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Monday, May 28, 2012
ComputerNetworks:Interview,VivaandBasicQuestionsPart3
Interview,VivaandBasicsQuestionofComputerNetworksPart3
1.DefineNetwork?
Anetworkisasetofdevicesconnectedbyphysicalmedialinks.Anetworkisrecursivelyisaconnectionoftwoormorenodesbyaphysicallinkortwoormorenetworksconnectedbyoneormorenodes.
2.WhatisaLink?
Atthelowestlevel,anetworkcanconsistoftwoormorecomputersdirectlyconnectedbysomephysicalmediumsuchascoaxialcableoropticalfiber.SuchaphysicalmediumiscalledasLink.
3.Whatisanode?
Anetworkcanconsistoftwoormorecomputersdirectlyconnectedbysomephysicalmediumsuchascoaxialcableoropticalfiber.SuchaphysicalmediumiscalledasLinksandthecomputeritconnectsiscalledasNodes.
4.WhatisagatewayorRouter?
AnodethatisconnectedtotwoormorenetworksiscommonlycalledasrouterorGateway.Itgenerallyforwardsmessagefromonenetworktoanother.
5.Whatispointpointlink?
Ifthephysicallinksarelimitedtoapairofnodesitissaidtobepointpointlink.
6.WhatisMultipleAccess?
Ifthephysicallinksaresharedbymorethantwonodes,itissaid
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(SS)SystemSoftwareVivaQuestionandAnswers.NetAssemblyInterviewQuestionandAnswerPart9.NetDeploymentInterviewQuestionandAnswerPart4
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tobeMultipleAccess.
7.WhataretheadvantagesofDistributedProcessing?
a.Security/Encapsulationb.Distributeddatabasec.FasterProblemsolvingd.Securitythroughredundancye.CollaborativeProcessing
8.Whatarethecriterianecessaryforaneffectiveandefficientnetwork?
a.PerformanceItcanbemeasuredinmanyways,includingtransmittimeandresponsetime.b.ReliabilityItismeasuredbyfrequencyoffailure,thetimeittakesalinktorecoverfromafailure,andthenetwork'srobustness.c.SecuritySecurityissuesincludesprotectingdatafromunauthorizedaccessandvirues.
9.Namethefactorsthataffecttheperformanceofthenetwork?
a.NumberofUsersb.Typeoftransmissionmediumc.Hardwared.Software
10.Namethefactorsthataffectthereliabilityofthenetwork?
a.Frequencyoffailureb.Recoverytimeofanetworkafterafailure
11.Namethefactorsthataffectthesecurityofthenetwork?
a.UnauthorizedAccessb.Viruses
12.WhatisProtocol?
Aprotocolisasetofrulesthatgovernallaspectsofinformationcommunication.
13.Whatarethekeyelementsofprotocols?
Thekeyelementsofprotocolsarea.SyntaxItreferstothestructureorformatofthedata,thatistheorderinwhichtheyarepresented.b.SemanticsItreferstothemeaningofeachsectionofbits.c.TimingTimingreferstotwocharacteristics:Whendatashouldbesentandhowfasttheycanbesent.
14.WhatarethekeydesignissuesofacomputerNetwork?
a.Connectivityb.CosteffectiveResourceSharingc.SupportforcommonServicesd.Performance
15.DefineBandwidthandLatency?
NetworkperformanceismeasuredinBandwidth(throughput)andLatency(Delay).Bandwidthofanetworkisgivenbythenumberofbitsthatcanbetransmittedoverthenetworkinacertainperiodoftime.Latencycorrespondstohowlongitt5akesamessagetotravelfromoneendoffanetworktotheother.Itisstrictlymeasuredintermsoftime.
16.DefineRouting?
Theprocessofdeterminingsystematicallyhoetoforwardmessagestowardthedestinationnodesbasedonitsaddressiscalledrouting.
17.Whatisapeerpeerprocess?
Theprocessesoneachmachinethatcommunicateatagivenlayerare
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.NetInterviewQuestionandAnswerPart2.NetInterviewQuestionandAnswerPart3.NetInterviewQuestionandAnswerPart6.NetInterviewQuestionandAnswerPart7.NetInterviewQuestionandAnswerPart8.NetInterviewQuestionPart1.NetInterviewQuestionPart5BasicsofCBasicsofWirelessNetworkingC#InterviewQuestionandAnswer(1)CInterviewCInterviewQuestionandAnswerPart1(1)CInterviewQuestionandAnswerPart2(1)CInterviewQuestionandAnswerPart3(1)CInterviewQuestionandAnswerPart4(1)CInterviewQuestionandAnswerPart6(1)CInterviewQuestionsandAnswersPart5CProgramtoCounttheLinesCCNAInterViewQuestionandAnswersCOA2Marks(UnitWise)COAQuestionBank16MarksCognizantTestPatternComputerGraphicsLabManualComputerNetworkLabManualComputerNetwork2MarksComputerNetworks16MarksKeyPointsComputerNetworks:BasicsComputerNetworks:InterviewCS1203SYSTEMSOFTWAREB.E/B.TechDEGREEEXAMINATIONMay/Jun2007CS1302BankCS1304SystemSoftwareQuestionBankCS1312ObjectOrientedProgrammingForEEECS2201DataStructuresQuestionBankCS2401ComputerGraphicsCTSaptitude.DBMSLabManualDeleteAdministratorPasswordDifferenceBetweenLANEC2303ComputerArchitectureandOrganizationQuestionBankEc2303ComputerArchitectureAndOrganizationSyllabusEC2305TransmissionLinesAndWaveGuides2and16MarksQuestionBankEC2401WirelessCommunication2MarksQuestionBankECEEC1008HighSpeedNetworksNov/Dec2009paperEngineeringEconomicsAndFinancialAccountingMG24522MarksEngineeringEconomicsandFinancialManagementMG245216MarksQuestionBankFileCopyPrograminCFileManagementinCFileOperationFunctioninC
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calledpeerpeerprocess.
