī regnum Christī laudant. T h e f r i e n d s o f G o d p r a i s e t h e k i n g d o m o f C h r i s t . 2. Maria praemium et victoriam Christī videt. M a r y s e e s t h e r e w a r d a n d v i c t o r y o f C h r i s t . 3. Nautae caelum et terram vident. T h e s a i l o r s s e e t h e s k y a n d t h e e a r t h . 4. Deus pericula Christianörum videt. G o d s e e s t h e d a n g e r s o f ( t h e ) C h r i s t i a n s . 5. Deus bella nön laudat. G o d d o e s n o t p r a i s e w a r s . 6. Servī Christī imperium Christī laudant. S e r v a n t s o f C h r i s t p r a i s e t h e e m p i r e / p o w e r o f C h r i s t . 7. Maria gloriam regnī Christī videt. M a r y s e e s t h e g l o r y o f C h r i s t ’ s k i n g d o m . 8. Filius Deī praemia Marīae laudat. T h e S o n o f G o d p r a i s e s t h e r e w a r d s o f M a r y . 9. Nautae pericula bellī nön laudant. T h e s a i l o r s d o n o t p r a i s e t h e d a n g e r s o f w a r .

EXERCISE 19

1. C h r i s t u s D e ö g l o r i a m d e d i t . C h r i s t g a v e g l o r y t o G o d . 2. Servīs gladiōs nōn dederunt sed nautīs gladiös dederunt. T h e y d i d n o t g i v e s w o r d s t o t h e s l a v e s , b u t t h e y g a v e s w o r d s t o t h e s a i l o r s . 3. Nautae amicīs victoriam dederunt. T h e s a i l o r s g a v e t h e v i c t o r y t o ( t h e i r ) f r i e n d s . 4. Deus amicīs Mariae praemia dedit. G o d g a v e r e w a r d s t o t h e f r i e n d s o f M a r y . 5. Deus Filiö regnum dedit. G o d g a v e t h e k i n g d o m / r o y a l p o w e r t o t h e S o n . 6. Christianī gloriam Mariae et Filiö Mariae dederunt. C h r i s t i a n s g a v e g l o r y t o M a r y a n d t o t h e S o n o f M a r y . 7. Deus Christö terram dedit. G o d g a v e t h e e a r t h t o C h r i s t . 8. Nautae gloriam bellī laudant sed pericula bellī nön laudant. T h e s a i l o r s p r a i s e t h e g l o r y o f w a r b u t t h e y d o n o t p r a i s e t h e d a n g e r s o f w a r . 9. Provinciam amicö dedit. H e g a v e t h e p r o v i n c e t o t h e f r i e n d . 10. Deus gloriam et victoriam Christianīs dedit. G o d g a v e g l o r y a n d v i c t o r y t o t h e C h r i s t i a n s . 11. Amicö gladium dedit. H e g a v e a s w o r d t o t h e f r i e n d .

EXERCISE 24

1 . “Estis filiī Deī.”

“ Y o u a r e t h e s o n s o f G o d . ”

2. Christus est Filius Mariae.

C h r i s t i s t h e S o n o f M a r y .

3. Christianī sunt servī Deī. C h r i s t i a n s a r e s e r v a n t s o f G o d .

4. Caelum est praemium Christianörum.

H e a v e n i s t h e r e w a r d o f C h r i s t i a n s .

5 . Maria est in Caelö cum Deö. M a r y i s i n H e a v e n w i t h G o d .

6 . Bellum in provinciā est. W a r i s i n t h e p r o v i n c e .

7 . Sumus filiī Deī. W e a r e s o n s o f G o d .

8. Amīcus Deī es. Y o u a r e a f r i e n d o f G o d .

9. Gallī sunt in Galliā, sed Romanī nön sunt in Galliā. T h e G a u l s a r e i n G a u l , b u t t h e R o m a n s a r e n o t i n G a u l .

10. Gallī sunt in oppidīs et in silvīs.

T h e G a u l s a r e i n t h e t o w n s a n d i n t h e f o r e s t s .

11. Romanī gladiōs Gallīs nön dederunt.

T h e R o m a n s d i d n o t g i v e s w o r d s t o t h e G a u l s .

12. Silvae in Galliā sunt. F o r e s t s a r e i n G a u l ( T h e r e a r e f o r e s t s i n G a u l . )

13. Röma nön est in Galliä. Rome is not in Gaul.

14. Propter bellum Gallï nön sunt amïcï Römänörum. On account of war the Gauls are not friends of the Romans.

15. Gladiï sunt in oppidö. Swords are in the town. // There are swords in the town.

16. Nautae estis. You are sailors.

17. Nautae in silvïs nön sunt. The sailors are not in the forests/woods.

18. Cum amïcö in prövinciä sum. I am with a friend in the province.

19. Silvae sunt post oppidum. The woods are behind the town. // There are woods behind the town.

20. Nautae sunt Christianī. T h e s a i l o r s a r e C h r i s t i a n s .

21. In oppidō sumus. W e a r e i n t h e t o w n .

2 2 . Romanus servō praemium dedit. T h e R o m a n g a v e a r e w a r d t o t h e s e r v a n t / s l a v e .

23. Sunt Deī amicī. T h e y a r e f r i e n d s o f G o d . (Note positional emphasis on the Genitive “…of God”).

24. Christianus es sed servus Romanī es. Y o u a r e a C h r i s t i a n b u t y o u a r e a R o m a n ’ s s e r v a n t .

25. In Caelō nōn estis.

EXERCISE 26

1. In tabulā vidētis Rōmam et imperium Rōmānōrum. On the map you see Rome and the empire of the

Romans. 2. Rōmānī Rōmam incolunt. The Romans inhabit Rome 3. Prōvinciās imperiī Rōmānōrum vidētis. You see the provinces of the empire of the Romans. 4. Galliam vidētis. You see Gaul. 5. Rōmānī Gallōs in bellīs vicērunt. The Romans conquered the Gauls in the wars. 6. Gladiī nōn sunt in oppidīs Gallōrum quod Gallī post bellum

gladiōs Rōmānīs dedērunt. Swords are not in the towns of the Gauls because after

the war the Gauls gave the swords to the Romans. 7. Itaque post victōriās Rōmānōrum prōvincia in Galliā est. Therefore after the victories of the Romans there is a

province in Gaul. 8. Prōvinciam Gallī et Rōmānī incolunt. The Gauls and the Romans inhabit the province. 9. Pericula sunt in silvīs Galliae, quod Gallī nōn sunt amīcī

Rōmānōrum. There are dangers in the forests of Gaul, because the

Gauls are not friends of the Romans. 10. Gallī sunt servī Rōmānōrum, quod Rōmānī Gallōs vicērunt. The Gauls are servants of the Romans, because the

Romans conquered the Gauls. 11. Itaque Gallī imperium Rōmānōrum nōn laudant, sed Rōmānī

propter glōriam bellī imperium laudant. Therefore the Gauls do not praise the empire of the

Romans, but the Romans praise the empire on account of the glory of war.

EXERCISE 34

1. Chrïstus est Rëx Rëgum. Christ is (the) King of Kings.

2. Hominës lücem vident. The men see the l ight.

3. Nautae sunt hominës. Sailors are men.

4. Chrïstiänï vëritätem Christï laudant. Christians praise the truth of Christ.

5. Lüx in silväs nön est. Light is not in the forest. (There is not light in the forests).

6. Römänï lëgem et vëritätem Chrïstï nön laudant. The Romans do not praise the law and truth of Christ.

7. Imperätorës Römänörum Gallös vïcërunt. The commanders-in-chief (generals) of the Romans conquered the Gauls.

8. Gallörum ducës lëgem et imperium Römänörum nön laudant. The leaders of the Gauls do not praise the law and empire (power, command) of the Romans.

9. Chrïstus est Rëx hominum quod Deus est. Christ is the King of men because He is God.

10. Dux Römänörum in Galliä est quod bellum est in Galliä. The leader of the Romans is in Gaul because there is war in Gaul (li t. “war is in Gaul”).

11. Römänï imperätörï et ducibus praemia dedërunt quod Gallös vïcërunt. The Romans gave rewards to the general and (to the) leaders because they conquered the Gauls.

12. Römänï ducës et rëgës Gallörum vïcërunt. The Romans conquered the leaders and kings of the Gauls.

EXERCISE 36

1. Gallï Caesarï, imperatorï Römänörum, praemia nön dedërunt. The Gauls did not give rewards to Caesar, the commander-in-chief of the Romans.

2. Servus vöcem Caesaris imperätöris audïvit. The servant heard the voice of Caesar the commander-in-chief.

3. Deus, Rëx Caelï et terrae, salütem hominibus dedit. God, the King of Heaven and earth, gave salvation to men.

4. Caesar, dux Römänörum, vöcës Gallörum in silvïs audïvit. Caesar, leader of the Romans, heard the voices of the Gauls in the forests.

5. Propter salütem hominum Chrïstus est homö. On account of the salvation of men Christ is a man.

6. Chrïstus, Fïlius Deï, est Fïlius Marïae. Christ, the Son of God, is the son of Mary.

7. Gallï, servï Römänörum, Römänös nön laudant. The Gauls, slaves of the Romans, do not praise the Romans.

8. Chrïstiänï Chrïstum, Filium Marïae, laudant. Christians praise Christ, the son of Mary.

EXERCISE 41

1. Sunt perïcula in silvïs Galliae. There are dangers in the forests of Gaul.

2. Nön est päx in Galliä quod Caesar cum mïlitibus in Galliä est. There isn’t peace in Gaul because Caesar is in Gaul with the soldiers.

3. Sunt viae in prövinciä. There are roads in the province.

4. Populus ducem mïlitum propter virtütem laudat. The people/nation praises the leader of the soldiers on account of virtue/courage.

5. Römänï viäs in prövinciä münivërunt. The Romans constructed roads in the province.

6. Est päx in Caelö. There is peace in Heaven.

7. Sunt Chrïstiänï in Caelö. There are Christians in Heaven.

8. In pace et in bellö Chrïstiänï oränt. In peace and in war Christians pray.

9. Sunt mïlitës in viä. There are soldiers on the road.

10. Caesar mïlitibus praemia virtütis dedit quod Gallös vicërunt. Caesar gave rewards of courage to the soldiers because they conquered the Gauls.

11. Ducës Gallörum oppida münïvërunt. The leaders of the Gauls constructed/fortified the towns.

EXERCISE 46

1. Ducës Römänörum hostës in colle vïcërunt. The leaders of the Romans conquered the enemy on the hill.

2. Propter caedem mïlitum bellum in Galliä est. On account of the slaughter of the soldiers war is in Gaul.

3. Sunt perïcula in Galliä quod Gallï hostës Römänörum sunt. There are dangers in Gaul because the Gauls are enemies of the Romans.

4. Christus est rëx populörum et salüs hominum quod Deus est. Christ is the King of the people/nations and the salvation of men because He is God.

5. Pars hostium in sïlvïs est, sed pars est in colle. (A) part of the enemy is in the forests, but a part is on t he hill.

6. In Galliä sunt collës et silvae et oppida et viae. In Gaul there are hills and forests and towns and roads.

7. Römänï rëgës et gentës Galliae vïcërunt. The Romans conquered the kings and tribes of Gaul.

8. Propter salütem populï et päcem prövinciärum Römänï viäs münïvërunt. On account of the welfare/safety of the people and the peace of the provinces the Romans constructed roads.

9. Hominës virtütem et vëritätem laudant. Men praise virtue/courage and truth.

10. Post caedem hostium Caesar mïlïtës propter virtütem laudat. After the slaughter of the enemy Caesar praises the soldiers on account of courage.

EXERCISE 52

Christus est rëx hominum sed est fräter hominum, et Deus est rëx hominum sed est pater hominum. Itaque hominës sunt fratrës. Itaque bellum est caedës frätrum. Itaque Deus et Christus bellum nön laudant.

Christ is the King of men but He is the brother of men, and God is the King of men but He is the father of men. Therefore men are brothers. Therefore war is the slaughter of brothers. Therefore God and Christ do not praise war.

2. Caedës Gallörum

Römänï partem prïncipum Gallörum occïdërunt. Itaque Deus clamörem mätrum et patrum et frätrum in silvïs et montibus Galliae audïvit.

The Romans killed (a) part of the chief men of the Gauls. Therefore God heard the shout(ing) of the mothers and fathers and brothers in the forests and mountains of Gaul .

3. In Galliä

In Galliä sunt silvae et montës et collës. Sunt oppida in collibus, sed pars gentium Gallörum montës et silväs incolunt.

In Gaul there are forests and mountains and hills . There are towns in the hills, but part of the tribes of the Gauls inhabit the mountains and the forests.

4. Chrïstus, Dux Hominum

Chrïstus est dux hominum quod vëritatem et lëgem et lücem hominibus dedit. Chrïstus est “Via” et “Veritas.”

Christ is the leader of men because he gave truth and law and light to men. Christ is the “Way” and the “Truth.”

EXERCISE 56

1. Propter vulnera milës in agmine nön est. On account of wounds the soldier is not in the column.

2. Imperätor vulnera mïlitum videt. The general sees the wounds of the soldiers.

3. Sunt corpora in flümine. There are bodies in the river.

4. In Galliä sunt flümina et silvae. In Gaul there are rivers and forests.

5. Römänï in itinere sunt. The Romans are on the journey/march.

6. Sunt höstës in silvïs et in montibus. Itaque in perïculö sumus. The enemy are in the forests and in the mountains. Therefore we are in danger.

7. Caesar agmen hostium videt. Caesar sees the column of the enemy.

8. Chrïstiänï nömen Marïae laudant. Christians praise the name of Mary.

9. Agmen hostium in flümine est. The column of the enemy is in the river.

10. Römänï Chrïstiänös occidërunt quod Chrïstiänï nömen Chrïstï laudant. The Romans killed the Christians because the Christians praise the name of Christ.

EXERCISE 59

1. “Estis lüx mundï.” “You are the light of the world.”

2. Propter salütem hominum Chrïstus erat in mundö. On account of the salvation of men Christ was in the world.

3. Chrïstus lücem et lëgem et salütem et vëritätem hominibus dedit. Christ gave light and law and salvation and truth to men.

4. Caesar, imperator Römänörum, cum mïlitibus in Galliä erat. Caesar, general of the Romans, was in Gaul with the soldiers.

