herbal face wash gel of cynodon dactylon having

Pharmaceutical Resonance 2020 Vol. 3 - Issue 1

© Published by DYPIPSR, Pimpri, Pune - 411 018 ( MH ) INDIA 36

RESEARCH ARTICLE

HERBAL FACE WASH GEL OF CYNODON DACTYLON HAVING ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTION

P. K. Mane*, Aniket Dangare

Satara College of Pharmacy, Satara

P. K. Mane Satara College of Pharmacy Satara

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Skin care preparations

The skin care preparations has grown phenomenally over the years. People utilize a range of skin care preparations, from mouth wash, from lipsticks to complexion creams to foot powders and so on, in the hope of developing a charming personality, protecting their bodies and avoiding bad smell. Skin care preparations are described as substances that are intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled and sprayed on or, introduced into or otherwise applied to human body or any part of body , for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance of skin(1).

Ayurveda describes the role of various herbs like amla, haldi in cosmetic preparations. Ladies of eighteenth century, europe, whitened their faces with lead carbonate without knowing what harm they were doing to themselves-many of them died from lead poisoning (1).

1.2 Skin care preparation for face :

Cleansing creams and lotions Compact powders Rouges Face packs and masks Face washes(2)

1.3 Face Wash :

a) Definition

A cleanser is a facial care product that is used to remove makeup, dead skin cells, oil, dirt, and other

types of pollutants from the skin of the face. This helps to unclog pores and prevent skin conditions such as acne. A cleanser can be used as part of a skin care regimen together with a toner and moisturizer(2).

b) Advantages of face wash

It helps to remove dead skin cells that helps new skin cells replace old one

It helps to keep skin fresh and healthy. It makes the skin to look radiant The mixture of dead skin cells and

excessive oil clog pores, which can lead to acne white heads, blackheads and total weary appearance. Exfoliating the pores regularly, avoids all the above skin problems.

Removing dead skin cells that means your skin will develop wrinkles at a slower pace(2).

c) Properties of face - wash :

The exfoliation accelerates the blood circulation and promotes skin regeneration and rejuvenation.

Facial pores and Oily skin is caused by over secretion of sebum by sebaceous glands which clogs the makes the skin oilier.

Oily skin requires cleansers with herbs and botanicals which will clean the pores and reduce oil buildup. These exfoliating cleansers contain anti-inflammatory agents and antioxidants that improve and nourish the damaged skin.

Known for its beneficial properties, herbal face wash is used to treat acne and pimples. Containing rich plant-based ingredients like neem, herbal face wash removes excess oil without removing nutrients from the skin.

It should be stable and should have a good appearance.

It should soften on application to the skin. It should spread easily without dragging. During application it should not have oily or

greasy feel. After evaporation of water the cream



residue should not become viscous. Its physical action should be that of flushing

on the skin and pore opening rather than absorption.

A thin emollient film should remain on the skin after its use (2).

d) Uses of face-wash

To remove all traces of makeup every day For cleansing the skin. Anti-aging, Bath and renewal keeping the skin clean and

shiny. Stimulates there generation of the skin cells

and their renewal. Help plug the pores clear(2).

e) Agents use in face wash

i) Therapeutic agents use in face wash

Antimicrobial

In its broadest definition, an antimicrobial is an agent that interferes with the growth and reproduction of bacteria. While antibiotics and antimicrobials both attack bacteria, these terms have evolved over the years to mean two different things. Antimicrobial are now most commonly described as agents used to disinfect surfaces and eliminate potentially harmful bacteria (3).

Anti-inflammatory

It is the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation or swelling. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system to block pain signaling to the brain (4).

Anti-acne

Acne is a skin disorder that leads to an outbreak of lesions called pimples or "zits." The most common form of the disease in adolescents is called acne vulgaris. Antiacne drugs are the medicines that help clear up the pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, and more severe forms of lesions that occur when a teen has acne (4)

ii) Additives used in face wash

Antioxidants

Antioxidants are manmade or natural substances that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage. Antioxidants are found in many foods, including fruits and vegetables. They are also available as dietary supplements.

Examples ; Lycopene, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E. (5)

Gelling agent

Gelling Agents are ingredients that will turn water or oil, phase into a gel, which is thickened but, without stiffness. Emulsions thickened with gelling agents will be more mobile, and fluid, than rather than stiff. Some of these gels will thin when force is applied (thixotropic) and return to viscosity when the force is removed. These gels make it possible to create thick products, that can be shaken, or stirred under high shear, for easier bottling, or for spraying.