18.Whenaswitchissaidtobecongested?
Itispossiblethataswitchreceivespacketsfasterthanthesharedlinkcanaccommodateandstoresinitsmemory,foranextendedperiodoftime,thentheswitchwilleventuallyrunoutofbufferspace,andsomepacketswillhavetobedroppedandinthisstateissaidtocongestedstate.
19.Whatissemanticgap?
Definingausefulchannelinvolvesbothunderstandingtheapplicationsrequirementsandrecognizingthelimitationsoftheunderlyingtechnology.Thegapbetweenwhatapplicationsexpectsandwhattheunderlyingtechnologycanprovideiscalledsemanticgap.
20.WhatisRoundTripTime?
Thedurationoftimeittakestosendamessagefromoneendofanetworktotheotherandback,iscalledRTT.
21.DefinethetermsUnicasting,MulticcastingandBroadcasting?
Ifthemessageissentfromasourcetoasingledestinationnode,itiscalledUnicasting.Ifthemessageissenttosomesubsetofothernodes,itiscalledMulticasting.IfthemessageissenttoallthemnodesinthenetworkitiscalledBroadcasting.
22.WhatisMultiplexing?
Multiplexingisthesetoftechniquesthatallowsthesimultaneoustransmissionofmultiplesignalsacrossasingledatalink.
23.NamethecategoriesofMultiplexing?
a.FrequencyDivisionMultiplexing(FDM)b.TimeDivisionMultiplexing(TDM)i.SynchronousTDMii.ASynchronousTDMOrStatisticalTDM.c.WaveDivisionMultiplexing(WDM)
24.WhatisFDM?
FDMisananalogtechniquethatcanbeappliedwhenthebandwidthofalinkisgreaterthanthecombinedbandwidthsofthesignalstobetransmitted.
25.WhatisWDM?
WDMisconceptuallythesameasFDM,exceptthatthemultiplexinganddemultiplexinginvolvelightsignalstransmittedthroughfiberopticschannel.
26.WhatisTDM?
TDMisadigitalprocessthatcanbeappliedwhenthedataratecapacityofthetransmissionmediumisgreaterthanthedataraterequiredbythesendingandreceivingdevices.
27.WhatisSynchronousTDM?
InSTDM,themultiplexerallocatesexactlythesametimeslottoeachdeviceatalltimes,whetherornotadevicehasanythingtotransmit.
28.ListthelayersofOSI
a.PhysicalLayerb.DataLinkLayerc.NetworkLayerd.TransportLayere.SessionLayerf.PresentationLayerg.ApplicationLayer
29.Whichlayersarenetworksupportlayers?
a.PhysicalLayer
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b.DatalinkLayerandc.NetworkLayers
30.Whichlayersareusersupportlayers?
a.SessionLayerb.PresentationLayerandc.ApplicationLayer
31.Whichlayerlinksthenetworksupportlayersandusersupportlayers?
TheTransportlayerlinksthenetworksupportlayersandusersupportlayers.
32.WhataretheconcernsofthePhysicalLayer?
Physicallayercoordinatesthefunctionsrequiredtotransmitabitstreamoveraphysicalmedium.a.Physicalcharacteristicsofinterfacesandmediab.Representationofbitsc.Datarated.Synchronizationofbitse.Lineconfigurationf.Physicaltopologyg.Transmissionmode
33.WhataretheresponsibilitiesofDataLinkLayer?
TheDataLinkLayertransformsthephysicallayer,arawtransmissionfacility,toareliablelinkandisresponsiblefornodenodedelivery.a.Framingb.PhysicalAddressingc.FlowControld.ErrorControle.AccessControl
34.WhataretheresponsibilitiesofNetworkLayer?
TheNetworkLayerisresponsibleforthesourcetodestinationdeliveryofpacketpossiblyacrossmultiplenetworks(links).a.LogicalAddressingb.Routing
35.WhataretheresponsibilitiesofTransportLayer?
TheTransportLayerisresponsibleforsourcetodestinationdeliveryoftheentiremessage.a.ServicepointAddressingb.Segmentationandreassemblyc.ConnectionControld.FlowControle.ErrorControl
36.WhataretheresponsibilitiesofSessionLayer?