5. Chrïstus est salüs mundï. Christ is the salvation of the world.

6. Servï nömen rëgis laudant. Servants praise the name of the king.

7. Agmen hostium in montibus erat. The column of the enemy was in the mountains.

8. Propter caedem prïncipum nön erat pax. On account of the slaughter of the leading men (chiefs) there was not peace.

9. Propter vulnera mïlïtës in itinere nön erant. On account of the wounds the soldiers were not on the journey/march.

10. Deus, pater hominum, virtütem laudat sed bella et caedem nön laudat.

God, the Father of men, praises virtue, but he does not praise wars and slaughter.

11. Dux vöcës servörum et clämorem mïlitum audïvit. The leader heard the voices of the servants and the shout of the soldiers.

12. Post bellum corpora erant in collibus et in flüminibus, et imperator clämörem mätrum audïvit. After the war there were bodies on the hills and in the rivers, and the general heard the cry of the mothers.

13. Chrïstianï fratrës Chrïstï et mïlitës Chrïstï sunt. Christians are brothers of Christ and they are soldiers of Christ.

14. Römänï partem prïncipum Gallörum occïdërunt. The Romans killed (a) part of the leading men (chiefs) of the Gauls.

15. Gentës et populï Galliae imperium Römänörum nön laudant. The tribes and people of Gaul do not praise the empire of the Romans.

EXERCISE 65

1. Nunc sunt portüs in Galliä. Now there are harbors in Gaul.

2. Post adventum Römänörum bellum erat in Galliä. After the arrival of the Romans there was war in Gaul.

3. Caesar cum equitätü in prövinciam vënit. Caesar came into the province with the cavalry.

4. Caesar autem cum exercitü nön erat. However Caesar was not with the army.

5. Propter metum Römänörum Gallï in silväs vënërunt. On account of the fear of the Romans the Gauls came into the forests.

6. Nautae portum vident. The sailors see the harbor.

7. Senätus Caesarem laudat quod Römänï hostës vicërunt.The Senate praises Caesar because the Romans conquered the enemy.

8. Impetum in hostës fëcërunt. They made an attack upon the enemy.

9 . Post adventum equitätüs mïlitës impetum in Gallös fëcërunt.After the arrival of the cavalry the soldiers made an attack against the Gauls.

1 0 . Gallï in colle erant. In Gallös autem Caesaris mïlitës impetum fëcërunt. Ducës et prïncipës Gallörum occidërunt et Gallös vicërunt. Post bellum, propter metum Caesaris, hostës impetum in Römänös nön fëcërunt. T h e G a u l s w e r e o n t h e h i l l . H o w e v e r t h e s o l d i e r s o f C a e s a r m a d e a n a t t a c k a g a i n s t t h e G a u l s . T h e y k i l l e d t h e l e a d e r s a n d c h i e f s o f t h e G a u l s a n d t h e y c o n q u e r e d t h e G a u l s . A f t e r t h e w a r , o n a c c o u n t o f t h e f e a r o f C a e s a r , t h e e n e m y d i d n o t m a k e a n a t t a c k u p o n t h e R o m a n s .

1 1 . Gallï senätum occïdërunt. T h e G a u l s k i l l e d t h e S e n a t e .

EXERCISE 67

Caedës Chrïstiänörum

1. Post Chrïstï adventum lüx vëritätis in mundö erat, sed Römäni amïcï Chrïstï et vëritätis nön erant. After the coming of Christ light and truth were in the world, but the Romans were not friends of Christ and truth.

2. Chrïstiänï autem amïcï Chrïstï erant. However, Christians were friends of Christ.

3. Erant multï 1 Chrïstiänï in imperiö Römänörum. T h e r e w e r e m a n y 1 C h r i s t i a n s i n t h e e m p i r e o f t h e R o m a n s .

4. Erant in portibus et in oppidïs prövinciärum et in silvïs et in montibus. They were in the harbors and in the towns of the provinces and in the forests and in the mountains.

5. Erant in exercitü et in equitätü et in senätü. They were in the army and in the cavalry and in the Senate.

6. Erant servï et mïlitës; erant mätrës et patrës, Gallï et Römänï. ThereThey were servants and soldiers;they /there/ were mothers and fathers, Gauls and Romans.

7. Propter metum autem Chrïstï Rëgis et propter nömen Deï Chrïstiänörum Römänï Chrïstiänös occïdërunt. However, on account of the fear of Christ the King and on account of the name of the God of Christians, the Romans killed the Christians.

8. Post caedem Chrïstiänörum, Römänï nön erant amïcï et servï Deï. After the slaughter of the Christians, the Romans were not friends and servants of God.

9. Chrïstiänï autem, quod Römänï Chrïstiänös propter lëgem Chrïstï occïdërunt, nunc in Caelö sunt cum Mariä et Chrïstö et glöriam Deï Patris vident. However Christians, because the Romans killed the Christians on account of the law of Christ, are now in Heaven with Mary and Christ and they see the glory of God the Father.

EXERCISE 72

1. Mïlitës in acië erant. The soldiers were on the battle line.

2. Römänï Chrïstiänös propter fidem occïdërunt. The Romans killed the Christians on account of faith.

3. Mïlitës spem victöriae in virtüte posuërunt. The soldiers placed hope of victory in courage.

4. Römänï in aciem hostium impetum fëcërunt. The Romans made an attack against the battle line of enemy.

5. Gallï aciem Römänörum in colle vident. The Gauls see the battle line of the Romans on the hill.

6. In Chrïstö est spës mundï. In Christ is the hope of the world.

7. Deus Chrïstiänös propter fidem et virtütem laudat. God praises Christians on account of faith and virtue.

8. Mïlitës rem vident. The soldiers see the affair/thing.

EXERCISE 76 “Castra Römänörum”

1. Vidëtis exercitum Römänörum in castrïs.

You see the army of the Romans in the camp. 2. Vidëtis mïlitës et ducës et imperätörem.

You see the soldiers and the leaders and the general. 3. Vidëtis gladiös mïlitum.

You see the swords of the soldiers. 4. Impedïmenta nön vidëtis, sed impedïmenta sunt in

castrïs. You do not see the baggage train, but the baggage train is (lit. “are”) in the camp.

5. In castra est cöpia omnium1 rërum. In the camp there is a supply of all things.

6. Mïlitës castra in colle posuërunt sed nön in silvïs. The soldiers pitched camp on the hill but not in the forests.

7. In castra agmen cum impedïmentïs vënit. The column came into the camp with the baggage train.

8. Hostës autem impetum in castra fëcërunt, sed cöpiae Römänörum hostës vïcërunt. However, the enemy made an attack upon the camp, but the forces of the Romans conquered the enemy.

9. Nunc imperator mïlitës et ducës propter virtütem laudat, et ducës propter victöriam grätiäs mïlitibus agunt. Now the general praises the soldiers and leaders on account of courage, and the leaders give thanks to the soldiers on account of victory.

10. Propter victöriam imperator in grätiam cum senätü vënit. On account of victory the general came into

favor/influence with the Senate.

EXERCISE 77

1. Gallï erant hostës Römänörum. The Gauls were the enemy (enemies) of the Romans.

2. Itaque Römänï cum cöpiïs in Galliam vënërunt et castra posuërunt. Therefore the Romans came with troops into Gaul and they pitched camp.

3. In castrïs erant mïlitës et equitätus et servï et mïlitum impedimenta. In the camp there were soldiers and the cavalry and servants and the baggage (train) of the soldiers.

4. Cöpia gladiörum in castrïs erat. A supply of swords was in the camp.

5. Erant aciës in collibus et montibus et silvïs. There were battle lines in the hills and mountains and forests.

6. Gallï in Römänös impetum fëcërunt; Römänï autem in Gallös impetum fëcërunt. The Gauls made an attack against/upon the Romans; However the Romans made an attack against the Gauls.

7. Römänï spem victöriae in virtüte posuërunt; Gallï spem salütis in virtüte posuërunt. The Romans placed hope of victory in courage; the Gauls placed hope of safety/salvation in virtue/courage.

8. Römänï autem Gallös vïcërunt; partem prïncipum et ducum Gallörum occïdërunt; portüs et oppida Gallörum cëpërunt (captured). However the Romans conquered the Gauls; they killed part of the chief men and leaders of the Gauls; they captured ports and towns of the Gauls.

9. Itaque Gallï cöpiam gladiörum et servörum Römänïs dedërunt. Therefore the Gauls gave a supply of swords and slaves to the Romans.

10. Post bellum erat päx in Galliä, sed erant castra Römänörum in Galliä et Gallï servï Römänörum erant. After the war there was peace in Gaul, but there were camps of the Romans in Gaul and the Gauls were slaves of the Romans.

11. Imperätor Römänörum erat Caesar. The commander-in-chief of the Romans was Caesar.

12. Senätus propter victöriäm et militum virtütem Caesarem et exercitum laudat, et Römänï Caesarï grätiäs agunt. The Senate praises Caesar and the army on account of victory and the courage of the soldiers, and the Romans give thanks to Caesar.

EXERCISE 80

1. Chrïstus, Fïlius Deï, est fil ius Marïae. Christ, the Son of God, is the son of Mary.

2. Itaque homö et Deus est. Therefore He is a man and God.

3. Chrïstus Rëx hominum est quod Deus est. Christ is King of men because He is God.

4. In Christö est salüs hominum, quod, propter salütem hominum, in mundum vënit. In Christ is the salvation of men, because, on account of the salvation of men, He came into the world.

5. Est “Lüx Mundï” quod hominibus vëritatem dedit. He is “the Light of the World” because He gave truth to men.

6. Itaque Chrïstiänï grätiäs Deö et Christö agunt, et Christum, Rëgem et Imperätorem, laudant. Therefore Christians give thanks to God and to Christ, and they praise Christ, the King and Commander-in-chief.

EXERCISE 83

1. Deus, pater hominum, in Caelö est. God, the Father of men, is in Heaven.

2. Deus lëgem hominibus dedit. God gave the law to men.

3. Propter salütem hominum Chrïstus homö in terrä erat. On account of the salvation of men Christ was a man on the earth.

4. Chrïstus est lüx mundï. Christ is the light of the world.

5. Chrïstus, Filiüs Deï, est rëx gentium et populörum. Christ, the Son of God, is king of the tribes and peoples/nations.

6. Post adventum Chrïstï, vëritäs erat in mundö. After the coming of Christ, truth was in the world.

7. Spïritus Deï in Chrïstö erat. The Spirit of God was in Christ.

8. Rëgnum Chrïstï est rëgnum Caelï. The kingdom of Christ is the kingdom of Heaven.

9. Chrïstiänï in nömine Chrïstï örant. Christians pray in the name of Christ.

12. Caelum est praemium virtütis. Heaven is the reward of virtue.

13. Deus fidem Chrïstiänörum laudat. God praises the faith of Christians.

14. Frätrës estis. You are brothers.

15. Amïcus est amicï servus. A friend is a servant of a friend.

16. Mïlitës päcem laudant. Soldiers praise peace.

17. Röma nön est in Galliä, sed prövincia Römänörum est in Galliä. Rome is not in Gaul, but the province of the Romans is in Gaul.

18. Gallï Galliäm incolunt. The Gauls inhabit Gaul.

19. Nautae portüs vident. The sailors see the harbors.

20. Römänï viäs in provinciïs münïvërunt. The Romans constructed roads in the provinces.

21. Chrïstiänï caedem prïncipum hostium nön laudant. Christians do not praise the slaughter of the chiefs of the enemy.

22. Caesar imperium Galliae Gallïs nön dedit. Caesar did not give the empire of Gaul to the Gauls.

23. Imperätor clämörem et vöcës hostium audïvit. The general heard the shouting and cries of the enemy.

24. Propter vulnera mïlitës iter nön fëcërunt. On account of wounds the soldiers did not make the journey/march.

25. Propter metum dux rëgem laudat. On account of fear the leader praises the king.

26. Propter bellum erant mïlitës et cöpia gladiörum in oppidö. On account of war there were soldiers and an/a abundance/supply of swords in the town.

27. Hostës in montibus et collibus erant. The enemy were in the mountains and hills.

28. Corpora militum in silvïs erant.

The bodies of the soldiers were in the woods. 29. Partem equitätüs in flümine occïdërunt.

They killed part of the cavalry in the river. 30. Senätus et prïncipës exercituï propter victöriam

grätiäs agunt. The Senate and the chief men give thanks to the army on account of the victory.

31. Römänï spem in virtüte posuërunt. The Romans placed hope in courage.

32. Caesar cum cöpiïs et impedïmentïs in castra vënit. Caesar came into the camp with the troops and baggage train.

33. Propter grätiam Caesaris prïncipës Gallörum servös Römänïs dedërunt. On account of the influence of Caesar the chiefs of the Gauls gave slaves/servants to the Romans.

34. Hostës erant post aciem Römänörum. Equitätus autem in aciem vënit. Itaque Römänï hostës vïcërunt et occïdërunt. The enemy were behind the battle line of the Romans.However the army came into the battle line. Therefore the Romans conquered and killed the enemy.

35. In silväs Galliae Caesar venit. Prïncipës autem Gallörum rem vidërunt.2 Itaque impetum in agmen Caesaris fëcërunt. Caesar came into the forests of Gaul. However the chiefs of the Gauls saw the affair. Therefore they made an attack upon the column of Caesar.

36. Mïlitës in acië örant quod in perïculö sunt. Soldiers pray in the battle line because they are in danger.

EXERCISE 86

1. Multï Chrïstiänï in primä acië erant. Many Christians were in/on the first battle line.

2. Säncta Marïa örat. Holy Mary prays.

3. Longum agmen in altös montës vënit. The long column (of soldiers) came into the high mountains.

4. Nauta malus nön örat. The bad sailor does not pray.

5. Dux bonus magnam virtütem mïlitum laudat. The good leader praises the great courage of the soldiers.

6. In longö agmine multï mïlitës et impedïmenta sunt. Many soldiers and a baggage train are in the long column.

EXERCISE 89

1. Lëgiönës Römänae prö castrïs erant. The Roman legions were in front of/before the camp(s).

2. Säncta Marïa prö hominibus malïs et bonïs örat. Holy Mary prays on behalf of bad and good men.

3. Multï Gallï prö portïs caströrum erant. Many Gauls were in front of the gates of the camp(s.)

4. Prïncipës prö mürö altö erant. The chiefs were in front of the high wall.

5. Mïlitës Römänï prö mürö oppidï magnï castra posuërunt. The Roman soldiers pitched camp in front of the wall of the large town.

6. Chrïstiänï prö amïcïs örant. Christians pray on behalf of friends.

7. Prö rëge bonö mïlitës impetum in hostës fëcërunt. On behalf of the good king the soldiers made an attack on the enemy.