Examples; carbopol 940, carbopol 934. (6)

Preservative

The primary reason for using preservatives is to make foods safer by eliminating the influence of biological factors. The greatest threat to consumers is that of food being spoiled, or from becoming toxic by the effect of microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, yeast, moulds) occurring in them.

Some of these organisms can secrete poisonous substances (“toxins”), which are dangerous to human health and can even be fatal.

Examples; methyl paraben, propyl paraben.(7)

Humectants

The humectants are a hygroscopic substance used to keep things moist; it is the opposite of a desiccant. It is often a molecule with several hydrophilic groups, most often hydroxyl groups; however, amines and carboxyl groups, sometimes esterified, can be encountered as well (its affinity to form hydrogen bonds with molecules of water is the crucial trait). They are used in many products, including food, cosmetics, medicines and pesticides.

The humectants attract and retains the moisture in the air nearby via absorption, drawing the water vapor into and/or beneath the organism/object's surface.

Examples; Propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, and butylene glycol.(8)

Foaming agent

A foaming agent is a material that facilitates formation of foam such as a surfactant or a blowing agent. A surfactant, when present in small amounts, reduces surface tension of a liquid (reduces the work needed to create the foam) or increases its colloidal stability by inhibiting coalescence of bubbles. A blowing agent is a gas that forms the gaseous part of the foam.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swelling_(medical)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory_drug

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory_drug

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioids

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system



Examples; Sodium lauryl sulfate, azodicarbonamide, titanium hydride.(9)

4. Herb in face wash

a) Advantages of Herbal Cosmetics over Synthetic cosmetics

Herbal cosmetics are the modern trend in the field of beauty and fashion. These agents are gaining popularity as most women prefer natural products over chemicals for their personal care to enhance their beauty as these products supply the body with nutrients and enhance health and provide satisfaction as these are free from synthetic chemicals and have relatively less side-effects compared to the synthetic cosmetics. Following are some of the advantages of using natural cosmetics which make them a better choice over the synthetic ones:

1. Compatible with all skin types

Natural cosmetics are suitable for all skin types. No matter if you are dark or fair, you will find natural cosmetics like foundation, eye shadow, and lipstick which are appropriate irrespective of your skin tone. Women with oily or sensitive skin can also use them and never have to worry about degrading their skin condition. Coal tar-derived colors are used extensively in cosmetics, Coal tar is recognized as a human carcinogen and the main concern with individual coal tar a color (whether produced from coal tar or synthetically) is they can cause cancer. But natural colors that obtained from herbs are safer(10).

2. Wide selection to choose from

Natural cosmetics may still be a new type in the beauty industry but they already offer a variety of beauty products for all make up crazy people out there to choose from. One will find a variety of foundation, eye shadow, lipstick, blush, mascara, concealer and many more which are all naturally formulated. Furthermore, one will find locally made natural cosmetics or those made by famous designers worldwide.

There exist large variety of herbal extracts, to name a few Andrographis Paniculata (Kalmegh), Asparagus Racemosus (Shatawari), Boswellia Serrata (Salai Guggal), Asphalt (Shilajit) etc(10).

3. Fits your budget

Natural cosmetics are not that expensive. In fact, some of these products are more affordable than synthetic ones. They are offered at discounted prices and are sold for a cheap price during sales. Just need to survey enough to look for great deals. An estimate of WHO demonstrates about 80% of world

population depends on natural products for their health care, because of side effects inflicted and rising cost of modern medicine. World Health Organization currently recommends and encourages traditional herbal cures in natural health care programs as these drugs are easily available at low cost and are comparatively safe (10).

4. Not tested on animals

Some cosmetics are initially tested on animals to ensure that they are safe and effective to use for human. However, natural cosmetics need not be tested on animals. These natural formulations are tested by experts in laboratories using state of the art equipment with no animals involved (10).