TheSessionlayeristhenetworkdialogController.Itestablishes,maintainsandsynchronizestheinteractionbetweenthecommunicatingsystems.a.Dialogcontrolb.Synchronization
37.WhataretheresponsibilitiesofPresentationLayer?
ThePresentationlayerisconcernedwiththesyntaxandsemanticsoftheinformationexchangedbetweentwosystems.a.Translationb.Encryptionc.Compression
38.WhataretheresponsibilitiesofApplicationLayer?
TheApplicationLayerenablestheuser,whetherhumanorsoftware,toaccessthenetwork.Itprovidesuserinterfacesandsupportforservicessuchasemail,shareddatabasemanagementandothertypesofdistributedinformationservices.a.NetworkvirtualTerminalb.Filetransfer,accessandManagement(FTAM)
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c.Mailservicesd.DirectoryServices
39.Whatarethetwoclassesofhardwarebuildingblocks?
NodesandLinks.
40.Whatarethedifferentlinktypesusedtobuildacomputernetwork?
a.Cablesb.LeasedLinesc.LastMileLinksd.WirelessLinks
41.WhatarethecategoriesofTransmissionmedia?
a.GuidedMediai.TwistedPaircable1.ShieldedTP2.UnshieldedTPii.CoaxialCableiii.Fiberopticcableb.UnguidedMediai.Terrestrialmicrowaveii.SatelliteCommunication
42.Whatarethetypesoferrors?
a.SingleBiterrorInasinglebiterror,onlyonebitinthedataunithaschangedb.BurstErrorABursterrormeansthattwoormorebitsinthedatahavechanged.
43.WhatisErrorDetection?Whatareitsmethods?
Datacanbecorruptedduringtransmission.ForreliablecommunicationerrorsmustbedeductedandCorrected.ErrorDetectionusestheconceptofredundancy,whichmeansaddingextrabitsfordetectingerrorsatthedestination.ThecommonErrorDetectionmethodsarea.VerticalRedundancyCheck(VRC)b.LongitudinalRedundancyCheck(VRC)c.CyclicRedundancyCheck(VRC)d.Checksum
44.WhatisRedundancy?
Theconceptofincludingextrainformationinthetransmissionsolelyforthepurposeofcomparison.Thistechniqueiscalledredundancy.
45.WhatisVRC?
ItisthemostcommonandleastexpensivemechanismforErrorDetection.InVRC,aparitybitisaddedtoeverydataunitsothatthetotalnumberof1sbecomesevenforevenparity.Itcandetectallsinglebiterrors.Itcandetectbursterrorsonlyifthetotalnumberoferrorsineachdataunitisodd.
46.WhatisLRC?
InLRC,ablockofbitsisdividedintorowsandaredundantrowofbitsisaddedtothewholeblock.Itcandetectbursterrors.Iftwobitsinonedataunitaredamagedandbitsinexactlythesamepositionsinanotherdataunitarealsodamaged,theLRCcheckerwillnotdetectanerror.InLRCaredundantdataunitfollowsndataunits.
47.WhatisCRC?
CRC,isthemostpowerfuloftheredundancycheckingtechniques,isbasedonbinarydivision.
48.WhatisChecksum?
Checksumisusedbythehigherlayerprotocols(TCP/IP)forerrordetection
49.Listthestepsinvolvedincreatingthechecksum.
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a.Dividethedataintosectionsb.Addthesectionstogetherusing1'scomplementarithmeticc.Takethecomplementofthefinalsum,thisisthechecksum.
50.WhataretheDatalinkprotocols?
Datalinkprotocolsaresetsofspecificationsusedtoimplementthedatalinklayer.ThecategoriesofDataLinkprotocolsare1.AsynchronousProtocols2.SynchronousProtocolsa.CharacterOrientedProtocolsb.BitOrientedprotocols
51.CompareErrorDetectionandErrorCorrection:
Thecorrectionoferrorsismoredifficultthanthedetection.Inerrordetection,checksonlyanyerrorhasoccurred.Inerrorcorrection,theexactnumberofbitsthatarecorruptedandlocationinthemessageareknown.Thenumberoftheerrorsandthesizeofthemessageareimportantfactors.
52.WhatisForwardErrorCorrection?
Forwarderrorcorrectionistheprocessinwhichthereceivertriestoguessthemessagebyusingredundantbits.
53.DefineRetransmission?
Retransmissionisatechniqueinwhichthereceiverdetectstheoccurrenceofanerrorandasksthesendertoresendthemessage.Resendingisrepeateduntilamessagearrivesthatthereceiverbelievesiserrorfreed.
54.WhatareDataWords?
Inblockcoding,wedivideourmessageintoblocks,eachofkbits,calleddatawords.Theblockcodingprocessisonetoone.Thesamedatawordisalwaysencodedasthesamecodeword.
55.WhatareCodeWords?
"r"redundantbitsareaddedtoeachblocktomakethelengthn=k
+r.Theresultingnbitblocksarecalledcodewords.2n2k
codewordsthatarenotused.Thesecodewordsareinvalidorillegal.
56.WhatisaLinearBlockCode?
AlinearblockcodeisacodeinwhichtheexclusiveOR(additionmodulo2)oftwovalidcodewordscreatesanothervalidcodeword.