8. Erat magna inopia frümentï in Galliä. There was a great lack of grain in Gaul.

9. Reliquï mïlitës Chrïstiänï in prïmä acië prö silvïs erant. The remaining Christian soldiers were on the first battle line in front of the forests.

10. Servï dominum bonum laudant. Servants praise a good master.

EXERCISE 90

Erat magna inopia frümentï in castrïs Römänïs quod Gallï Römänïs cöpiam frümentï nön dedërunt et frümenta in Galliä nön erant. . There was a great lack of grain in the Roman camp because the Gauls did not give a supply of grain to the Romans and there were not (any) crops in Gaul Gallï nön erant amïcï Römänörum. Itaque Caesar cum cöpiïs et impedïmentïs in Galliam vënit. The Gauls were not friends of the Romans. Therefore Caesar came into Gaul with a troops and a baggage train. Agmen Caesaris longum erat. Via in angustïs et altïs montibus erat. The column of Caesar was long. The journey was in the narrow and high mountains. Itaque Gallï impetum in longum agmen fëcërunt, sed Gallös legiönës Römänae vïcërunt. Therefore the Gauls made an attack upon the long column, but the Roman legions conquered the Gauls. Itaque in oppidum tütum vënërunt reliquï Gallï. Römänï autem castra prö mürö altö posuërunt. Therefore the remaining Gauls came into the safe town. However the Romans pitched camp in front of the high wall.

Prïma aciës Caesaris prö castrïs erat. Gallï autem propter magnum metum Caesaris impetum in castra Römäna nön fëcërunt. The first battle line of Caesar was in front of the camp. However the Gauls, on account of the great fear of Caesar, did not make an attack against the Roman camp. Itaque Römänï impetum in Gallös fëcërunt et Gallös vïcërunt. Multös Gallös et magnam partem principum Galliae occïdërunt. Therefore the Romans made an attack upon the Gauls and they conquered the Gauls. They killed many Gauls and a great part of the leading men of Gaul. Post victöriam Caesaris erat päx in Galliä. Itaque Gallï magnam frümentï cöpiam Römänïs dedërunt, et nön erat inopia frümentï in castrïs Römänïs. After the victory of Caesar there was peace in Gaul. Therefor the Gauls gave a great supply of grain to the Romans, and there was not a lack of grain the the Roman camp.

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EXERCISE 92

1. Agmen longum erat. The column was long .

2. Reliquï Gallï tütï nön erant. The remaining Gauls were not safe .

3. Mïlitës Chrïstïanï prö imperätöre bonö impetum in hostës fëcërunt. The Christian soldiers made an attack upon the enemy on behalf of the good general.

4. Via angusta erat. The road was narrow.

5. Longum agmen in montës altos vënit. The long column came into the high mountains.

6. Prima legiö in acië erat. The first legion was in/on the batt le line.

7. Magna frümentï inopia in reliquïs gentibus erat. There was a great scarcity of grain in the remaining tribes.

8. Hominës malï prö reliquïs hominibus nön örant. The bad men do not pray for the remaining men.

9. Sunt multa flümina in Galliä. There are many rivers in Gaul.

10. Dominus, homö bonus et sanctus, servïs frümentum dedit . The master, a good and holy man, gave grain to the servants/slaves.

11. Legiönës Römänae in acië prö mürö alto erant. The Roman legions were in the battle line in front of (before) the high wall .

EXERCISE 98

1. Gallï glöriae cupidï erant. The Gauls were desirous of glory.

2. Fïlius similis patris est. A/The son is similar to a/the father.

3. Gallï fïnitimï erant prövinciae. The Gauls were next to the province.

4. Marïa est grätiä plëna. Mary is full of grace.

5. Gallia plëna Römänörum erat. Gaul was full of Romans.

6. Oppidum plënum erat mïlitum et gladiörum. The town was full of soldiers and swords.

7. Prövincia plëna est omnium rërum bonärum. The province is full of all good things.

8. Caelum est plënum glöriae Deï. Heaven is full of the glory of God.

9. Cupidï sumus omnium rërum bonärum. We are desirous of all good things.

10. Fïnitimï Galliae erant. They were next to Gaul.

11. Sänctï hominës Chrïstö similës sunt. Holy men are like/similar to Christ.

EXERCISE 100

1. Nömen Jësü est Sänctum Nömen. The Name of Jesus is a Holy Name.

2. Est nömen nöbile et speï plënum. It is noble name and full of hope.

3. In nömine Jësü omnës Chrïstiänï örant; Jësüm omnës laudant; Jësü omnës grätiäs agunt; Jësüm omnës in Caelö cum Mariä vident. In the name of Jesus all Christians pray; all praise Jesus; all give thanks to Jesus; all see Jesus in Heaven with Mary (and the rest of the departed believers ).

4. In nömine Jësü prïmï Chrïstiänï Römänös vïcërunt. In the name of Jesus the first Christians conquered the Romans.

5. Propter Jësüm Deus Pater prïmïs Chrïstiänïs praemium victöriae dedit. On account of Jesus, God the Father gave a reward of victory to the first Christians.

6. Itaque Jësüs Chrïstus est et Dominus et Rëx omnium hominum. Therefore Jesus Christ is both Lord and King of all men.

EXERCISE 101

1. Chrïstiänï et Jësüm Chrïstum et Märiam laudant. Christians praise both Jesus Christ and Mary.

2. Röma est urbs et magna et nöbilis. Rome is a city both great and noble.

3. Caesar et glöriae et imperiï cupidus erat. Caesar was desirous of both glory and power.

4. Primä lüce equitës fortës impetum in reliquös hostës fëcërunt. At dawn (first light) the brave/strong cavalry made an attack on the remaining enemy.

5. Propter perïcula gravia et multa mïlitum vulnera Römänï iter breve in prövinciam fëcërunt. On account of the serious dangers and the many wounds of the soldiers the Romans made a short journey into the province.

EXERCISE 102

1. Quid vidëtis in pictürä? In pictürä vidëtis agmen Römänum. What do you see in the picture? In the picture you see the Roman column.

2 . A g m e n l o n g u m e s t , s e d v i d ë t i s p a r t e m a g m i n i s . T h e c o l u m n i s l o n g , b u t y o u s e e a p a r t o f t h e c o l u m n .

3 . V i d ë t i s s i g n a l e g i ö n u m e t g l a d i ö s m ï l i t u m . Y o u s e e t h e s t a n d a r d o f t h e l e g i o n e s a n d t h e s w o r d s o f t h e s o l d i e r s .

4 . P a r s a g m i n i s e s t i n p o n t e . E q u i t ë s a u t e m n ö n s u n t i n p o n t e . P a r t o f t h e c o l u m n i s o n t h e b r i d g e . H o w e v e r , t h e c a v a l r y i s n o t o n t h e b r i d g e .

5 . V i d ë t i s i m p e r ä t o r e m . P r ï m u s v ë n i t . Y o u s e e t h e g e n e r a l . H e c o m e s f i r s t .

6 . I n a g m i n e s u n t i m p e d ï m e n t a . I n i m p e d ï m e n t i s e s t c ö p i a f r ü m e n t ï e t o m n i u m r ë r u m . I n t h e c o l u m n t h e r e i s a b a g g a g e t r a i n . I n t h e b a g g a g e t r a i n t h e r e i s a s u p p l y o f g r a i n a n d a l l t h i n g s .

7 . V i d ë s t i s u r b e m e t m ü r u m a l t u m . Y o u s e e t h e c i t y a n d t h e h i g h w a l l .

EXERCISE 111, pp.106-107

PRAY ALWAYS!

Omnës hominës bonï örant sed hominës malï nön örant. Chrïstiänï in nömine Chrïstï örant. Rëx bonus prö rëgnö et mïlitibus örat. Dux bonus prö mïlitibus örat. Et mïlitës et nautae propter bellï perïcula örant. Et patrës et mätrës prö fïliïs örant. Fïliï prö patribus et mätribus örant. Amïcï prö amïcïs örant. Chrïstus prö omnibus hominibus örat. All good men pray but bad men do not pray. Christians pray in the name of Christ. A good king prays on behalf of /(for) the kingdom and the soldiers. A good leader prays on behalf of the soldiers. Both the soldiers and the sailors pray on account of the dangers of war. Both fathers and mothers pray for (their) sons. Sons pray for fathers and mothers. Friends pray for friends. Christ prays on behalf of all men. Cum1 örämus, Deum laudämus. Omnës Chrïstiänï Deum, fratrem omnium hominum, laudant, quod multäs rës bonäs hominibus parat. Mïlitës post victöriam et salütem Deum laudant; patrës et matrës Deum propter päcem et filiörum salütem laudant. When we pray, we praise God. All Christians praise God, the father of all men, because he prepares many good things for men. Soldiers praise God after victory and safety; fathers and mothers praise God on account of peace and the safety/welfare of (their) sons (i.e., children).

EXERCISE 112, p.107

Rëgës et dücës malï bellum parant. Rëx malus, glöriae et rëgnï cupidus, gladiös et legïonës parat. Castra gladiörum et frümentï plëna parat. Urbës et oppida fïnitima oppugnat et occupat. Mïlitës rëgis malï et silväs et collës occupant. Cupidï sunt victöriae sed nön päcis. Deus autem mïlitibus et rëgibus malïs praemia nön parat! Bad kings and leaders prepare war. A bad king, eager for glory and royal power, prepares swords and legions. He prepares a camp of swords and full of grain. He attacks and seizes neighboring cities and towns. The soldiers of the bad king seize the forests and hills. They are desirous of victory but not (of) peace. However God does not prepare rewards for the soldiers and bad kings.

EXERCISE 113, p.107

Estis hominës bonï. Itaque päcem et virtütem laudätis et prö omnibus hominibus örätis. Bellum nön parätis quod nön estis glöriae et victöriae cupidï. Urbës fïnitimäs nön oppugnätis; oppïda gentium fïnitimärum nön occupätis; gladiös et lëgiönës nön propter bellum sed propter päcem parätis. You are good men. Therefore you praise peace and virtue and you pray on behalf of all men. You do not prepare war because you are not desirous of glory and victory. You do not attack neighboring cities; you do not seize the towns of the neighboring tribes; you prepare swords and legions not on account of war but o

EXERCISE 126, p.113

1. Omnibus gentibus Deus vëritätem dabit. God will give truth to all tribes/nations.

2. Interim imperätor centuriönës in hïberna vocäbit. Meanwhile the general will call the centurions into the winter quarters.

3. Deus hominës sanctös post mortem in Caelum vocäbit. God will call holy men into Heaven after death.

4. Prïncipës reliquärum gentium propter mortis metum frümentum Römänïs dabunt. The chiefs of the remaining tribes/nations will give grain to Romans on account of the fear of death.

5. Servï frümentum in hïberna portäbunt. The servants will carry grain into the winter quarters.

6. Centuriö prïncipës in hïberna vocäbit. The centurion will call the chiefs into the winter quarters.

EXERCISE 129, p.115 1. Quis Caesarem post caedem principum Galliae

laudabit? Who will praise Caesar after the slaughter of the chiefs of Gaul?

2. Cür senätum vocäs? Why are you calling/do you call the senate?

3. Ubi sunt hïberna hostium? Where are the winter quarters of the enemy?

4. Quis Deum nön laudat? Who does not praise God?

5. Ubï sunt cöpiae Römänae? Where are the Roman troops?

6. Cür locö alienö castra posuërunt? Why did they pitch camp in an unfavorable place?

7. Cür urbës aliënäs occupat? Why is he seizing foreign cities?

8. Cür gentës aliënae bellum paräbant? Why were the foreign nations preparing war?

9. Cür omnia loca occupäbat? Why was he seizing all places?

EXERCISE 131, p.111

1. Cür Deum laudämus? Why do we praise God? Ans. Deum laudämus quod Deus bonus est et Dominus Caelï et terrae. We praise God because God is good and (He) is Lord of Heaven and earth.

2. Cür Römänï cum Gallïs pugnäbant? Why were/did the Romans used to fight with the Gauls? Ans. Römänï cum Gallïs propter caedem centurïonum pugnäbant. The Romans used to fight with the Gauls on account of the slaughter of the centurions.

3. Cür Caesarem Römänï laudäbant? Why were the Romans praising Caesar?

4. Cür Chrïstiänï Spïri tum Sänctum laudant? Why do Christians praise the Holy Spiri t?

5. Cür Chrïstiänï Mariam laudant? Why do Christians praise Mary?

6. Cür örämus in nömine Jësü Chrïstï? Why do we pray in the name of Jesus Christ?

7. Quis magnam frümentï cöpiam portäbat? Who was carrying a great supply of grain?

8. Quid parat dux bonus? What does the good leader prepare? Ans. Dux bonus parat gladiös et frümentï cöpiam.

9. Quis prö duce bonö pugnäbit? Who will fight on behalf of (= for) the good leader?

10. Quis servum vocäbat?

Who was calling the servant? Ans. Dominus servum vocäbat. The Lord was calling the servant.

11. Quis erat imperätor Römänörum in Galliä? Who was the commander-in-chief of the Romans in Gaul?

12. Quis magna praemia hominibus bonïs dabit? Who will give great rewards to the good men?

13. Quid in bellö occupant ducës bonï? What do the good leaders seize in war?

14. Quis est Chrïstus? Who is Christ?

15. Quis örat prö omnibus hominibus? Who prays on behalf of (= for) all men?

16. Ubi nunc örat Marïa? Where does Mary now pray? Ans. Marïa nunc örat in Caelö. Mary now prays in Heaven.

17. Ubi est Deus? Where is God? Ans. Deus est in Caelö et terrä et omnï locö. God is in Heaven and on earth and (in) every place.

18. Ubi Caesar pugnäbat? Where did Caesar used to fight?

19. Ubi sunt impedïmenta Römänörum? Where is the baggage train of the Romans?

20. Ubi Deus praemium hominibus sänctis post mortem dabit? Where will God give a reward to holy men after death?

EXERCISE 132, pp. 117-18

1. Pugnäbantne semper Römänï? Were the Romans always fighting?

2. Paräbantne frümentum post longum iter? Were they preparing grain after the long journey?

3. Montës et silväs et flümina Galliae laudäbitis. You will praise the mountains and the forests and the rivers of Gaul .

4. Pugnäbantne in i tinere Römänï cum Gallïs? Were the Romans fighting with the Gauls on the journey/march?

5. Erantne post bellum multa corpora in flüminibus et silvïs? After the war were there many bodies in the rivers and forests?