5. No Side Effects

The synthetic beauty products can irritate your skin, and cause pimples. They might block your pores and make your skin dry or oily. With natural cosmetics, one need not worry about these. The natural ingredients used assure no side effects; one can apply them anytime, anywhere. For example herbal cosmetics are free from parabens that are the most widely used preservative in cosmetics and can penetrate the skin and are suspected of interfering with hormone function.to clear up mild to moderately severe acne. Isotretinoin (Accutane) is an oral drug that is prescribed only for very severe, disfiguring acne.(10)

b) Cynodon Doctylon ( Bermuda Grass )

Cynodon doctylon is a perennial grass, is one the most common occurring weeds in India. It is commonly known as dhub, doob or harialil; other common names include durba (Bengali), garikoihallu (Kanarese), durva (Marathi), durva or haritali (Sanskrit), arugampullu (Tamil), garikagoddi (Telug) and dhubkhabbal (Punjabi) . It is a resilient, perennial grass distributed all over the world and especially it is native to the warm temperate and tropical regions. It is a creeping grass, very tough, drought resistant, light green in colour, has a coarse texture, and fast growing. It is found in short cylindrical pieces about 3 to 20 mm long & 2 to 3 or sometimes 4 mm in diameter.

Cynodon dactylon is a traditional medicine in India and has a renowned position for minor treatments. Also having wide range of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-acne activity.(11,16,17)

Taxonomical Classification of Cynodon Dactylon (11)

Kingdom – Plantae Division – Magneliophyta



Class – Liliopsida Order – Cyperales Family – Poaceae Genus – Cynodon Species – Cynodon dactylon I. Chemical Constituents

Cynodon dactylon plant extract contain chemical constituents like flavonoids, glycoside sugars, sterols, steroidal saponins, phenols, alkaloids, tannins, proteins, carbohydrate and amino acid having different biological activity.

II. Drug Profile of Herbal Face Wash

a) Herbal medicines

Cynodon Doctylon ( Bermuda Grass )

Fig. No.1 Cynodon dactylon

Synonym: Bermuda grass, har iali, dhurva.

Biological source : Cynodon dactylon.

Family: Poaceae.

Use : Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Antioxidant, Antiseptic, Anti-acne. b) Excipient Profile

1. Carbapol

Structure

IUPAC name : Poly (acrylic acid)

Other names : PAA, PAAc, Acrysol, Acumer .

Chemical formula : (C3H4O2)n

Molar mass : var iable

USES: Polyacrylic acid and its der ivatives are

used in disposable diapers, ion exchange resins and

adhesives. They are also popular as thickening, dis-

persing, suspending and emulsifying agents in phar-

maceuticals, cosmetics and paints.

2. Methyl paraben

Structure :

IUPAC name : Methyl 4hydroxybenzoate

Other names : Methyl paraben

Chemical Formula : C8H8O3

Molar mass : 152.15 g·mol−1

Uses : Methyl paraben is an antifungal agent often

used in a variety of cosmetics and personalcare prod-

ucts.

It is also used as a food preservative.

Methyl paraben is commonly used as a fungicide in

Drosophila food media.

3. Propyl paraben

Structure:

IUPAC name : propyl 4hydroxybenzoate..

Other names : 4Hydroxybenzoesäurepropylester ;

Chemical formula : C10H12O3

Molar mass : 180.2 g/mol



Density : 1.0630 g / cm3

Melting Point : 96 to 99 °C ( 205 to 210 °F; 369 to

372 K )

Use : In cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and foods.

4. Triethanolamine

Structure :

IUPAC Name : Tr is (2hydroxyethyl) Amine

Other Names : Tr iethylolamine

Chemical Formula : C6H15NO3

Molar Mass : 149.19 g·mol−1

Density : 1.124 g mL−1

Melting Point : 21.60 °C; 70.88 °F; 294.75 K

Use :Tr iethanolamine is used pr imar ily as an

emulsifier and surfactant. It is a common ingredient

in formulations used for both industrial and consumer

products. The triethanolamine neutralizes fatty acids,

adjusts and buffers the pH, and solubilises oils and

other ingredients that are not completely soluble in

water.

5. Propylene glycol

Structure :

IUPAC Name : Propane1, 2 diol

Other Names : Propylene glycol

Chemical Formula : C3H8O2

Molar Mass : 76.10 g·mol−1

Density : 1.036 g/ cm3

Melting point : −59 °C (−74 °F; 214 K)

Use : For ty five percent of propylene glycol produced is used as chemical for the production of

unsaturated polyester resins. In this regard, propylene glycol reacts with a mixture of unsaturated maleic anhydride and isophthalic acid to give a copolymer. This partially unsaturated polymer undergoes further crosslinking to yield thermoset plastics.