57.WhatareCyclicCodes?
Cycliccodesarespeciallinearblockcodeswithoneextraproperty.Inacycliccode,ifacodewordiscyclicallyshifted(rotated),theresultisanothercodeword.
58.DefineEncoder?
Adeviceorprogramthatusespredefinedalgorithmstoencode,orcompressaudioorvideodataforstorageortransmissionuse.Acircuitthatisusedtoconvertbetweendigitalvideoandanalogvideo.
59.DefineDecoder?
Adeviceorprogramthattranslatesencodeddataintoitsoriginalformat(e.g.itdecodesthedata).ThetermisoftenusedinreferencetoMPEG2videoandsounddata,whichmustbedecodedbeforeitisoutput.
60.WhatisFraming?
Framinginthedatalinklayerseparatesamessagefromonesourcetoadestination,orfromothermessagestootherdestinations,byaddingasenderaddressandadestinationaddress.Thedestinationaddressdefineswherethepackethastogoandthesenderaddresshelpstherecipientacknowledgethereceipt.
61.WhatisFixedSizeFraming?
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Infixedsizeframing,thereisnoneedfordefiningtheboundariesoftheframes.Thesizeitselfcanbeusedasadelimiter.
62.DefineCharacterStuffing?
Inbytestuffing(orcharacterstuffing),aspecialbyteisaddedtothedatasectionoftheframewhenthereisacharacterwiththesamepatternastheflag.Thedatasectionisstuffedwithanextrabyte.Thisbyteisusuallycalledtheescapecharacter(ESC),whichhasapredefinedbitpattern.WheneverthereceiverencounterstheESCcharacter,itremovesitfromthedatasectionandtreatsthenextcharacterasdata,notadelimitingflag.
63.WhatisBitStuffing?
Bitstuffingistheprocessofaddingoneextra0wheneverfiveconsecutiveIsfollowa0inthedata,sothatthereceiverdoesnotmistakethepattern0111110foraflag.
64.WhatisFlowControl?
Flowcontrolreferstoasetofproceduresusedtorestricttheamountofdatathatthesendercansendbeforewaitingforacknowledgment.
65.WhatisErrorControl?
Errorcontrolisbotherrordetectionanderrorcorrection.Itallowsthereceivertoinformthesenderofanyframeslostordamagedintransmissionandcoordinatestheretransmissionofthoseframesbythesender.Inthedatalinklayer,thetermerrorcontrolrefersprimarilytomethodsoferrordetectionandretransmission.
66.WhatAutomaticRepeatRequest(ARQ)?
Errorcontrolisbotherrordetectionanderrorcorrection.Itallowsthereceivertoinformthesenderofanyframeslostordamagedintransmissionandcoordinatestheretransmissionofthoseframesbythesender.Inthedatalinklayer,thetermerrorcontrolrefersprimarilytomethodsoferrordetectionandretransmission.Errorcontrolinthedatalinklayerisoftenimplementedsimply:Anytimeanerrorisdetectedinanexchange,specifiedframesareretransmitted.Thisprocessiscalledautomaticrepeatrequest(ARQ).
67.WhatisStopandWaitProtocol?
InStopandwaitprotocol,sendersendsoneframe,waitsuntilitreceivesconfirmationfromthereceiver(okaytogoahead),andthensendsthenextframe.
68.WhatisStopandWaitAutomaticRepeatRequest?
ErrorcorrectioninStopandWaitARQisdonebykeepingacopyofthesentframeandretransmittingoftheframewhenthetimerexpires.
69.WhatisusageofSequenceNumberinRelaibleTransmission?
Theprotocolspecifiesthatframesneedtobenumbered.Thisisdonebyusingsequencenumbers.Afieldisaddedtothedataframetoholdthesequencenumberofthatframe.Sincewewanttominimizetheframesize,thesmallestrangethatprovidesunambiguouscommunication.Thesequencenumberscanwraparound.
70.WhatisPipelining?
Innetworkingandinotherareas,ataskisoftenbegunbeforetheprevioustaskhasended.Thisisknownaspipelining.
71.WhatisSlidingWindow?
Theslidingwindowisanabstractconceptthatdefinestherangeofsequencenumbersthatistheconcernofthesenderandreceiver.Inotherwords,hesenderandreceiverneedtodealwithonlypartofthepossiblesequencenumbers.
72.WhatisPiggyBacking?
Atechniquecalledpiggybackingisusedtoimprovetheefficiencyof
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thebidirectionalprotocols.WhenaframeiscarryingdatafromAtoB,itcanalsocarrycontrolinformationaboutarrived(orlost)framesfromBwhenaframeiscarryingdatafromBtoA,itcanalsocarrycontrolinformationaboutthearrived(orlost)framesfromA.
Whatarethetwotypesoftransmissiontechnologyavailable?
(i)Broadcastand(ii)pointtopoint
74.Whatissubnet?
Agenerictermforsectionofalargenetworksusuallyseparatedbyabridgeorrouter.
75.Differencebetweenthecommunicationandtransmission.
Transmissionisaphysicalmovementofinformationandconcernissueslikebitpolarity,synchronisation,clocketc.