6. Suntne impedïmenta et legiönës in agmine? Are there baggage train(s) and legions in the column of soldiers?

7. Laudäbäsne nömen Marïae? Were you praising the name of Mary?

8. Propter vulnera longum iter nön fëcërunt. On account of wounds they did not make the long journey.

9. Superatne exercitus Römanus Gallös? Is the Roman army overcoming the Gauls?

10. Öräbantne semper hominës sänctï? Were holy men always praying?

EXERCISE 140, p.122

1. Omnës hominës rës diffic ilës timent. All men fear difficult things.

2. Propter rem gravem centuriönës imperätörem monëbunt. On account of the serious matter the centurions will warn the general.

3. Clämor hostium locïs difficilibus et angustïs legiönës terret. The shout of the enemy in the narrow and difficult places terri fies the legions.

4. Rëx malus rës aliënäs habet. A bad king has unfavorable affairs.

5. Populus Römänus pericula gravia et rës difficilës nön timëbat. The Roman people were not fearing the severe dangers and difficult things.

6. Multae gentës arma nön habent. Many tribes do not have arms.

EXERCISE 145, pp.126-27 AN IMAGINARY LETTER FROM A CENTURION NAMED MARCUS

Ego nunc cum exercitü in Gallïa sum. Magnus exercitus in Gallïa est quod Gallï cum Römänïs pugnant. Caesar, homö fortis, est imperätor omnium legiönum. Caesarem ego laudö quod dux bonus est—omnia videt; omnia parat.

I am now with the army in Gaul. A great army is in Gaul because the Gauls are fighting with the Romans. Caesar, a brave man, is the commander-in-chief of all the legions. I praise Caesar because he is a good leader—he sees all things; he prepares all things.

Ego in periculö nunc nön sum. Nös in castrïs sumus. Hostës castra Römänä nön oppugnant quod fortës nön sunt. Galba mëcum in castrïs est. Homö bonus est et mihi amïcus.

I am not in danger now. We are in the camp. The enemy are not attacking the Roman camp because they are not strong/brave. Galba is with me in the camp. He is a good man and a friend to me.

Nös saepe pugnäbamus cum Gallïs et superäbämus. Itaque nunc multï Gallï servï sunt et nöbïscum in castrïs sunt. Nöbïs frümentum dant. Impedïmenta in castra portant et multäs rës nöbïs parant.

We were often fighting with the Gauls and we were overcoming (them). Therefore now many Gauls are slaves and they are with us in the camp. They give grain to us. They carry the baggage train into the camp and many things they prepare for us.

Post prïmam victöriam më Caesar in castrïs propter virtütem et fidem laudäbat. Primä lüce hostës in nös impetum fëcërunt. Et ego et Galba in primä acië pugnäbamus, et multï Gallï nöbïscum pugnäbant, sed nös nön terrëbant, nön superäbant. Caesar nös vidëbat. Itaque Caesar nös propter virtütem laudäbat. Magnam glöriam ego nunc habëo, et post bellum Caesar mihi magnum praemium dabit. Laudäsne filium? Valë!


AN EXAMINATION OF PROFESSED CHRISTIANS BY A ROMAN JUDGE PROCONSUL: Esne tü Chrïstiänus? Are you a Christain? 1ST CHRISTIAN: Ego Chrïstiänus sum. I am a Christian. PROCONSUL: (To a second Christian) Et tü— esne tü Chrïstiäna? And you—are you a Christian? 2 ND CHRISTIAN: Chrïstiäna et ego sum. Omnës nös Christiänï sumus. I also am a Christian. We are all Christians. PROCONSUL: Quid? Vös omnës Chrïstiänï estis? What? You are all Christians? 1ST CHRISTIAN: Sumus. We are. PROCONSUL: Cür vös deös Römänörum nön laudätis? Why do you not praise the gods of the Romans? 1ST CHRISTIAN: Nös deös Römänörum nön laudämus quod vëri nön sunt.

We do not praise the gods of the Romans because they are not true.

PROCONSUL: Vös moneö! Sï deös Römänörum laudäbitis, praemia vöbïs dabö—sed . . . I warn you! If you will praise the gods of the Romans, I will give rewards to you—but . . .

2 ND CHRISTIAN: Metus mortis et vulnerum nös nön movet. Nös laudämus Dominum Caelï et terrae, “Rëgem Rëgum et Imperätörem

Omnium Gentium.” Chrïstus prö nöbïs öräbat. Grätia Chrïstï in nöbïs est. Itaque quid nös terrëbit? Të nön timëmus.

Fear of death and wounds does not move us. We praise the God of Heaven and earth, “King of Kings and Commander-in-Chief of All Nations.” Christ was praying for us. The grace of Christ is in us. Therefore what will terri fy us? We do not fear you.

PROCONSUL: Chrïstus! Quis est Chrïstus? Römänï Chrïstum occïderunt quod malus homö erat. Christ! Who is Christ? The Romans killed Christ because he was a bad man.

1ST CHRISTIAN: Chrïstus est Fïlius Deï et tamen fräter omnium hominum. Christ is the Son of God and nevertheless the brother of al l men.

PROCONSUL: Cür vös imperätorem Römänörum nön laudätis? Why do you not praise the commander-in-chief of the Romans?

1ST CHRISTIAN: Nös semper imperätorem Römänum laudämus sed caedem hominum sänctörum nön laudämus neque laudäbimus. Tamen prö imperätöre semper örämus et öräbimus. Nös Chrïstiänï—sicut Chrïstus nös monëbat—prö omnibus hominibus, prö rëgibus, prïncipibus, mïlitibus, servïs örämus. We always praise the commander-in-chief of the Romans but the slaughter of holy me we do not praise, neither will we praise . Nevertheless we always pray for the commander-in-chief and we will pray. We Christians—just as Christ warned us—we pray for all men, for kings, for leading men, for soldiers, for servants/slaves.

PROCONSUL: Vös tamen moneö! Post mortem quid vös habëbitis? Nevertheless I warn you! After death what will you have?

1ST CHRISTIAN: Tü nös nön movëbis. Fidem et vëritätem Chrïstï nös tenëmus et semper tenëbimus. Chrïstus est salüs hominum. In Chrïstö est spë̈s omnium gentium. Post mortem magnum praemium nöbïs dabit; nös cum Chrïstö in Caelö Patrem et Filium et Spïritum Sänctum vidëbimus in saecula saeculörum. You will not move us. We hold and we always wil l hold the faith and truth of Christ. Christ is the salvation of men. In Christ is the hope of al l nations. After death he will give to us a great reward; we will see forever with Christ in Heaven the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit .

OTHER CHRISTIANS: Ämën!

PROCONSUL: Ubi est Deus Chrïstiänörum? Ego Deum Chrïstiänörum nön vidëbam neque vidëo. Where is the God of the Christians? I was not seeing nor do I see the God of the Christians.

2 ND CHRISTIAN: In omnï locö est sed nunc nös Deum nön vidëmus. Deus corpus nön est. Tamen post mortem tü vidëbis, neque tibi praemium dabit. He is in every place but now we do not see God. God is not a body. Nevertheless after death you will see, neither will He give to you a reward.

PROCONSUL: Mehercule! Monëtisne vös më? Metus Deï Chrïstiänörum më nön terret neque terrëbit. Ego autem imperium habeö! Vös terrëbunt mïlitum Römänörum gladiï! By Hercules! Do you warn me? Fear of the God of Christians does not nor will i t terri fy me. However I have a power. The swords of the Roman soldiers will terrify you!

CHRISTIANS: Gladius nös nön terret neque imperium mundï. Imperium autem Deï nös terret et movet. In Deö est salüs. The sword does not terrify us nor the power of the world. However the power of God does terri fy and move us. In God is safety/salvation.

PROCONSUL: Estisne omnës Chrïstiänï? Are you all Christians?

CHRISTIANS: Nös sumus Chrïstiänï omnës. We are all Christians. PROCONSUL: Itaque omnës hös (these) Chrïstiänös “gladiö animadvertï

placet (“by the sword be punished it is decreed.”) Therefore all these Christians “by the sword be

punished i t is decreed.” CHRISTIANS: Deö gr¨ätiäs! Prö të oräbimus. Chrïstus nös in Caelum vocat!

Thanks (be) to God. We will pray for you. Christ calls us into Heaven!


1. Caesarem laudäbäs. Itaque is tibi praemium dabit. You were praising Caesar. Therefore he will give a reward to you.

2. Caesar agmen hostium nön videt. Monëbisne eum? Caesar does not see the column of the enemy. Will you warn him?

3. Marïa säncta erat. Itaque Deus eï praemium dedit. Mary was holy. Therefore God gave to her a reward.

4. Hostës in hiberna impetum fëcërunt. Mïli tës autem fortës impetum eörum sustinëbant. The enemy made an attack against the winter quarters. However the soldiers were withstanding their strong attack.

5. Marïa est Mäter Deï. Itaque eam Chrïstiänï laudämus. Mary is the Mother of God. Therefore we Christians praise her.

6. Amïcus est in perïculö. Itaque prö eö örabimus. A friend is in danger. Therefore we will pray for him.

7. Hostës oppidum occupant. Tenëbuntne id? The enemy is seizing the town. Will they hold i t?

8. Hostës bellum parant, sed impetum eörum sustinëbimus. The enemy prepares war, but we will withstand their attack.

9. Caesar ducës Gallörum in hiberna vocat; sed eï nön sunt amïcï senätüs et populï Römänï. Caesar calls the leaders of the Gauls into the winter quarters; but they are not friends of the senate and of the Roman people .

10. Mätrës bonae sunt. Virtüs eärum magna est. Nös eäs semper laudämus, et Deus eïs magna praemia dabit. Mothers are good. Their virtue is great. We always praise them, and God will give to them great rewards.

11. Caesar est imperätor Römänus, sed senätus virtütem ëjus nön laudat. Caesar is the Roman commander-in-chief, but the senate does not praise his virtue/courage.

12. Caesar oppidum Gallörum occupäbit, sed tü eös nön monëbis. Caesar will seize the town of the Gauls, but you will not warn him.

13. Multï hominës sänctï sunt. Eïs Deus praemia dabit. Many men are holy. God will give to them rewards.

14. Chrïstus est fil ius Mariae et nunc in Caelö cum eä est. Christ is the son of Mary and is now in Heaven with her.

15. Mïlitës semper in perïculö sunt. Itaque prö eïs örämus. Soldiers always are in danger. Therefore we pray for them.

16. Caesar in castra est. Eï servus gladium dat. Caesar is in the camp. The servant gives a sword to him.

17. Omnës Gallï in armïs sunt. Spem victöriae in virtüte posuërunt. Equitës eörum fortës sunt. Cöpia frümentï in oppidïs eörum est. Et pontës et collës tenent. Ea Caesar audivit; eös tamen nön timet. All Gauls are in arms. They have placed hope of victory in courage. Their horsemen are strong. There is a supply of grain in their towns. And they hold both the bridges and the hills. Caesar has called them. Nevertheless, he does not fear them.

EXERCISE 155, pp.126-27 VIRTÜS RÖMÄNA ET VIRTÜS CHRÏSTIÄNA

Märcus Tullius Cicerö, örätor magnus et bonus, vëritätem et virtütem saepe laudäbat. Märcus Tullius Cicerö, a great and good speaker, was often praising truth and virtue Dë virtüte “Virtüs propter së,” inquit, “laudätur.” Concerning virtue he said, “Virtue is being praised on account of itself.” In örätiönibus hominës bonös saepe laudäbat, malös autem nön laudäbat. In speeches he was often praising good men, however bad men/ones he was not praising. Multï perïcula sustinëbat; mortem et gladiös nön timëbat; nömen populï Römänï semper laudäbat. He was withstanding many dangers; he was not fearing death and swords; he was always praising the name of the Roman people. Cicerö tamen Chrïstianus nön erat. (Post ëjus mortem Chrïstus in terram venit.) Neverthesess Cicero was not a Christian. (After his death Christ came into the land.) Itaque Cicerö, glöriae cupidus, së saepe laudäbat. Therefore Cicero, desirous of glory, was often praising himself. Omnës Römänï saepe së laudäbant. All the Romans were often praising themselves. Senätus së laudäbat.

The Senate was praising i tself . Etiam imperätorës et dücës Römänï së laudäbant. Roman generals and leaders also were praising themselves. Hominës sänctï autem nön së sed Deum laudäbant, sïcut Marïa, Mäter omnium Chrïstiänörum, së nön laudäbat.

However holy men were not praising themselves but God, just as Mary, the mother of all Christians, was not praising herself. Ea post Annuntiätiönem öräbat:

After the Annunciation she was praying

Magnificat anima mea Dominum . . . quia fëcit mihi magna . . . et sänctum nömen ëjus (est). My soul magnifies the Lord . . . who has done for me great things . . . and holy (is) his name. Cicerö multa et gravia perïcula sustinëbat quod et bonus erat et glöriae cupidus. Cicero was withstanding many and serious dangers because he was both good and desirous of glory. Chrïstiänï autem perïcula sustinent quod Chrïstum sëcum habent. However Christians are withstanding dangers because they have Christ with themselves. Chrïstiänï enim Jësüm Chrïstum in së “portant.” Christians also “carry” Jesus Christ ([with]in/among) themselves. Itaque nömen Chrïstiänörum erat etiam “Chrïstophorï.”

Therefore the name of Christians was also “Christbearers.”

EXERCISE 159

1. Milës Romanus hostës videt. Hostës autem eum nön vident. The Roman soldier sees the enemy. However the enemy does not see him.

2. Mïles servum in castra mittit. The soldier sends the servant into the camp.

3. Servus Caesarem in castrïs monet. "Hostës in flümine sunt; perïculum nöbïs est!" The servant warns Caesar in the camp. “The enemy are in the river; there is danger to us!”

4. Caesar ducës et centuriönës vocat. Caesar calls the leaders and the centurions.

5. Centuriönës mïlitës vocant. Eös prö castrïs instruunt. The Centurios call the soldiers. They draw them up in front of the camp.

6. Caesar militës ducit. “Hostës nös terrëbimus! Fortiter pugnäbimus.” Caesar leads the soldiers. “We will terrify the enemy!”

7. Interim hostës mïlitem Römänum vident. Is autem së fortiter dëfendit. Meanwhile the enemy sees the Roman soldier. However he defends himself bravely.

8. Vident hostës legiönem et Caesarem. Metus Caesaris eös terret. "Caesar est! Superäbit nös! Perïculum est!" Prïncipës hostium cöpäs ïnstruunt. Së dëfendunt. The enemy sees the legion and Caesar. Fear of Caesar terrifies them. “It is Caesar! He will overcome us! There is danger!” The chief men of the enemy draw up troops. They defend themselves.