6. Sodium lauryl sulphate

Structure :

IUPAC Name : Sodium lauryl sulfate

Other Names : Sodium monododecyl sulfate

Chemical Formula : NaC12H25SO4

Molar Mass : 288.372 g/mol

Density : 1.01 g/ cm3

Melting point : 206 °C (403 °F; 479 K)

Use : SLS is mainly used in detergents for laundry with many cleaning applications.SLS is a highly effective surfactant and is used in any task requiring the removal of oily stains and residues.(12)

III. Formulation Of Herbal Face Wash

In our formulation we have selected active agents like Bermuda grass extract to achieve anti-bacterial property. Face wash gel was formulated for that purpose carbapol 940 was used as gelling agent. Methyl and propyl paraben were used as preservatives. Triethanolamine was used as alkalizing agent to achieve good stability. Propylene glycol was added it also gives emollient effect on skin. Sodium lauryl sulphate was added to produce foam. The formulation ingredient and its concentration are shown in table no. 2.

Extraction Procedure

The whole part of C. dactylon was cleaned by distilled water and shade dried for 24 Hrs in a drying chamber at 40–500C and powdered using a mechanical blender. Approximately, 100 g of plant powder was later soaked into 200ml of ethanol and shaken on a platform shaker at 150rpm with temperature of 250C to obtain extract. The soaking process was repeated three days for a complete extraction. After 3 days content were filtered out by using simple filtration method and filtrates were collected in separate vessel.(13, 14)



Sr. Name of ingredients Property

1 Ethanolic extract of Cynodon dactylon

Antibacterial

2 Carbopol 940 Gelling agent

3 Methyl paraben Preservative

4 Propyl paraben Preservative

5 Triethanolamine Neutralizer

6 Propylene glycol Humectant

7 Sodium lauryl sulphate Foaming agent

8 Distilled water Vehicle

Table No. 2 : Formulation table for herbal face

wash

Fig. No.2 : Plant powder with ethanol

Fig. No.3 : Mixture on magnetic shaker For

complete extraction

Preparation of face wash

1) Carbapol 940 was dispersed in of distilled

water and the beaker was kept aside to swell the

carbapol 940 to form gel.

2) Take distilled water and required quantity of

methyl paraben and propyl paraben were taken

and dissolved by heating on water bath,

solution was cooled and propylene glycol 400

and sodium lauryl sulphate were added.

3) Further required quantity of extract was mixed

to the above mixture and add this solution into

the carbapol 940 gel with continuous stirring

and triethanolamine was added dropwise to the

formulation for adjustment of required skin pH

and to obtain the gel at required consistency.

(14)

IV. Result

Therefore three different batches of Cynodon

dactylon were prepared having varing concentrations.

Of the three batches( Table No. 2 ), F2 batch showed

optimized results for the properties of gel and

evaluation parameters were evaluated for the F2

batch,

Fig. No.4 : Formulations of herbal gel batches a

F1,F2,and F3

V. Evaluation

The prepared face wash formulation was evaluated

for following parameter (15, 16)

1. Colour : The colour of the face wash

formulation was checked visually.

2. Odour : The formulation was evaluated for

its odour by smelling it.

3. Consistency :It was determined manually.

4. pH : pH of 1% aqueous solution of the

formulation was measured by using a caliberated

digital pH meter at constant temperature.

5. Spreadability : The spreadibility is

determined by using spreadibilty testing apparatus. It

consist of wodden block, which is provided by pulley

at one end. By this method the spreadibilty was

measured on the basis of ‘slip’ and ‘Drag’ placed on

the ground slidethe gel was sandwitched between the

slide load of 1 kg was kept on slab so that gel will get

spreaded without air bubbles , Excess of gel was

scrapped off . Later on, 20 kg of standard weight was

placed in pulley with the help of string attached to

hook and time required to move till the end was noted

and the length of spreaded gel is also noted.



Sr. No. Name of ingredients F1 F2 F3

1 Ethanolic extract of Cynodon dactylon 0.3gm 1gm 0.3gm

2 Carbopol 940 0.5gm 1.5gm 2gm

3 Methyl paraben 0.03gm 0.06gm 0.06gm

4 Propyl paraben 0.03gm 0.03gm 0.03gm

5 Triethanolamine q.s. 0.36ml q.s.

6 Propylene glycol 1ml 2.5ml 1.5ml

7 Sodium lauryl sulphate 1gm 2.5gm 3.5gm

8 Distilled water q.s. to 30ml q.s. to 30ml q.s. to 30ml

Table No. 3 : Formulation table for different batches

Spreadability was then calculated by using formula

S= M x L = 20 x 11 = 3.38 gm.cm / sec T 65

Where, S = is spreadability.