Communicationmeansthemeaningfullexchangeofinformationbetweentwocommunicationmedia.
76.Whatarethepossiblewaysofdataexchange?
(i)Simplex(ii)Halfduplex(iii)Fullduplex.
77.WhatisSAP?
Seriesofinterfacepointsthatallowothercomputerstocommunicatewiththeotherlayersofnetworkprotocolstack.
78.Whatdoyoumeantby"tripleX"inNetworks?
ThefunctionofPAD(PacketAssemblerDisassembler)isdescribedinadocumentknownasX.3.ThestandardprotocolhasbeendefinedbetweentheterminalandthePAD,calledX.28anotherstandardprotocolexistsbetweenhtePADandthenetwork,calledX.29.Together,thesethreerecommendationsareoftencalled"tripleX".
79.Whatisframerelay,inwhichlayeritcomes?
Framerelayisapacketswitchingtechnology.Itwilloperateinthedatalinklayer.
80.Whatisterminalemulation,inwhichlayeritcomes?
Telnetisalsocalledasterminalemulation.Itbelongstoapplicationlayer.
81.WhatisBeaconing?
Theprocessthatallowsanetworktoselfrepairnetworksproblems.Thestationsonthenetworknotifytheotherstationsontheringwhentheyarenotreceivingthetransmissions.BeaconingisusedinTokenringandFDDInetworks.
82.Whatisredirector?
RedirectorissoftwarethatinterceptsfileorprintsI/Orequestsandtranslatesthemintonetworkrequests.Thiscomesunderpresentationlayer.
83.WhatisNETBIOSandNETBEUI?
NETBIOSisaprogramminginterfacethatallowsI/Orequeststobesenttoandreceivedfromaremotecomputerandithidesthenetworkinghardwarefromapplications.
NETBEUIisNetBIOSextendeduserinterface.AtransportprotocoldesignedbymicrosoftandIBMfortheuseonsmallsubnets.
84.WhatisRAID?
Amethodforprovidingfaulttolerancebyusingmultipleharddiskdrives.
85.Whatispassivetopology?
Whenthecomputersonthenetworksimplylistenandreceivethesignal,theyarereferredtoaspassivebecausetheydon'tamplifythesignalinanyway.Exampleforpassivetopologylinearbus.
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86.WhatisBrouter?
Hybriddevicesthatcombinethefeaturesofbothbridgesandrouters.
87.Whatiscladding?
Alayerofaglasssurroundingthecenterfiberofglassinsideafiberopticcable.
88.Whatispointtopointprotocol?
AcommunicationsprotocolusedtoconnectcomputerstoremotenetworkingservicesincludingInternetserviceproviders.
89.HowGatewayisdifferentfromRouters?
AgatewayoperatesattheupperlevelsoftheOSImodelandtranslatesinformationbetweentwocompletelydifferentnetworkarchitecturesordataformats.
90.Whatisattenuation?
Thedegenerationofasignaloverdistanceonanetworkcableiscalledattenuation.
91.WhatisMACaddress?
TheaddressforadeviceasitisidentifiedattheMediaAccessControl(MAC)layerinthenetworkarchitecture.MACaddressisusuallystoredinROMonthenetworkadaptercardandisunique.
92.Differencebetweenbitrateandbaudrate.
Bitrateisthenumberofbitstransmittedduringonesecondwhereasbaudratereferstothenumberofsignalunitspersecondthatarerequiredtorepresentthosebits.baudrate=(bitrate/N)whereNisnoofbitsrepresentedbyeachsignalshift.
93.WhatisBandwidth?
Everylinehasanupperlimitandalowerlimitonthefrequencyofsignalsitcancarry.Thislimitedrangeiscalledthebandwidth.
94.WhatarethetypesofTransmissionmedia?
Signalsareusuallytransmittedoversometransmissionmediathatarebroadlyclassifiedintotwocategories.
a.)GuidedMedia:Thesearethosethatprovideaconduitfromonedevicetoanotherthatincludetwistedpair,coaxialcableandfiberopticcable.Asignaltravelingalonganyofthesemediaisdirectedandiscontainedbythephysicallimitsofthemedium.Twistedpairandcoaxialcableusemetallicthatacceptandtransportsignalsintheformofelectricalcurrent.Opticalfiberisaglassorplasticcablethatacceptsandtransportssignalsintheformoflight.
b.)UnguidedMedia:Thisisthewirelessmediathattransportelectromagneticwaveswithoutusingaphysicalconductor.Signalsarebroadcasteitherthroughair.Thisisdonethroughradiocommunication,satellitecommunicationandcellulartelephony.
95.WhatisProject802?
ItisaprojectstartedbyIEEEtosetstandardstoenableintercommunicationbetweenequipmentfromavarietyofmanufacturers.Itisawayforspecifyingfunctionsofthephysicallayer,thedatalinklayerandtosomeextentthenetworklayertoallowforinterconnectivityofmajorLANprotocols.
Itconsistsofthefollowing:1. 802.1isaninternetworkingstandardforcompatibilityof
differentLANsandMANsacrossprotocols.2. 802.2Logicallinkcontrol(LLC)istheuppersublayerof
thedatalinklayerwhichisnonarchitecturespecific,thatisremainsthesameforallIEEEdefinedLANs.