9. Römänï rem fortiter gerunt et hostës superant. Hostës së Caesar dant. The Romans bravely carry on the affair and they overcome the enemy. The enemy give themselves to Caesar.

10. Caesar mïlitës et hostës in castra dücit; omnïs mïlitës instruit et laudat. Caesar leads the soldiers and enemy into the camp; he draws up and praises all the soldiers.

EXERCISE 164, p. 144

1. Propter metum Römänörum Gallï bellum cum eïs

gerëbant. Römänï autem semper vincëbant. On account of the fear of the Romans the Gauls were waging war with them. However, the Romans were always conquering (them).

2. Nös frümentum petëbämus. Vös frümentum nön mittëbätis. We were seeking grain. You were not sending grain.

3. Legiönës Römänae hostës semper vincunt. The Roman legions are always conquering the enemy.

4. Caesar Gallös pellit. Caesar is repulsing the Gauls.


1. Vös legiönës in castra mittëtis.

You will sent legions against the camp(s). 2. Litteräs dë multïs rëbus mittëmus.

We will send a dispatch concerning many affairs. 3. Römänï cum Gallïs semper contendunt.

The Romans always strive with the Gauls. 4. Ubi Römänï castra pönent?

Where will the Romans pitch camp? 5. Ego frümentum nön mittam.

I will not send grain. 6. Mittësne servös?

Will you send servants? 7. Ibi castra pönent.

They will pitch camp there. 8. Reliquï Gallï prïmä lüce in montës contendent.

The remaining Gauls will hasten into the mountains at dawn.

9. Spem salütis in virtüte pönet. He will place hope of safety in courage.

10. Eös in flümen agam. I will drive them into the river.

11. Senätus dë rë gravï aget. The sentate will act concerning a serious thing (matter).

EXERCISE 171, p. 148-49

1. Metus vös terret.

Fear is terrifying you. 2. Senätus conveniet.

The Senate will assemble. 3. Impetum sustinëbant.

They were withstanding the attack. 4. Portum vident.

They see the harbor. 5. Equitatum timëbunt.

They will fear the cavalry. 6. Castra pönunt.

They are pitching camp. 7. Dë victoriä contendent.

They will strive 9forA) victory. 8. Oppidum müniunt.

They are constructing the town. 9. Centuriönem vocäbit.

He will call the centurion. 10. Së dëfendit.

He is defending himself. 11. Exercitum in Galliam mittet.

He will send the army into/against Gaul. 12. Per silväs veniëbant.

They were coming through the woods. 13. Dë rë agëbant.

They were acting concerning the matter. 14. Vöcem audit.

He hears athe voice. 15. Spïritus Deï eum dücit.

The Spirit of God is leading him. 16. Bellum gerëbat.

He was waging war. 17. Adventus Caesaris vös terrëbit.

The arrival of Caesar will terrify you. 18. Deum laudat.

He is praising God. 19. Collem occupäbit.

He will seize the hill. 20. Cöpiäs ïnstruit.

He is equipping/drawing up the troops. 21. Vös eös superäbitis.

You will overcome them. 22. Urbem oppugnäbat.

He was attacking the city. 23. Örätis.

You are praying. 24. Arma paräbant.

They were preparing arms. 25. Ego servös nön habëbam.

I was not having slaves/servants.

26. Vös monëbö. I will warn/advise you.

27. Pontem tenëbunt. They will hold the bridge.

28. Signum portäbunt. They will carry the standard/signal/sign.

29. Fortiter pugnant. They are fighting bravely.

30. Gladiös dabit. He will give swords.

31. Ego hostës vicam. I will conquer the enemy.

32. Castra movëtis. You are moving the camp.

33. Päcem petam. I will seek peace.

34. Equitës pellitis. You are routing the cavalry.

35. Örätiönem audiëbant. They were hearing the speech.


1. Ducës oppida et pontës saepe müniunt. The leaders often fortify the towns and bridges.

2. Pars hostium per silväs venit; pars autem eörum per prövinciam venit. A part of the enemy is coming through the forests; however a part of them is coming through the province.

3. Audïsne vöcës servörum? Do you hear the voices of the servants?

4. Römänï propter commünem salütem longäs viäs per prövinciäs müniëbant. The Romans, on account of the common welfare, used to construct (were constructing) long roads through the provinces.

5. Clamörem equitum audiëbämus. We were hearing the shouting of the cavalry.

6. Imperätor in senätum veniet. Örätiönem ëjus senätus audiet. The general will come into the Senate. The Senate will hear his speech.

7. Ducës et prïncipës Gallörum in oppidum convenient. The leaders and the chief men of the Gauls will assemble in the town.

8. Primä lüce senätus in locum tütum conveniet. Dë rë gravï aget. At dawn the Senate will assemble in a safe place. It will act concerning a serious matter.

9. Interim Caesar cum omnibus cöpiïs per prövinciam veniëbat. Meanwhile Caesar was coming with all the troops through the province.

10. Equitës Caesarem dë ëjus perïculö monëbant. Itaque castra münit. The cavalry was warning Caesar concerning his danger/peril. Therefore he fortifies the camp.

EXERCISE 176

1. Propter metum hostium in castrïs Caesaris sumus. On account of fear of the enemy we are in the camp of Caesar.

2. Undique erat clamor hostium. The shouting of the enemy was on all sides.

3. Erat perïculum grave in prövinciä. There was grave/serious danger in the province.

4. Gallï semper sunt cupidï imperiï. The Gauls are always desirous of/eager for power.

5. Omnës hominës cupidï sunt glöriae. All men are desirous of glory.

6. Erantne tëla in castrïs? Were there darts in the camp?

7. Undique erant montës et silvae. There were mountains and forests on all sides.

8. In Caelö cum Christö erimus. We will be in Heaven with Christ.

9. Erantne montës altï et difficilës? Were the mountains high and difficult?

10. Caesar erat imperiï cupidus. Caesar was desirous of power.

11. Estne Chrïstus fïlius et Mariae et Deï? Is Christ the son of both Mary and God?

12. Estne Marïa grätiä plëna? Is Mary full of grace?

13. “Vös autem omnës fratrës estis.”

However, you are all brothers. 14. Eratne Chrïstus in mundö propter nös?

Was Christ in the world on account of us? 15. In silvïs nön erämus.

We were not in the forests. 16. Caesar in primä acië erat.

Caesar was in/on the first battle line. 17. Erö fortis.

I will be strong/brave. 18. Eram in Galliä cum exercitü.

I was in Gaul with the army. 19. Esne eques? Esne miles?

Are you a horseman? Are you a soldier? 20. Omnës hominës sänctï Christö similes sunt.

All holy men are similar to Christ.

EXERCISE 181

“A Dream of Judgment”

VOICE OF THE ANGEL: Quis es? Who are you? SECOND VOICE: Ego rëx sum. Rëgnum et imperium Römänörum in terrä tenuï. I am the king. I (have) held the kingdom and the empire of the Romans on the earth. VOICE OF THE ANGEL: Petisne nunc praemium et glöriam? Do you now seek a reward and glory? SECOND VOICE: Ego petö. Ego magnam glöriam in terrä habuï et semper habëbö. I do seek. I have had and always will have great glory on the earth. Më omnës hominës laudävërunt. Imperätor magnus fuï. All men have praised me. I have been (/was) a great commander-in-chief/general. Multa bella fortiter gessï. Dux bonus, omnës rës parävï; I have waged many wars bravely. A good leader, I have prepared all things; frümentum et arma parävï; castra et oppida münïvï; mïlitës ïnstrüxï et collocävï. I have prepared grain and arms; camps and towns I have fortified; I have equipped and stationed soldiers.

In më mïlitës spem semper posuërunt. Ego saepe in prïmä acië cum mïlitibus pugnävï. In me soldiers always have placed their hope. I often (have) fought with the soldiers on the first battle line. Ego eös per montës et silväs düxï. I have led them through the mountains and forests. In Galliä et in omnibus prövinciïs cum hostibus contendï. I have contended in Gaul and in all provinces with the enemy. Më metus hostium nön mövit neque terruit. Fear of the enemy did not move nor terrify me. Fïnës multärum gentium occupävï. I have seized the territories of many tribes. Ego et multa oppida et magnäs urbës oppugnävï. I have attacked both many towns and great cities. Prövinciäs Römänäs et eärum urbës fortitier dëfendï.

I have bravely defended the Roman provinces and their cities. Hostës nöminis Römänï terruï atque impetus eörum fortiter sustinuï. I (have) terrified the enemy of the Roman name and I bravely withstood their attack. Equitës et mïlitës in eös mïsï—hostës semper cessërunt. I sent the cavalry and soldiers against them—the enemy always yielded. Hostës pepulï et in bellïs eös superävï et vïcï.

I routed the enemy and I overcame and conquered them in wars. VOICE OF THE ANGEL: Homö së fortiter laudat! The man strongly praises himself! SECOND VOICE: Propter më gentës prövinciïs finitimae legionës Römänäs timuërunt; eae saepe prïncipës in castra Römänörum dë pace mïsërunt. On account of me the tribes next to the provinces feared the Roman legions; they often sent the chiefs into the camp of the Romans concerning peace. Mëcum prïncipës et rëgës dë pace ëgërunt. The chiefs and kings acted with me concerning peace. Mihi së dedërunt. Prïncipës Gallörum in castra vocävï. In castra convenerunt! They gave themselves to me. I called the chiefs of the Gauls. They assembled in the camp! Frümentum petïvï. Magnam cöpiam in castra portävërunt. I sought grain. They carried a great supply into the camp. Omnës hominës më timuërunt. Omnës gentës nömen rëgis Römänï audïvërunt. All men have feared me. All tribes have heard the name of the Roman king. VOICE OF THE ANGEL: Cür cum multïs gentibus bellum gessistï? Cür eäs pepulistï, terruistï, vïcistï? Why did you wage war with many tribes? Why did you rout, terrify, conquer them? VOX REGIS: Propter glöriam et salütem Senätüs Populique1 Römänï!

On account of the glory and welfare of the Roman Senate and People. THIRD VOICE: Nön! Nön propter ea! Sed quod cupidus fuit glöriae et imperiï! No! Not on account of them! But because he was desirous of glory and power! Päcem nön petïvit, sed gladiös et bella et caedem petïvit. He did not seek peace, but he sought swords and wars and slaughter. Flümina et silväs et oppida corporibus complëvit; mïlitës et nautäs caedï dedit quod SIBI glöriam petïvit. He filled the rivers and the forests and towns with bodies; he gave soldiers and sailors to the slaughter because he sought glory for HIMSELF. Praemium eï dabö EGO. I will give a reward to him. VOX REGIS: Quis es tü? Who are you? THIRD VOICE: Aaah! Më nön vïdistï, sed nön longë ä të äfuï. Omnia vidï. Të autem nön monuï. Tëcum semper in terrä fuï—nunc mecum manebis in saecula saeculörum! Aaah! You have not seen me, but I have not been far from you. I have seen all things. However I have not warned you. I have always been with you on the earth—now you will remain with me forever!

EXERCISE 183

1. Prïncipës gentës prövinciae fïnitimäs incitävërant quod victöriae cupidï erant. The chiefs had incited the tribes (living) next to the province because they were desirous of victory.

2. Interim equitës reliquös Gallös perturbäverant. Meanwhile the cavalry had confused the remaining Gauls.

3. Chrïstiänï bonï fidem et vëritatem Chrïstï serväverant. Good Christians had guard the fai th and truth of Christ.

4. Imperätor urbës et oppida incenderat. The general had burned the ci ties and the towns.

5. Multï Gallï legiönës Römänäs adjüverant. Many Gauls had aided the Roman legions.

6. Dux hostium collës hominibus complëverat. The leader of the enemy had filled the hil ls with men.

7. Equitës agmen hostium perturbäverant. The cavalry had confused the column of the enemy.

8. Virtüs Römam serväverat. Courage had guarded Rome.

9. Caesar et collës et pontës prïmä lüce occupäverat. Caesar had seized both the hil ls and bridges at dawn.

10. Senätus prövinciam Caesarï dederat. The Senate had given the province to Caesar.


1. Virï Römänï fortës erant et forti ter cum hostibus pugnävërunt. Ita Römam servävërunt. Fortüna enim virös fortës adjuvat. Roman men were brave and they fought bravely with the enemy. Thus they guarded Rome. For fortune aids brave men.

2. Multï hostës träns montës in Italiam vënërunt. Eös tamen Römänï vïcërunt. Many enemies came across the mountains into Italy. Nevertheless the Romans conquered them.

3. Puer bonus est glöria mätris . Omnës enim patrës et mätrës puerös bonös semper laudant sed puerös malös nön laudant. A/(The) good boy is the glory of a/(his) mother. For all fathers and mothers always praise the good boys but the bad boys they do not praise.

4. Tum, post adventum exercitüs Römänï, erat magna frümentï inopia in Galliä. Römänï enim frümenta in agrïs incenderant. Then, after the coming of the Roman army, there was a great lack of grain in Gaul. For the Romans had burned the crops in the fields.

5. In Italiä erant agrï bonï, virï nöbilës, puerï bonï. In Italy there were good fields, renowned men, good boys.

6. Imperätor Römänus cum omnibus cöpiïs in agrös hostium vënit. Frümenta incendit; oppida et urbës oppugnävit; virös et puerös in castra düxit. The Roman general came i

nto the fields of the enemy with all the troops. He burned crops; he attacked towns and cities; he lead men and boys into camp.

Reading No. 4, p. 167

DË ITALIÄ ET DË GALLIÄ

Italia est terra et magna et bona. Vidësne Italiam in tabulä? Estne Italia magna?

Estne longa? In Italiä erat Röma, urbs et magna et nöbilis. Vidësne Römam in tabulä?

Röma in flümine Tiberï est. Vidësne flümen in tabulä? In Italiä erant multae et

magnae urbës, flumina longa, montës altï. Erant etiam agrï frümentörum plenï. In

agrïs Italiae Römänï multa bella cum finitimïs gentibus gesserant et tandem (finally)

omnem Italiam vïcerant. Ita imperium Italiae Römänï tenuerunt. In omnibus Italiae

partibus omnës virï et puerï nömen Römänum et laudäbant et dëfendëbant.

Alpës sunt montës magnï et altï. Vidësne montës in tabulä? Träns Alpës tum erant

et Prövincia Römäna et Gallia. Multï imperätörës träns montës in Italiam vënërunt.

