here: it includes a script version of the draft paper
TRANSCRIPT
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"Opportunities for the development of fortification tourism: experience of European
walled towns” A Presentation for the Kaliningrad Tourism Conference 15th April
2005
David M. Bruce, MA, MPhil, MRTPI, MCILT, MTS Principal Lecturer in Tourism, Bristol Business School,
University of West of England
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A word or two about myself [email protected]
• I regret I cannot be here.
• My background has been in – History– Economics– Town Planning– Transport– and finally Tourism
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To begin with walled and fortified towns
• Any town still defined by its walls or defensive structures is an anomaly.
• Either the town's growth has been arrested at some point (crisis)
• and/or economic life has subsequently passed it by.
• This process is described in the ‘Ashworth model’
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Ashworth model adapted
Race forSurvival
III
7.1 Gem City development modelPhases of Development
I II IV
DormantRsources Resource
Maintenance
Resource Creation
Dev
elop
men
t
Valu
atio
n
Including
Walls
crisi
s
Sustai
nable
Devel
opment?
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defences medieval or 'modern'
• dramatic (or dramatically restored or re-created)
• town walls or defensive structures which are intrinsic to the community identity.
• Soave - Naarden• Kaliningrad
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• Founded in Wales in 1989 at Tenby to:– To create an
international forum. – To encourage
friendships visits and mutual understanding between the inhabitants • To encourage an increase
in tourism whilst considering the challenges.
• To develop joint marketing strategies to increase world-wide awareness of walled towns.
Walled Towns Friendship Circle
http://www.tourism-research.org/wtfcresearchdb.html
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‘Heritage’ a contentious subject
• Glendinning in “Beyond the cult of the Monument” (2001) – condemns ‘the totalitarian (mis-)conception of age-
value’– identifies the conscious and inadvertent mutual
monument destruction of 20th Century warfare
– sees ‘National Heritage’ as ‘now a mask for global commodification’
• Ashworth and Lowenthal developed further themes
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‘Dissonant’ Heritage
• Conquest, changes in borders, changes in political control, even changes in population make ‘heritage’ contentious - ESPECIALLY ‘National Heritage’.
• Tunbridge and Ashworth (1996) – about 10 pages on the case of Kaliningrad
• Even walled towns may be divisive, – with insiders and outsiders.
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Ownership and Responsibility
• 'Who owns the Past?' asked Lowenthal (1996)
• Tourism incentives to inclusiveness• But dangers of heritage tourism leading to
"irritation/resentment and displacement of [present] host communities"
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The Economic Incentive of tourism for walled towns
• Across Europe the 147 member towns– have a population of 3.5 million – attract some 50 million visitors a year. – usually staying only for a day or two – worth about one billion Euros a year– or 285 Euros per head of local population.
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Costs and Benefits
• In larger towns they cost little in the way of extra resources because the infrastucture is available to (and / or needed by) the local inhabitants.
• about 66,000 full time jobs– though many may be part-time or seasonal.
• The built heritage helps– to lengthen the stay– to increase the spend and employment.
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European Commission INTERREG iiiC
• a 3 year project called ‘ARCHWAY’– led by the Walled City
of Chester with– 7 other walled towns
members • plus one other town
– advised by the University of West of England.
• Five dimensions of historic town management – Conservation and
Interpretation– Transport and Traffic– Spatial Planning– Tourism and Marketing– Cultural Heritage
Management
• accessibility to the heritage
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Archway Partners
• Chester• s’Hertogenbosch • UWE, Bristol • (unwalled) Loerrach• Pecs• Piran• ‘Arabarri’ (a consortium
of small towns in Spain)• Verona• Lucca• Valletta
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Piran/Pirano
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WHERE WE WERE FROM
RachaelRachaelSamanthaSamantha
MaMaKingKing
MojgMojgan an KateKate
BeamBeam
Wenting Wenting
Ivy Ivy
ququ
Lili Lili
LanlanLanlanJuneJuneDavidDavid
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Königsberg from Baedeker 1906
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UNESCO NARA DECLARATION AND WALLED TOWNS
About ‘authenticity’
"The cultural heritage of each is the cultural heritage of all” UNESCO
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Piran DeclarationWalled Towns are unique inheritances from times
long past and should be treasured, maintained and safeguarded from neglect and destruction and
passed on to perpetuity as irreplaceable'Timestones of History'
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WTFC Websitethe website of the Walled Towns Friendship Circle
http://www.walledtowns.com and especially the linked research pages at
http://www.tourism-research.org/wtfcresearchdb.html
and for Unesco http://www.unesco.org