hepatocellular carcinoma is the 5 th most common malignancy worldwide with male-to-female ratio –...
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Hepatocellular carcinoma related to Hbv and Hcv
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the 5th most common malignancy worldwide with male-to-female ratio
– 5:1 in Asia– 2:1 in the United States
Tumor incidence varies significantly, depending on geographical location.
HCC with age. – 53 years in Asia– 67 years in the United States.
Incidence according to etiology
Etiology•Hepatitis B
-increase risk 100 -200 fold
•Hepatitis C•Cirrhosis
- 70% of HCC arise on top of cirrhosis
•Toxins -Alcohol -Tobacco - Aflatoxins
•Autoimmune hepatitis•States of insulin resistance- Overweight in males Diabetes mellitus
Signs & symptoms Nonspecific symptoms
– abdominal pain– Fever, chills– anorexia, weight loss– jaundice
Physical findings– abdominal mass in one third– splenomegaly– ascites– abdominal tenderness
which patients are at high risk for the development of HCC & should be offered surveillance
- M &F with established cirrhosis due to HBV and/ or HCV, particularly those with ongoing viral replication
- M &F with established cirrhosis due to genetic haemochromatosis
- M with alcohol related cirrhosis
- M with primary biliary cirrhosis
Patient who require surveilanceAsian men > 40 y (HBV chronic hepatitis)Asian women> 50 yFamily history of HccCirrhotic patientAfrican and and north American black
Screaning Patient with hbv who are African appear to
get hcc at a younger age
Risk factor for hbvHost
Male ( estrogen and testosterone )Family history of hccCirrhosisobesity
virusElevated hbv DNA levelHbe AgGenotype C and D HDV , HIV , or HCV co-infection
Environmental AlcoholTobacco ( smoking)Aflatoxin B
Because hcc may develop in chronic hbv in the absence of cirrhosis , many patients may have had preserved liver function and thus been able to tolerate resection.
hccGenotype 1bHCV RNA level
diagnosisUltra sonography AFP
End stage of cirrhosis(prognosis)
Treatment/Managmenttement
Treatment (Surgery)The only proven potentially curative therapy
for HCC Hepatic resection or liver transplantation
Patients with single small HCC (≤5 cm) or up to three lesions ≤3 cm
Resection Hepatic resection should be considered in HCC and
a non-cirrhotic liver (including fibrolamellar variant)
Resection can be carried out in highly selected patients with cirrhosis and well preserved hepatic function (Child-Pugh A) who are unsuitable for liver transplantation. It carries a high risk of postoperative decompensation.
The majority of early mortality is due to liver failure.
Transplantation
Liver transplantation should be considered in any patient with cirrhosis
Transplantation Milan Criteria : Single HCC ≤5 cm or Up to three nodules ≤3 cm No extra hepatic spread About 10 % qualify for listing The major drawback of transplantation is
The scarcity of donors. The long waiting time.
Treatment (non-Surgical)should only be used where surgical therapy is not
possible.
1) Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) has been shown to produce necrosis of small HCC. It is best suited to peripheral lesions, less than 3 cm in
diameter
2) Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) High frequency ultrasound to generate heat good alternative ablative therapy No survival advantage Useful for tumor control in patients awaiting liver
transplant
Treatment (non-Surgical3) Cryotherapy
intraoperatively to ablate small solitary tumors outside a planned resection in patients with bilobar disease
4) Chemoembolisation
Concurrent administration of hepatic arterial chemotherapy (doxirubicin) with embolization of hepatic artery
Produce tumour necrosis in 50% of patients Effective therapy for pain or bleeding from HCC Affect survival in highly selected patients with good
liver reserve Complications: (pain, fever and hepatic
decompensation)
Treatment (non-Surgical5) Systemic chemotherapy
very limited role in the treatment of HCC with poor response rate
Best single agent is doxorubicin (RR: 10- 20%) should only be offered in the context of clinical trials
6) Hormonal therapy- Nolvadex, stilbestrol and flutamide
7) Interferon-alfa8) retinoids and adaptive immunotherapy (adjuvant)
Radiofrequency Ablation
Transarterial ChemoembolizationMeta-analysis of 7 randomized controlled trials • 2 yr survival: 41% (19-63%)• Treatment response: 35% (16-61%) • Average no. of sessions: 1-4.5 • Risks:
– Infection – Tumor lysis syndrome – Hepatic failure