Hannibal, vir fortis et nöbilis, per montës difficilës cum omnibus cöpiïs in Italiam vënit

et ita in Italiae agrïs cum Römänïs bellum gessit. Tum Caesar legiönës Römänäs träns

montës in agrös Gallörum düxit. Napoleon etiam, imperätor fortis, cum magnïs cöpiïs

träns montës in Italiam contendit et omnem Italiam occupävit.

Roma, sïcut in tabulä, vidës, longë abest ä Galliä. In Galliä erant etiam urbës et

oppida et agrï bonï. Erant flümina et montës. Eös in tabulä vidës. Vidës etiam finës

Prövinciae Römänae. Ejüs imperium Caesar tenuit et cum Gallïs bella gessit. Post

victöriäs Caesaris Römänï imperium omnis Galliae tenuërunt.


1. Virï nöbilës et l ïberï cïvitätem Americänam serväverunt. Noble and free men have guarded the American state .

2. Römänï, virï fortës et l ïberï, Gallös miserös multïs proelïs vïcërunt. Römänös enim etiam fortüna adjüvit. The Romans, strong and free men, conquered the wretched Gauls by/with many battles. For fortune also aids the Romans.

3. Ducës legiönës integräs in prïmä acië collocant. The leaders station fresh/uninjured legions on the first battle line.

4. Römänï oppida Gallörum oppugnävërunt; agrös eörum occupäverunt; frumenta incendërunt; principës, ducës, mätrës, patrës, virös, puerös, occïdërunt. Ita eös vicërunt. The Romans attacked the towns of the Gauls; they seized their fields; they burned crops; they killed chief men, leaders, mothers, fathers, men, boys. Thus they conquered them.

5. Hannibal, vir fortis et nöbilis, cum omnibus cöpiïs träns montës in agrös Italiae contendit. Cum eö Römänï forti ter contendërunt. Urbës et oppida Italiae dëfendërunt. Post multa proelia et magnam caedem Römänï eum superävërunt. Ita glöriam nöminis Römänï servävërunt. Hannibal, a brave and noble man, hastened/strove with all the troops across the mountains into the fields of Italy. The Romans bravely/strongly contended with him. After many battles and great s laughter the Romans overcame him. Thus the they guarded the glory of the Roman name.

READING No. 5 , pp. 171-72

Roma Aeterna

Römänï spem salütis et victöriae semper in virtüte pönëbant. In bellïs omnia paräbant; oppida et castra müniëbant; mïlitës et equitës habëbant; frümentï cöpiam paräbant.

Saepe ducës et imperätorës magni et nöbilës erant. Sed nön propter ea omnia Römänï vicërunt. Multae enim gentës ea omnia habëbant sed hostës nön vicërunt. Römänï tamen hostës multös et magnös vicërunt.

Hostës saepe castra oppugnäverant, legiönës vïcerant, agrös et urbës occupavërant. Senätus Populusque Römänus tamen päcem nön petïvit. Principës in senätü dë päce nön ëgërunt. Victöriae et imperiï et glöriae cupidï erant. Itaque Römanï hostës semper vicërunt.

Victöria erat Römänörum propter virtütem Römänum. Itaque glöria nöminis Römänï magna fuit et Römam aeternam et Römänï et gentës aliënae laudävërunt.

EXERCISE 197

1. Patrës nostrï, virï et l ïberï et fortës, multïs proeliïs cum hostibus contendërunt. Ita cïv itätem nostram et dëfendërunt et serväverunt. Itaque nunc cïvitätem et nöbilem et lïberam habëmus. Our fathers, both free and brave men, strove (contended) in many battles with the enemy. Thus they defended and guarded our state. Therefore we now have both a noble and free state.

2. Vobïscum dë salüte mïli tum vestörum agëmus. We will act with you concerning the safety/welfare of your soldiers.

3. Të propter caedem servörum miserörum nön laudö neque virtütem tuam laudö. I do not praise you on account of the slaughter of the wretched slaves neither do I praise your virtue.

4. In prïmam aciem legiönës meäs integräs mittam. I will send my fresh legions into the the first battle line

5. Oppida vestra et urbës vesträs oppugnäbimus. Frümenta incendëmus. Puerös veströs et mätrës vesträs terrëbimus. Ita mïli tës veströs vincëmus. We will attack your towns and your ci ties. We will burn your crops. We will terrify your sons and and your mothers. Thus we will conquer your soldiers.

6. Bellum diffici le et perïculörum plënum est. Hostës träns montës veniunt. In agrös veströs veniunt. Cum eïs forti ter pugnäbitis neque dë päce cum eïs agëtis . Fortüna etiam vös adjuväbit. War is difficult and ful l of dangers. The enemy comes across the mountains. They come into your fields. You will fight bravely with them, neither wil l you act concerning peace with them. Fortune also will a id you.


1. Päx ä mïlitibus saepe nön cönservätur, nam glöriae bellï cupidï

sunt. Peace is often not being preserved by the soldiers, for (because) they are desirous of the glory of war.

2. Imperium ä Caesare, virö fortï et bonö, administräbitur. The empire will be managed by Caesar, a brave and good man.

3. Cöpia frümentï ä servïs nön cönserväbätur. A supply of grain was not being preserved by the servants.

4. Post proelium nös ab imperätore cönfirmäbämur. After the battle we were encouraged by the general.

5. Laudanturne sänctï hominës ä virïs bonïs? Are holy men being praised by good men?

6. Röma ab Americä longe abest. Rome is a long way from America.

7. Sˆlvae ab equitibus occupäbuntur. The forests will be seized by the cavalry.

8. Laudäturne Senätus Römänus ä multïs virïs? Is the Roman Senate being praised by many men?

9. Omnës rës ä duce bonö administräbantur. All things were being managed by the good leader.

10. Centuriönës ab imperätöre appelläbantur. The centurions were being called upon by the general.

11. Imperätor ä senätü vocäbitur. The general will be called by the Senate.

EXERCISE 210, p. 187-188

Q: Administräturne mundus ä Deö? Is the world being managed by God.

A: Mundus ä Deö et cönservätur et administrätur. The world is being managed by God. Nam Deus in prïncipiö caelum et terram et omnës rës propter nös hominës fëcit et est hominum Pater. For (Because) God in the beginning made heaven and earth and all things on account of us men, and he is the Father of men. Nös hominës ä Deö cönservämur, et nöbïs omnës rës ä Deö dantur. We men are being preserved by God, and all things are being given to us by God. Vëritäs et salüs nöbïs ä Deö dantur; frumentum et omnium rërum cöpia nöbïs ä Deö et parantur et cönservantur. Truth and salvation are being given to us by God; grain and a supply of all things are being prepared and preserved for us by God. Itaque in mortis perïculö ä nautïs Deus appellätur; in bellï perïculïs ä mïlitibus appellätur; ä mätribus et patribus, ä virïs et puerïs, ä Chrïstiänïs et ab omnibus hominibus semper et in omnibus locïs appellätur. Therefore in danger of death God is being called upon by sailors; in dangers of war he is being called upon by soldiers; by mothers and fathers, men and boys, by Christians and by all men He is always and in all places being called upon.

Nam Deus bonus est, et hominës ab Eö semper adjuvantur et cönfirmantur. For (Because) God is good, and all men are always being aided strengthened/encouraged by Him. Itaque Deus semper ab hominibus bonïs et sänctïs laudätur, nam Pater omnium hominum est. Therefore God is always being praised by good and holy men, for (because) He is the Father of all men.


1. Hostës ab equitibus Römänïs saepe terrentur. The enemy is often being terri fied by the Roman cavalry.

2. Impetus hostium ä mïlitibus fortibus sustinëbitur. The attack of of the enemy will be withstood by the brave/strong soldiers.

3. Multï puerï in agrïs vidëbantur. Many boys were being seen in the fields.

4. Virï nöbilës et magnï neque terrëbuntur neque superäbuntur. Noble and great men will neither be terri fied nor overcome.

5. Collis mïlitibus integrïs complëtur. The hill is being filled with fresh soldiers.

6. Relïquï hostës ä Römänïs undique tenëbantur. The remaining enemy was being held on all sides by the Romans.

7. Posteä signum ä centuriöne movëbitur. Afterwards the signal will be moved by the centurion.

8. Hostës propter metum gravem terrëbantur. The enemy was being terri fied on account of grave fear.

9. Virï sänctï mortis metü nön terrëbuntur. Holy men will not be terri fied by fear of death.

10. Montës altï undique ab Helvëtiïs videntur. The high mountains are being seen on all sides by the Helvetians (the ancient Swiss).

11. Hostës undique continentur. The enemy is being contained on all sides.

12. Locus clämore miserörum mïlitum complëbätur. The place was being filled with the shout of miserable soldiers.

13. Posteä imperium ä Caesare obtinëbätur. Afterwards the empire was being occupied by Caesar.

14. Rëgnum ä rëge glöriae cupidö saepe obtinëtur. A/The kingdom is often being occupied by a kind desirous of glory.

15. Pöns ä mïlitibus fortibus tenëtur. The bridge is being held by strong/brave soldiers.

16. Gallï prövinciae fïnitimï terrentur. The Gauls are being terri fied by the neighboring provinces.

17. Propter metum mortis neque movëbantur neque terrëbantur. They were neither being moved nor terri fied on account of the fear of death.

18. Impetus sustinëtur. The attack is being withstood.

19. Legiönës Römänae nön terrëntur. The Roman legions are not being terrified.

20. Römänï ä Gallïs, virïs fortibus, nön terrëntur. The Romans are not being terri fied by the Gauls, brave men.

21. Omnës mïlitës in castrïs continëbuntur. All soldiers will be restrained in the camp.

22. Posteä castra träns flümen movëbuntur. Afterwards the camp will be moved across the river.

23. Puer terrëbätur quod ä patre et mätre longë äfuit. The boy was terri fied because he was a long way from (his) father and mother.

24. Virï lïberï nön continëbantur. Free men were not being restrained.

25. Oppidum frümentï plënum obtinëbitur. The town full of grain will be held/occupied.


1. Prïncipës hostium senätuï träduntur. The chief men of the enemy are being handed over to the senate.

2. Gallus occïditur.

The Gaul is being killed.

3. Homö malus ä senätü occïdëtur.

The bad man will be killed by the senate.

4. Italia ä Römänïs dëfenditur.

Italy is being defended by the Romans.

5. Gallï et pellentur et occïdentur.

The Gauls will be both routed and killed.

6. Agmen in fïnës hostium dücitur.

The column is being led into the territories of the enemy of the enemy.

7. Grätiae Deö aguntur.

Thanks are being given to God.

8. Equitës in gentës fïnitimäs dïmittëbantur.

The cavalry was being sent away into/upon/against the neighboring tribes.

9. Vös in Galliam mittiminï.

You are being sent into Gaul .

10. Röma dëfendëtur. Rome will be defended.

11. Servï saepe occïduntur.

The servants often are being killed.

12. Omnës ferë gentës fïnitimae vincuntur.

Almost all neighboring tribes are being conquered.

13. Agmen ä Caesare dücitur.

The column of soldiers is being led by Caesar.

14. Hostës tamen vincentur.

Nevertheless the enemy will be conquered.

15. Urbs hostibus nön trädëtur.

The city will not be handed over to the enemy.

16. Equitës in gentës reliquäs dïmittuntur.

The cavalry is being sent away into the rest of the tribes.

17. Castra tëlïs dëfendëbantur.

The camp was being defended by darts.

18. Römänï neque pellentur neque occïdentur.

The Romans will neither be routed nor killed.

19. Rëgës glöriae cupidï cum gentibus fïnitimïs bellum saepe gerunt.

Kings desirous of glory often wage war with the neighboring tribes.

20. Frümenta in agrïs saepe incenduntur. Crops are often being burned in the fields.


1. Silvae saepe in bellö ab hostibus incenduntur. The forests are often being burned by the enemy in war.

2. Röma virtüte legiönum cönserväbätur. Rome was being preserved by the courage of the legions.

3. Centuriönës in omnës ferë gentës fïnitimäs ä Caesare dïmittuntur. The centurions are being sent away by Caesar into almost all the neighboring tribes.

4. Cöpiae Römänae ä Gallïs nön pelluntur. The Roman troops are not being routed by the Gauls.

5. Virtüs mïlitum spë victöriae semper cönfirmätur. The courage of the soldiers is always strengthened by the hope of victory.

6. Post proelium prïncipës hostium ä Römänïs saepe occïdëbantur. After the battle the chief men of the enemy often were being killed by the Romans.

7. Prïncipës ä Caesare nön dïmittentur. The chief men will not be sent away by Caesar.

8. Tëlïs occïditur. He is being killed by darts.

9. Mïles Römänus hostem videt. Eum tëlïs occïdit. The Roman soldier sees the enemy. He kills him with darts. Mïlitës undique dücentur; castra in colle pönentur; arma et

frümentum in castra portäbuntur. The soldiers will be led on all sides; the camp will be

pitched on the hill; arms and grain will be carried EXERCISE 246

1. Frūmentum in castra ā servīs portātur nē inopia frūmentī sit.

Grain is being carried into the camp by the servants in order that there may not be a lack of grain.

2. Continetne mīlitēs in castrīs ut cōpiās novās exspectet? Is he containing the soldiers in the camp in order that he may wait for new troops?

3. In agrōs hostium venit ut eōs terreat.

He comes into the fields of the enemy in order that he may terrify them.

4. Gallī diū et ācriter pugnant nē Rōmānī frūmenta incendant. The Gauls fight bitterly and for a long time in order that the Romans may not burn the(ir) crops.

5. Virtūtem mīlitum ōrātiōne cōnfirmat ut victōriae cupidī sint. He is encouraging the courage of the soldiers with a speech in order that they may be desirous of victory.

6. Praemia prīncipibus dat ut amīcitiam cum eōrum gentibus cōnfirmet. He gives rewards to the leading men in order that he may encourage/strengthen friendship with their tribes.

7. Gallī pugnant nē servī sint. The Gauls fight in order that they may not be(come) slaves.

8. Centuriō frātrem adjuvat nē hostēs eum occīdant. The Centurion aids the brother in order that the enemy may not kill him.

9. Castra vallō et fossā mūnit nē hostēs ea expugnent. He fortifies the camp with a wall and a ditch in order that the enemy may not take it by storm.

E X E R C I S E 2 5 0

1 . M u l t ï h o m i n ë s i n I t a l i a m v e n i u n t u t R ö m a n v i d e a n t .

M a n y m e n c o m e i n t o I t a l y i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m a y s e e R o m e .

2 . H o m i n ë s c e l e r i t e r c o n v e n i e n t u t r ë s n o v ä s e t a u d i a n t e t v i d e a n t . M e n a r e c o m i n g t o g e t h e r s w i f t l y i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m a y b o t h h e a r a n d s e e n e w t h i n g s .