L = length moved by glass slide.

M = weight in the pan.

T= time taken to separate the slide com pletely from each other.

Fig. No.5 : Spreadability apparatus.

Fig. No.6 : Washability test

6. Washability: Formulation was applied on the skin and then ease and extent of washing with water was checked manually.

7. Foamability : Small amount of gel was taken in a beaker containing water. Initial volume was noted, beaker was shaken for 10 times and the final volume was noted.

8. Viscosity : About 10ml of formulated sample was taken in the beaker and checked on digital viscometer and record the observation were recorded.

Fig.No.7 : Foamability test

Fig. No.8 : Brookfield viscometer



Sr. No. Parameters Observations

1 Colour Dark green

2 Odour Characteristic

3 Consistency Semisolid

4 PH 7.4

5 Spreadability 3.38gm.cm/sec

6 Washability Washable

7 Foamability Foam appears

8 Viscosity 4406.3 cps

Table No.4 : Observation and Evaluation of

Herbal Face wash

VI. Conculsion

Herbal face wash gel containing Cynodon dactylon extract was formulated successfully by using carbapol 940 as gelling agent. Three batches were formulated, out of that, batch F2 shows better results for formation of the gel. Evaluation tests were carried out for batch F2 as colour, consistency, pH, spreadability, washability and foamability it showed compatible results. So from the studies it was concluded that the prepared formulation can be effectively used for facial care.

REFRENCES :

[1] Sanju nanda, arun nanda, roop k. khar. “Introduction and design of the study,cosmetics technology”, birla publication first edition2006- 2007 Page no. 243.

[2] P.P. sharm “cosmetics-formulation, manufacturing and quality control” by Vandana publication third edition page no. 142.

[3] https://storify.com/ASEEM_SOOD/ benefitsofherbalfacewash

[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki.

[5] https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ antioxidants.html.

[6] http://www.ingredientstodiefor.com/category/ Thickeners_Polymers_RheologyModifiers/c36

[7] http://www.eufic.org/article/en/ foodsafetyquality/foodadditives/artid/ preservativesfoodlongersafer.

[8] What is a humectant (http://www.wisegeek.org/ whatisanhumectant.htm), wisegeek.org

[9] Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2nd Edition (1997) 1972, 31, 612IUPAC

[10] Sharma A, Shanker C, Tyagi LK, Singh M, Rao ChV“Herbal Medicine for Market Potential in India : An overview”. Academic Journal of Plant Sciences 1,(2008): 26-36.

[11] Ekta chandel* and Bhupender kumar, “Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Cynodon dactylon:A Review”, World journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences volume 4 2015,(2015), page no. 515-530.

[12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

[13] S. Abdullah, J. Gobilik and K. P. Chong.“In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (bermuda) Against Selected Pathogens”.

[14] Seema Yuvraj Mendhekar*, Pratik Bharat Thorat, Nikita Nivruti Bodke, Jadhav S. L, “Formulation and evaluation of gel containing neem, turmeric, aloe vera, green tea and lemon extract with activated charcoal and honey” European journal of pharmaceutical and medical research,2017, 4(12), page no. 439 -443.

[15] Harsharan Pal Singh*1, Neeraj Samnhotra1,2, Sumeet Gullaiya3, Ishpreet Kaur4,“Anti-acne synergistic herbal face wash gel: formulation evaluation and stability studies”, World journal of pharmaceutical research, volume 4,(2015), page no. 1261-1273.

[16] Lalit Kumar1*, Ruchi Verma2,” In vitro evaluation of topical gel prepared using natural polymer”, International journal of Drug Delivery 2 (2010) page no. 58-63.

[17] Kartikey Pandey*, C. S. Singh, Raj K. Prasad, A. K. Singh and M. K. Mishra,“Studies of anti-microbial activity using leaf extract of Cynodon dactylon,” Scholar research library , der pharmacia letter,(2016), 8(3):page no.325 -330.

[18] Vipin Kumar Garg* and Sarvesh Kumar Paliwal ,”Studies of anti-inflammatory activity of extract of plant Cynodon dactylon”, International journal of pharmacology,(2011) 7 (3): page no.370-375

https://storify.com/ASEEM_SOOD/benefitsofherbalfacewash

https://storify.com/ASEEM_SOOD/benefitsofherbalfacewash

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antioxidants.html

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antioxidants.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

herbal face wash gel of cynodon dactylon having

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