3. Mediaaccesscontrol(MAC)isthelowersublayerofthedatalinklayerthatcontainssomedistinctmoduleseachcarryingproprietaryinformationspecifictotheLANproductbeingused.ThemodulesareEthernetLAN(802.3),TokenringLAN(802.4),TokenbusLAN(802.5).
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4. 802.6isdistributedqueuedualbus(DQDB)designedtobeusedinMANs.
96.WhatisProtocolDataUnit?
ThedataunitintheLLCleveliscalledtheprotocoldataunit(PDU).ThePDUcontainsoffourfieldsadestinationserviceaccesspoint(DSAP),asourceserviceaccesspoint(SSAP),acontrolfieldandaninformationfield.DSAP,SSAPareaddressesusedbytheLLCtoidentifytheprotocolstacksonthereceivingandsendingmachinesthataregeneratingandusingthedata.ThecontrolfieldspecifieswhetherthePDUframeisainformationframe(Iframe)orasupervisoryframe(Sframe)oraunnumberedframe(Uframe).
97.Whatarethedifferenttypeofnetworking/internetworkingdevices?
1. Repeater:Alsocalledaregenerator,itisanelectronicdevicethatoperatesonlyatphysicallayer.Itreceivesthesignalinthenetworkbeforeitbecomesweak,regeneratestheoriginalbitpatternandputstherefreshedcopybackintothelink.
2. Bridges:TheseoperatebothinthephysicalanddatalinklayersofLANsofsametype.Theydividealargernetworkintosmallersegments.Theycontainlogicthatallowthemtokeepthetrafficforeachsegmentseparateandthusarerepeatersthatrelayaframeonlythesideofthesegmentcontainingtheintendedrecipentandcontrolcongestion.
3. Routers:Theyrelaypacketsamongmultipleinterconnectednetworks(i.e.LANsofdifferenttype).Theyoperateinthephysical,datalinkandnetworklayers.Theycontainsoftwarethatenablethemtodeterminewhichoftheseveralpossiblepathsisthebestforaparticulartransmission.
4. Gateways:Theyrelaypacketsamongnetworksthathavedifferentprotocols(e.g.betweenaLANandaWAN).Theyacceptapacketformattedforoneprotocolandconvertittoapacketformattedforanotherprotocolbeforeforwardingit.TheyoperateinallsevenlayersoftheOSImodel.
98.WhatisICMP?
ICMPisInternetControlMessageProtocol,anetworklayerprotocoloftheTCP/IPsuiteusedbyhostsandgatewaystosendnotificationofdatagramproblemsbacktothesender.Itusestheechotest/replytotestwhetheradestinationisreachableandresponding.Italsohandlesbothcontrolanderrormessages.
99.WhatarethedataunitsatdifferentlayersoftheTCP/IPprotocolsuite?
Thedataunitcreatedattheapplicationlayeriscalledamessage,atthetransportlayerthedataunitcreatediscalledeitherasegmentoranuserdatagram,atthenetworklayerthedataunitcreatediscalledthedatagram,atthedatalinklayerthedatagramisencapsulatedintoaframeandfinallytransmittedassignalsalongthetransmissionmedia.
100.WhatisdifferencebetweenARPandRARP?
Theaddressresolutionprotocol(ARP)isusedtoassociatethe32bitIPaddresswiththe48bitphysicaladdress,usedbyahostoraroutertofindthephysicaladdressofanotherhostonitsnetworkbysendingaARPquerypacketthatincludestheIPaddressofthereceiver.
Thereverseaddressresolutionprotocol(RARP)allowsahosttodiscoveritsInternetaddresswhenitknowsonlyitsphysicaladdress.
101.WhatistheminimumandmaximumlengthoftheheaderintheTCPsegmentandIPdatagram?
Theheadershouldhaveaminimumlengthof20bytesandcanhaveamaximumlengthof60bytes.
102.Whatistherangeofaddressesintheclassesofinternetaddresses?
ClassA0.0.0.0127.255.255.255ClassB128.0.0.0191.255.255.255ClassC192.0.0.0223.255.255.255ClassD224.0.0.0239.255.255.255ClassE240.0.0.0247.255.255.255
103.WhatisthedifferencebetweenTFTPandFTPapplicationlayerprotocols?
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TheTrivialFileTransferProtocol(TFTP)allowsalocalhosttoobtainfilesfromaremotehostbutdoesnotprovidereliabilityorsecurity.ItusesthefundamentalpacketdeliveryservicesofferedbyUDP.
TheFileTransferProtocol(FTP)isthestandardmechanismprovidedbyTCP/IPforcopyingafilefromonehosttoanother.ItusestheservicesofferbyTCPandsoisreliableandsecure.Itestablishestwoconnections(virtualcircuits)betweenthehosts,onefordatatransferandanotherforcontrolinformation.
104.Whataremajortypesofnetworksandexplain?
1. Serverbasednetwork:providecentralizedcontrolofnetworkresourcesandrelyonservercomputerstoprovidesecurityandnetworkadministration
2. Peertopeernetwork:computerscanactasbothserverssharingresourcesandasclientsusingtheresources.
105.Whataretheimportanttopologiesfornetworks?