3 . M ï l i t ë s d i ü e t f o r t i t e r p u g n a n t u t v i c t ö r i a e g l ö r i a m c o m p a r e n t . S o l d i e r s f i g h t f o r a l o n g t i m e a n d b r a v e r l y i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m a y g e t t h e g l o r y o f v i c t o r y .

4 . M ï l i t ë s c u m h o s t i b u s ä c r i t e r c o n t e n d u n t u t e ö s p e l l a n t a t q u e o c c i d a n t . S o l d i e r s s t r i v e b i t t e r l y w i t h t h e e n e m y i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m a y r o u t a n d k i l l t h e m .

5 . D o m i n u s m a l u s ä s e r v ï s m i s e r ï s l a u d a t u r u t v i t a m e ö r u m s e r v e t . A b a d m a s t e r i s p r a i s e d b y w r e t c h e d s e r v a n t s i n o r d e r t h a t h e m a y g u a r d t h e i r l i f e .

6 . C a e s a r , v i r b o n u s e t f o r t i s , c u m m i l i t i b u s i n a c i ë s a e p e p u g n a t u t e ö r u m v i r t ü t e m c ö n f i r m e t . C a e s a r , a g o o d a n d b r a v e m a n , o f t e n f i g h t s w i t h t h e s o l d i e r s o n t h e b a t t l e l i n e i n o r d e r t h a t h e m a y s t r e n g t h e n t h e i r c o u r a g e .

7 . C a s t r a v a l l ö e t f o s s ä ä R ö m ä n ï s m ü n i u n t u r n ë h o s t ë s e a e x p u g n e n t . T h e c a m p i s b e i n g f o r t i f i e d w i t h a w a l l a n d a d i t c h b y t h e R o m a n s i n o r d e r t h a t t h e e n e m y m a y n o t t a k e i t b y s t o r m .

8 . D ü c ë s m i l i t i b u s s a e p e e t g r ä t i ä s a g u n t e t p r a e m i a d a n t u t f o r t i t e r p u n g e n t . L e a d e r s o f t e n g i v e t h a n k s a n d r e w a r d s t o s o l d i e r s i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m a y f i g h t b r a v e l y .

9 . S u n t n e i m p e r a t o r s s a e p e g l ö r i a e a t q u e v i c t ö r i a e c u p i d ï ? A r e g e n e r a l s o f d e s i r o u s o f g l o r y a n d v i c t o r y ?

E X E R C I S E 2 5 6

1 . C a e s a r l e g i ö n ë s n o v ä s e t i n t e g r ä s s a e p e e x s p e c t ä v i t u t h o s t ë s f a c i l e v i n c e r e t . C a e s a r o f t e n w a i t e d f o r n e w a n d f r e s h l e g i o n s i n o r d e r t h a t h e m i g h t e a s i l y c o n q u e r t h e e n e m y .

2 . G a l l ï o p p i d u m v a l l ö a l t ö e t f o s s ä l ä t ä m ü n ï v ë r u n t n ë R ö m ä n ï i d e x p u g n ä r e n t . T h e G a u l s f o r t i f i e d t h e t o w n w i t h a h i g h w a l l a n d a w i d e d i t c h s o t h a t t h e R o m a n s m i g h t n o t t a k e i t b y s t o r m .

3 . L ë g ä t u s c e n t u r i ö n ë s e t t r i b ü n ö s m ï l i t u m a p p e l ä v i t u t f o r t i t e r e t d i ü p u g n ä r e n t . T h e l i e u t e n a n t c a l l e d u p o n t h e c e n t u r i o n s a n d m i l i t a r y t r i b u n e s i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m i g h t f i g h t b r a v e l y a n d f o r a l o n g t i m e .

4 . D ü x i t n e H a n n i b a l o m n ë s c ö p i ä s t r ä n s l ä t a f l ü m i n a e t p e r m o n t ë s a l t ö s u t c u m R ö m ä n ï s i n I t a l i ä b e l l u m g e r e r e t ? D i d H a n n b a l l e a d a l l t h e t r o o p s a c r o s s t h e w i d e r i v e r s a n d t h r o u g h t h e h i g h m o u n t a i n s i n o r d e r t h a t h e m i g h t w a g e w a r e w i t h t h e R o m a n s i n I t a l y ?

5 . J ë s ü s C h r ï s t u s , D e ï F ï l i u s , i n m u n d u m v ë n i t u t v i t a m e t s a l ü t e m n ö b ï s d a r e t . J e s u s C h r i s t , t h e S o n o f G o d , c a m e i n t o t h e w o r l d i n o r d e r t h a t h e m i g h t g i v e l i f e a n d s a l v a t i o n t o u s .

6 . G a l l ï s a e p e l ë g ä t ö s i n c a s t r a C a e s a r i s m ï s ë r u n t u t p ä c e m e t a m ï c i t i a m p e t e r e n t . T h e G a u l s o f t e n s e n t l i e u t e n a n t s i n t o t h e c a m p o f C a e s a r i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m i g h t s e e k p e a c e a n d f r i e n d s h i p .

7 . C o n c i l i u m s a e p e a b i m p e r ä t o r i b u s v o c ä t u r u t d ë r ë g r a v ï i n c o n c i l i ö a g a n t . A c o u n c i l i s o f t e n b e i n g c a l l e d b y t h e g e n e r a l s i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m i g h t a c t i n c o u n c i l c o n c e r n i n g a s e r i o u s m a t t e r .

8 . D u x l ë g ä t ï s p r a e m i a d e d i t u t c ö n s i l i u m l a u d ä r e n t . T h e l e a d e r g a v e r e w a r d s t o t h e l i e u t e n a n t s i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m i g h t p r a i s e h i s p l a n .

E X E R C I S E 2 6 0

[ E s s e n t i a l ]

1 . L a u d ä t u r n e D e u s a b o m n i b u s s ä n c t ï s ? I s G o d b e i n g p r a i s e d b y a l l h o l y m e n ?

2 . G a l l ï s a e p e o b s i d ë s i n t e r s ë d e d ë r u n t u t p ä c e m c ö n f i r m ä r e n t . T h e G a u l s o f t e n e x c h a n g e d h o s t a g e s i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m i g h t s t r e n g t h e n / e n c o u r a g e p e a c e .

3 . F o r t ë s p r o p t e r m e t u m n ö n c ë d u n t . B r a v e m e n d o n o t y i e l d o n a c c o u n t o f f e a r .

4 . C a e s a r , v i r f o r t i s , o m n i a f o r t i t e r ë g i t . C a e s a r , a b r a v e m a n , t r e a t e d a l l t h i n g s b r a v e l y .

5 . C a e s a r m u l t a b e l l a g e s s i t u t i m p e r ä t o r e t p r ï n c e p s e s s e t . C a e s a r w a g e d m a n y w a r s i n o r d e r t h a t h e m i g h t b e c o m m a n d e r - i n - c h i e f a n d l e a d i n g m a n .

6 . A d j u v a t n e D e u s f o r t ë s . D o e s G o d a i d t h e b r a v e ?

7 . N o s t r ï f o r t i t e r e t ä c r i t e r s e m p e r p u g n a n t u t l ï b e r a m c ï v i t ä t e m n o s t r a m c ö n s e r v e n t . O u r m e n a l w a y s f i g h t b r a v e l y a n d b i t t e r l y i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m a y g u a r d o u r s t a t e .

8 . F o r t ë s f o r t ü n a a d j u v a t . F o r t u n e a i d s t h e b r a v e .

9 . N o s t r ï c e s s ë r u n t n ë m a g n a c a e d ë s e s s e t . O u r m e n y i e l d e d i n o r d e r t h a t t h e r e m i g h t n o t b e a g r e a t s l a u g h t e r .

1 0 . O m n i a v i r t ü t e a g ö u t b o n u s s e r v u s C h r ï s t ï s i m . I d o a l l t h i n g s w i t h v i r t u e / c o u r a g e i n o r d e r t h a t I m a y b e a g o o d s e r v a n t o f C h r i s t .

1 1 . L ë g ä t u s i n a g r ö s s t a t i m c o n t e n d i t n ë l o n g ë ä p r o e l i ö a b e s s e t .

T h e l i e u t e n a n t h a s t e n e d i m m e d i a t e l y i n t o t h e f i e l d s i n o r d e r t h a t h e m i g h t n o t b e f a r a w a y f r o m t h e b a t t l e .

1 2 . S a n c t ï l a b ö r ë s g r a v ë s p r o p t e r C h r ï s t u m s u s t i n e n t . H o l y m e n s u s t a i n h e a v y t o i l s o n a c c o u n t o f C h r i s t .

1 3 . H o s t ë s e q u i t ë s i n a c i e m s t a t i m m ï s ë r u n t u t ö r d i n ë s n o s t ö r u m p e r t u r b ä r e n t . T h e e n e m y i m m e d i a t e l y s e n t t h e c a v a l r y i n t o t h e b a t t l e l i n e i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m i g h t c o n f u s e o u r r a n k s .

1 4 . P r ï n c i p ë s o b s i d ë s i n t e r s ë d a b a n t e t p ä x i n G a l l i ä e s s e t . T h e l e a d i n g m e w e r e e x c h a n g i n g h o s t a g e s i n o r d e r t h a t t h e r e m i g h t b e p e a c e i n G a u l .

1 5 . G a l l i a e s e m p e r i n t e r s ë d ë i m p e r i ö o m n i s G a l l i a e c o n t e n d ë b a n t . T h e l e a d i n g m e n o f G a u l w e r e a l w a y s s t r i v i n g a m o n g t h e m s e l v e s f o r t h e p o w e r o f a l l G a u l .

1 6 . E r a t i t e r e t d i f f i c l e e t a n g u s t u m i n t e r m o n t ë s e t f l ü m e n . T h e j o u r n e y w a s b o t h d i f f i c u l t a n d n a r r o w b e t w e e n t h e m o u n t a i n s a n d t h e r i v e r .

1 7 . D u c ë s i n t e r s ë i n c o n c i l i ö d ë r ë g r a v ï a g u n t . T h e l e a d e r s a c t a m o n g t h e m s e l v e s c o n c e r n i n g a s e r i o u s m a t t e r .

E X E R C I S E 2 6 7

1 . I n f i n e s h o s t i u m p e r v ë n ë r u n t . T h e y a r r i v e d i n t h e e n e m y ’ s t e r r i t o r y .

2 . A d f l ü m e n p e r v ë n ë r u n t . T h e y a r r i v e d a t t h e r i v e r .

3 . A d f l ü m e n p u g n ä v ë r u n t . T h e y f o u g h t a t / u p t o t h e r i v e r .

4 . U s q u e a d n o c t e m p u g n ä v ë r u n t . T h e y f o u g h t a l l t h e w a y t o / u n t i l n i g h t .

5 . A r m a a d b e l l u m ü t i l i a s u n t . A r m s a r e u s e f u l f o r w a r .

6 . P r ï m a l ü c e i n c a s t r a p e r v e n t u m e s t . A t d a w n t h e y a r r i v e d a t t h e c a m p .

7 . P r ï m a l ü c e i n c a s t r a p e r v ë n i t . A t d a w n h e a r r i v e d a t t h e c a m p .

8 . E r a t i n o p i a o m n i u m r ë r u m i n h ï b e r n ï s n o s t r ï s . T h e r e w a s a s c a r c i t y o f a l l t h i n g s i n o u r w i n t e r q u a r t e r s .

9 . A d i m p e d i m e n t a ä c r i t e r p u g n ä t u m e s t . T h e y f o u g h t b i t t e r l y / T h e r e w a s b i t t e r f i g h t i n g a t t h e b a g g a g e t r a i n .

1 0 . M i l i t ë s a d o m n i a p a r ä t ï e r a n t . T h e s o l d i e r s h a d b e e n p r e p a r e d f o r a l l t h i n g s .

E X E R C I S E 2 7 2

1 . H o s t ë s s e r v u m i n c a s t r a C a e s a r i s m ï s ë r u n t q u ï c ö n s i l i a ë j u s c o g n ö s c e r e t . T h e e n e m y s e n t t h e s e r v a n t i n t o t h e c a m p o f C a e s a r i n o r d e r t h a t h e m i g h t l e a r n / f i n d o u t h i s p l a n s .

2 . D u x m ï l i t ë s a d o m n i a p a r ä t ö s i n a c i e m d ë d ü x i t q u ï h o s t i u m c ö p i ä s s u s t i n ë r e n t . T h e l e a d e r l e d i n t o t h e b a t t l e l i n e s o l d i e r s p r e p a r e d f o r a l l t h i n g s i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m i g h t w i t h s t a n d t h e t r o o p s o f t h e e n e m y .

3 . N u n t i u m a d t ë m i t t a m q u ï d ë i n j ü r ï s t ë c u m a g a t . I w i l l s e n d a m e s s e n g e r t o y o u i n o r d e r t h a t h e m a y a c t w i t h y o u c o n c e r n i n g t h e w r o n g s .

4 . D u x m ï l i t ë s a d c o l l e m s t a t i m m ï s i t q u ï e u m v a l l ö f o s s ä q u e m ü n ï r e n t . T h e l e a d e r i m m e d i a t e l y s e n t t h e s o l d i e r s t o t h e h i l l i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m i g h t f o r t i f y i t w i t h a w a l l a n d a d i t c h .

5 . M ï s i t n e r ë x a d C a e s a r e m n u n t i u m q u ï a u x i l i u m p e t e r e t ? D i d t h e k i n g s e n d a m e s s e n g e r t o C a e s a r i n o r d e r t h a t h e m i g h t s e e k h e l p ?

6 . E q u i t ë s a d f l ü m e n m ï s i t q u ï l o c ï n ä t ü r a m c o g n ö s c e r e n t . H e s e n t t h e c a v a l r y t o t h e r i v e r i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m i g h t l e a r n / f i n d o u t t h e n a t u r e o f t h e p l a c e .

7 . P r o p t e r i n j ü r i ä s l ë g ä t u m m ï s i t q u ï o b s i d ë s o c c ï d e r e t . O n a c c o u n t o f t h e w r o n g s h e s e n t a l i e u t e n a n t i n o r d e r t h a t h i s k i l l t h e h o s t a g e s .

E X E R C I S E 2 7 5

1 . L ë g ä t u s c u s t o d ë s a d f l ü m e n s t a t i m c o l l o c ä v i t q u ö

f a c i l i u s p o n t e m d ë f e n d e r e n t . T h e e n v o y i m m e d i a t e l y s t a t i o n e d g u a r d s a t t h e r i v e r i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m i g h t d e f e n d t h e b r i d g e m o r e e a s i l y .

2. Ducës Römänï agrös Gallörum vastäbant në diütius bellum gererent. The Roman leaders ravaged the fields of the Gauls in order that they might not wage war longer.

3. Caesar centuriönës et tribünös mïlitum saepe appelläbat quö diütius pugnärent. Caesar often called upon the centurions and tribune of soldiers in order that they might fight longer.

4. Imperätor auxilium in prïmam aciem mïsit quö diütius et facilius mïlitës hostës pellerent. The general sent help into the first battle line in order that the soldiers might rout the enemy longer and more easily.

5. Equitës ad mürum appropinquävërunt; mïlitës autem portae appropinquävërunt. The cavalry drew near to the wall; however the soldiers drew near to the gate.

E X E R C I S E 2 8 3

1. V a l ë s n e ? Are you strong/well/(influential)?

2. Num mïlitës sine certä spë fortiter pugnant? Soldiers don’t fight bravely without certain hope, do they?

3. Nönne legionës Römänae barbarös facile superävërunt? The Roman legions easily overcame the barbarians, didn’t they?

4. Nönne virï quï fortes sunt apud barbarös plürimum valent? Men who are brave are strong in the presence of barbarians, aren’t they?

5. Num amicus certus et fortis facile cernitur? A sure and strong/brave friend is not easily distinguished, is he?

6. Nönne vir fortis in mortis perïculo facile cernitur. A brave man is easily distinguished in danger of death, isn’t he?

7. Nönne victoriäs legiönum Römänärum laudäbis? You will praise the victories of the legions of Romans, won’t you?

8. Num Columbus sine magnö laböre ad terräs noväs pervënit? Columbus did not arrive at the new lands without great effort, did he?

9. Vïdistïne Römam? Veniësne in Italiam ut eam videäs? Have you seen Rome? Will you come into Italy in order that you may see it (her)?

10. Nönne äcriter pugnäbimus ut cïvitätem nostram dëfendämus? We will fight fiercely in order that we may defend our state, won’t we?

11. Nönne Caesar plürimum apud Römänös valebit? Caesar will be very influential in the presence of the Romans, won’t he?

12. Num imperatorës apud Americänös plürimum valent? The generals aren’t influential in the presence of Americans, are they?

13. Nönne amïcï apud amïcös plürimum valent? Friends are very influential among friends, aren’t they?

E X E R C I S E 2 9 1 , p . 2 7 6

1 . P r o p t e r q u ä s i n j u r i ä s n ö s b e l l u m c u m J a p ö n i b u s g e s s i m u s ? O n a c c o u n t o f w h a t / w h i c h i n j u s t i c e s d i d w e w a g e w a r w i t h t h e J a p a n e s e ?

T h e a t t a c k o n P e a r l H a r b o r a n d d e a t h s o f s o l d i e r s o n D e c . 7 , 1 9 4 1 .

2 . Q u i s n u n t i u s q u e m o m n ë s m e m o r i ä t e n ë m u s p e r o p p i d a c o n t e n d i t u t o m n ë s a d v e n t u m B r i t a n n ö r u m e x s p e c t ä r e n t ? W h a t m e s s e n g e r w h o w e a l l h o l d i n m e m o r y h a s t e n e d t h r o u g h t o w n s i n o r d e r t h a t a l l m i g h t w a i t f o r t h e c o m i n g o f t h e B r i t i s h ?

[ P A U L R E V E R E — R e v o l u t i o n a r y W a r f o r A m e r i c a ’ s I n d e p e n d e n c e f r o m E n g l a n d ]

3 . Q u i s i m p e r ä t o r A m e r i c ä n u s t r ä n s f l ü m e n q u o d D e l a w a r e v o c ä m u s e x e r c i t u m t r ä d u x i t u t a d c a s t r a h o s t i u m c l a m p e r v e n ï r e t ? W h a t A m e r i c a n g e n e r a l l e d t h e a r m y a c r o s s t h e r i v e r t h a t w e c a l l t h e D e l a w a r e i n o r d e r t h a t h e / i t m i g h t a r r i v e s e c r e t l y a t t h e c a m p o f t h e e n e m y ? [ G E O R G E W A S H I N G T O N ]

4 . C u i g e n t ï g r a t i ä s A m e r i c ä n ï ë g i m u s p r o p t e r a u x i l i u m q u o d i n p r i m o n o s t r ö b e l l ö a d n ö s m i s i t ? F o r w h i c h n a t i o n d i d w e A m e r i c a n s h a v e t h a n k s / g r a t i t u d e o n a c c o u n t o f t h e a i d t h a t i t s e n t u s i n o u r f i r s t w a r ? F R A N C E ( A m e r i c a n W a r f o r I n d e p e n d e n c e )

5 . Q u i s d u x c ö p i ä s n o s t r ä s i n B a t a a n d ë d ü x i t q u ö d i ü t i u s c u m J a p ö n i b u s p u g n ä r e t ?

W h a t l e a d e r l e d o u r f o r c e s i n t o B a t a a n i n o r d e r t h a t h e m i g h t f i g h t l o n g e r w i t h t h e J a p a n e s e ?

D O U G L A S M c A R T H U R ( W W 2 )

6 . I n q u ö b e l l ö h o s t ë s u r b e m W a s h i n g t o n i n c e n d ë r u n t ? I n w h i c h w a r d i d t h e e n e m y b u r n t h e c i t y W a s h i n g t o n ?

[ W A R O F 1 8 1 2 ] ( B r i t i s h )

7 . Q u e m d u c e m m ï l i t ë s “ S t o n e w a l l ” a p p e l l ä v ë r u n t ?

W h i c h l e a d e r d i d t h e s o l d i e r s c a l l / a d d r e s s “ S t o n e w a l l ? ”

[ T h o m a s J . “ S t o n e w a l l ” J a c k s o n — C i v i l W a r ]

8 . Q u ï G a l l ï p r ï m ï v i d e r u n t f l ü m e n q u o d M i s s i s s i p p i v o c ä m u s ?

W h i c h f i r s t G a u l s ( F r e n c h m e n ) s a w t h e r i v e r t h a t w e c a l l t h e M i s s i s s i p p i ?

M A R Q U E T T E , J O L L I E T , L A S A L L E ( l a t e 1 7 t h c e n t . )

E X E R C I S E 2 9 9 , p p . 2 9 9 - 3 0 0

1 . L ë g ä t u s q u a e s ï v ï t q u a n t a m a q u a e c ö p i a m m ï l i t ë s h a b ë r e n t . T h e l i e u t e n a n t a s k e d h o w l a r g e a s u p p l y o f w a t e r t h e s o l d i e r s w e r e h a v i n g .

2 . L ë g ä t u s q u a e s ï v ï t u b i h o s t ë s c ö n s t i t i s s e n t . T h e l i e u t e n a n t a s k e d w h e r e t h e e n e m y h a d h a l t e d / t a k e n a p o s i t i o n .

3 . B a r b a r ï q u a e s ï v ë r u n t q u a n t a m m ï l i t u m c ö p i a m R ö m ä n ï c o ë g i s s e n t . T h e b a r b a r i a n s a s k e d h o w g r e a t a s u p p l y o f s o l d i e r s t h e R o m a n s h a d c o l l e c t e d .

4 . B a r b a r ï q u a e s ï v ë r u n t u b i R ö m ä n ï c a s t r a p o s u i s s e n t . T h e b a r b a r i a n s a s k e d w h e r e t h e R o m a n s h a d p i t c h e d c a m p .

5 . Q u a e s ï v e r a t q u a e e s s e t n ä t ü r a m o n t i s . H e h a d a s k e d w h a t w a s t h e n a t u r e o f t h e m o u n t a i n .

6 . Q u a e s ï v e r a t q u a n t u m o b s i d u m n u m e r u m l ë g ä t u s c o ë g i s s e t . H e h a d a s k e d h o w g r e a t a n u m b e r o f h o s t a g e s t h e l i e u t e n a n t h a d c o l l e c t e d .

7 . Q u a e r ë b a t q u ï p o r t ü s e s s e n t i n e ï s l o c ï s . H e w a s a s k i n g w h i c h h a r b o r s w e r e i n t h e s e p l a c e s .

8 . Q u a e r ë b a n t n u m h o s t ë s c o l l ë s o c c u p ä v i s s e n t . T h e y w e r e a s k i n g w h e t h e r t h e e n e m y h a d s e i z e d t h e h i l l s .

9 . R ö m ä n u s , “ Q u a e r ö , ” i n q u i t , “ n u m D e u s v e s t e r s i t D e u s v ë r u s . ” T h e R o m a n s a i d , “ I a s k w h e t h e r y o u r G o d i s t h e t r u e G o d . ”

E X E R C I S E 3 1 8 , p . 3 0 7

1 . A g r ö s a t q u e u r b ë s s u ä s d ë f e n d ë b a n t . T h e y w e r e d e f e n d i n g t h e i r o w n f i e l d s a n d c i t i e s .

2. F o r t i t e r s ë d ë f e n d u n t . T h e y a r e d e f e n d i n g t h e m s e l v e s b r a v e l y .

3. P o s t C a e s a r i s v i c t ö r i a m a t q u e s u ö r u m p r ï n c i p u m c a e d e m , h o s t ë s s ë s u a q u e o m n i a e ï d ë d i d ë r u n t . A f t e r t h e v i c t o r y o f C a e s a r a n d t h e s l a u g h t e r o f t h e i r o w n c h i e f s , t h e e n e m y s u r r e n d e r e d t h e m s e l v e s a n d t h e i r t h i n g s ( p o s s e s s i o n s ) t o h i m .

4. B a r b a r ï p o s t e q u i t u m s u ö r u m c a e d e m f u g ä s a l ü t e m p e t ï v ë r u n t . T h e b a r b a r i a n s s o u g h t s a f e t y i n f l i g h t a f t e r t h e s l a u g h t e r o f t h e i r ( o w n ) c a v a l r y .

5. N ö n n e m ä t r ë s f i l i ö s s u ö s d i l i g u n t ? M o t h e r s l o v e t h e i r o w n s o n s , d o n ’ t t h e y ?

6. B a r b a r ï f u g ä m o n t ë s p e t ï v ë r u n t , a t m a g n u s e ö r u m n u m e r u s i n f u g ä a b e q u i t i b u s R ö m ä n ï s o c c ï s u s e s t . T h e b a r b a r i a n s s o u g h t t h e m o u n t a i n s b y f l i g h t , b u t a g r e a t n u m b e r o f t h e m w a s ( h a s b e e n ) k i l l e d i n f l i g h t f r o m t h e R o m a n c a v a l r y .

7. G a l l ï l e g ä t ö s a d C a e s a r e m m ï s ë r u n t q u ï a u x i l i u m p e t e r e n t . I t a q u e C a e s a r a d e ö s m ï s i t e q u i t ë s q u ï f i n ë s e ö r u m d ë f e n d e r e n t . T h e G a u l s s e n t m e s s e n g e r s t o C a e s a r i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m i g h t b e g / s e e k h e l p . T h e r e f o r e C a e s a r s e n t t h e c a v a l r y t o t h e m i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m i g h t d e f e n d t h e i r t e r r i t o r y .

8. D ï l i g i t e , f r ä t r ë s m e ï , D e u m . D e u s e n i m p ä c e m s u a m v ö b i s d a b i t .

L o v e G o d , m y b r o t h e r s . F o r G o d w i l l g i v e H i s o w n p e a c e t o y o u .

9. L a u d ä v i t n e C a e s a r v i r t ü t e m s u ö r u m ? D i d C a e s a r p r a i s e t h e c o u r a g e o f h i s o w n ( m e n ) ?

10. E t i a m h o s t ë s s a e p e f o r t i t e r p u g n ä v ë r u n t . I t a q u e C a e s a r v i r t ü t e m e ö r u m l a u d ä v i t . T h e e n e m y a l s o o f t e n f o u g h t b r a v e l y . T h e r e f o r e C a e s a r p r a i s e d t h e i r c o u r a g e .

11. G a l l ï s a e p e e q u i t ë s a d C a e s a r e m m ï s ë r u n t q u ï c u m c ö p i ï s ë j u s p u g n ä r e n t . T h e G a u l s o f t e n s e n t c a v a l r y a g a i n s t C a e s a r i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m i g h t f i g h t w i t h h i s t r o o p s .

12. L ë g ä t u s n u n t i u m d ë p e r ï c u l ö s u ö a d C a e s a r e m m ï s i t . I t a q u e C a e s a r s t a t i m o m n ë s c ö p i ä s s u ä s i n f i n ë s

b a r b a r ö r u m c l a m e t c e l e r i t e r d ë d ü x i t . T h e m e s s e n g e r s e n t a m e s s a g e a b o u t h i s o w n d a n g e r t o C a e s a r . T h e r e f o r e C a e s a r i m m e d i a t e l y l e d a w a y a l l h i s o w n t r o o p s s w i f t l y a n d s e c r e t l y i n t o t h e t e r r i t o r y o f

t h e b a r b a r i a n s .

R e a d i n g 2 5 , p p . 3 2 2 - 3 2 4 ( . . . b o t t o m 3 2 3 . . . )

Cum vërö ea ä mïlitibus audïta essent, trës fortes virï clam ad castra hostium pervënërunt ut aquam ad rëgum portärent.

When in truth/But when those things had been (were) heard by the soldiers, three brave men secretly arrived at the enemy camp in order that they might carry water to the king.

Magnum erat perïculum, tamen ä custödibus hostium vïsï nön sunt.

Great was the danger, nevertheless they were not seen by the guards of the enemy.

Itaque aquam ad rëgem tütï portäverunt et eï dedërunt.

Therefore they carried water to the king safely and gave (it) to him.

Rëx vërö, cum aquam vïdisset, eörum vitüte et amïcitiä vehementer mötus est.

But the king, when he saw the water, was moved greatly by their courage and friendship.

Per loca enim perïculörum plëna in castra hostium pervënërunt ut ad eum aqua portärëtur.

For (because) through places full of dangers they had arrived in the camp of the enemy in order that water might be carried to him.

Scïvit rëx quantö in perïculö propter së fuissent.

The king knew how much in danger they had been (were) on account of him(self).

Itaque eïs grätiäs ëgit sed aquam in terram Dominö lïbävit.

Therefore he gave thanks to them but he poured out water upon the earth as a sacrifice to the Lord.

henle exercises/answers lcd - · pdf filehenle latin 1 exercise 6 1. nautae terram laudant....

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