1. BUStopology:Inthiseachcomputerisdirectlyconnectedtoprimarynetworkcableinasingleline.Advantages:Inexpensive,easytoinstall,simpletounderstand,easytoextend.
2. STARtopology:Inthisallcomputersareconnectedusingacentralhub.Advantages:Canbeinexpensive,easytoinstallandreconfigureandeasytotroubleshootphysicalproblems.
3. RINGtopology:Inthisallcomputersareconnectedinloop.Advantages:Allcomputershaveequalaccesstonetworkmedia,installationcanbesimple,andsignaldoesnotdegradeasmuchasinothertopologiesbecauseeachcomputerregeneratesit.
106.Whatismeshnetwork?
Anetworkinwhichtherearemultiplenetworklinksbetweencomputerstoprovidemultiplepathsfordatatotravel.
107.Whatisdifferencebetweenbasebandandbroadbandtransmission?
Inabasebandtransmission,theentirebandwidthofthecableisconsumedbyasinglesignal.Inbroadbandtransmission,signalsaresentonmultiplefrequencies,allowingmultiplesignalstobesentsimultaneously.
108.Explain543rule?
InaEthernetnetwork,betweenanytwopointsonthenetwork,therecanbenomorethanfivenetworksegmentsorfourrepeaters,andofthosefivesegmentsonlythreeofsegmentscanbepopulated.
109.WhatMAU?
IntokenRing,hubiscalledMultistationAccessUnit(MAU).
110.Whatisthedifferencebetweenroutableandnonroutableprotocols?
Routableprotocolscanworkwitharouterandcanbeusedtobuildlargenetworks.NonRoutableprotocolsaredesignedtoworkonsmall,localnetworksandcannotbeusedwitharouter.
111.WhyshouldyoucareabouttheOSIReferenceModel?
Itprovidesaframeworkfordiscussingnetworkoperationsanddesign.
112.Whatislogicallinkcontrol?
OneoftwosublayersofthedatalinklayerofOSIreferencemodel,asdefinedbytheIEEE802standard.Thissublayerisresponsibleformaintainingthelinkbetweencomputerswhentheyaresendingdataacrossthephysicalnetworkconnection.
113.Whatisvirtualchannel?
Virtualchannelisnormallyaconnectionfromonesourcetoonedestination,althoughmulticastconnectionsarealsopermitted.Theothernameforvirtualchannelisvirtualcircuit.
114.Whatisvirtualpath?
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Alonganytransmissionpathfromagivensourcetoagivendestination,agroupofvirtualcircuitscanbegroupedtogetherintowhatiscalledpath.
115.Whatispacketfilter?
Packetfilterisastandardrouterequippedwithsomeextrafunctionality.Theextrafunctionalityallowseveryincomingoroutgoingpackettobeinspected.Packetsmeetingsomecriterionareforwardednormally.Thosethatfailthetestaredropped.
116.Whatistrafficshaping?
Oneofthemaincausesofcongestionisthattrafficisoftenbusy.Ifhostscouldbemadetotransmitatauniformrate,congestionwouldbelesscommon.Anotheropenloopmethodtohelpmanagecongestionisforcingthepackettobetransmittedatamorepredictablerate.Thisiscalledtrafficshaping.
117.Whatismulticastrouting?
Sendingamessagetoagroupiscalledmulticasting,anditsroutingalgorithmiscalledmulticastrouting.
118.Whatisregion?
Whenhierarchicalroutingisused,theroutersaredividedintowhatwewillcallregions,witheachrouterknowingallthedetailsabouthowtoroutepacketstodestinationswithinitsownregion,butknowingnothingabouttheinternalstructureofotherregions.
119.Whatissillywindowsyndrome?
ItisaproblemthatcanruinTCPperformance.ThisproblemoccurswhendataarepassedtothesendingTCPentityinlargeblocks,butaninteractiveapplicationonthereceivingsidereads1byteatatime.
120.WhatareDigramsandTrigrams?
Themostcommontwolettercombinationsarecalledasdigrams.e.g.th,in,er,reandan.Themostcommonthreelettercombinationsarecalledastrigrams.e.g.the,ing,and,andion.
121.ExpandIDEA.
IDEAstandsforInternationalDataEncryptionAlgorithm.
122.Whatiswidemouthfrog?
Widemouthfrogisthesimplestknownkeydistributioncenter(KDC)authenticationprotocol.
123.WhatisMailGateway?
Itisasystemthatperformsaprotocoltranslationbetweendifferentelectronicmaildeliveryprotocols.
124.WhatisIGP(InteriorGatewayProtocol)?
Itisanyroutingprotocolusedwithinanautonomoussystem.
125.WhatisEGP(ExteriorGatewayProtocol)?
Itistheprotocoltheroutersinneighboringautonomoussystemsusetoidentifythesetofnetworksthatcanbereachedwithinorviaeachautonomoussystem.
126.Whatisautonomoussystem?
ItisacollectionofroutersunderthecontrolofasingleadministrativeauthorityandthatusesacommonInteriorGatewayProtocol.
127.WhatisBGP(BorderGatewayProtocol)?
Itisaprotocolusedtoadvertisethesetofnetworksthatcanbereachedwithinanautonomoussystem.BGPenablesthisinformationtobesharedwiththeautonomoussystem.ThisisnewerthanEGP(ExteriorGatewayProtocol).
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128.WhatisGatewaytoGatewayprotocol?
ItisaprotocolformerlyusedtoexchangeroutinginformationbetweenInternetcorerouters.
129.WhatisNVT(NetworkVirtualTerminal)?
Itisasetofrulesdefiningaverysimplevirtualterminalinteraction.TheNVTisusedinthestartofaTelnetsession.
130.WhatisaMultihomedHost?
ItisahostthathasamultiplenetworkinterfacesandthatrequiresmultipleIPaddressesiscalledasaMultihomedHost.
131.WhatisKerberos?
ItisanauthenticationservicedevelopedattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.Kerberosusesencryptiontopreventintrudersfromdiscoveringpasswordsandgainingunauthorizedaccesstofiles.
132.WhatisOSPF?
ItisanInternetroutingprotocolthatscaleswell,canroutetrafficalongmultiplepaths,andusesknowledgeofanInternet'stopologytomakeaccurateroutingdecisions.
133.WhatisProxyARP?
ItisusingaroutertoanswerARPrequests.Thiswillbedonewhentheoriginatinghostbelievesthatadestinationislocal,wheninfactisliesbeyondrouter.
134.WhatisSLIP(SerialLineInterfaceProtocol)?
ItisaverysimpleprotocolusedfortransmissionofIPdatagramsacrossaserialline.
135.WhatisRIP(RoutingInformationProtocol)?
Itisasimpleprotocolusedtoexchangeinformationbetweentherouters.
136.Whatissourceroute?
ItisasequenceofIPaddressesidentifyingtherouteadatagrammustfollow.AsourceroutemayoptionallybeincludedinanIPdatagramheader.
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ComputerNetworks:Interview,VivaandBasicQuestionsPart4
Interview,VivaandBasicQuestionsofComputerNetworksPart4
1.Whatare10Base2,10Base5and10BaseTEthernetLANs?10Base2AnEthernettermmeaningamaximumtransferrateof10Megabitspersecondthatusesbasebandsignaling,withacontiguouscablesegmentlengthof100metersandamaximumof2segments.
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10Base5AnEthernettermmeaningamaximumtransferrateof10Megabitspersecondthatusesbasebandsignaling,with5continuoussegmentsnotexceeding100meterspersegment.10BaseTAnEthernettermmeaningamaximumtransferrateof10Megabitspersecondthatusesbasebandsignalingandtwistedpaircabling.
2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenanunspecifiedpassiveopenandafullyspecifiedpassiveopen?Anunspecifiedpassiveopenhastheserverwaitingforaconnectionrequestfromaclient.Afullyspecifiedpassiveopenhastheserverwaitingforaconnectionfromaspecificclient.
3.ExplainthefunctionofTransmissionControlBlock?ATCBisacomplexdatastructurethatcontainsaconsiderableamountofinformationabouteachconnection.
4.WhatisaManagementInformationBase(MIB)?AManagementInformationBaseispartofeverySNMPmanageddevice.EachSNMPagenthastheMIBdatabasethatcontainsinformationaboutthedevice'sstatus,itsperformance,connections,andconfiguration.TheMIBisqueriedbySNMP.
5.WhatisanonymousFTPandwhywouldyouuseit?AnonymousFTPenablesuserstoconnecttoahostwithoutusingavalidloginandpassword.Usually,anonymousFTPusesalogincalledanonymousorguest,withthepasswordusuallyrequestingtheuser'sIDfortrackingpurposesonly.AnonymousFTPisusedtoenablealargenumberofuserstoaccessfilesonthehostwithouthavingtogotothetroubleofsettinguploginsforthemall.AnonymousFTPsystemsusuallyhavestrictcontrolsovertheareasananonymoususercanaccess.
6.Whatisapseudotty?ApseudottyorfalseterminalenablesexternalmachinestoconnectthroughTelnetorrlogin.Withoutapseudotty,noconnectioncantakeplace.
7.Whichlayerofthe7layermodelprovidesservicestotheApplicationlayerovertheSessionlayerconnection?Presentation.
8.WhatdoestheMountprotocoldo?TheMountprotocolreturnsafilehandleandthenameofthefilesysteminwhicharequestedfileresides.Themessageissenttotheclientfromtheserverafterreceptionofaclient'srequest.
9.WhatisExternalDataRepresentation?ExternalDataRepresentationisamethodofencodingdatawithinanRPCmessage,usedtoensurethatthedataisnotsystemdependent.
10.WhichOSIReferenceLayercontrolsapplicationtoapplicationcommunication?Session
11.BOOTPhelpsadisklessworkstationboot.HowdoesitgetamessagetothenetworklookingforitsIPaddressandthelocationofitsoperatingsystembootfiles?BOOTPsendsaUDPmessagewithasubnetworkbroadcastaddressandwaitsforareplyfromaserverthatgivesittheIPaddress.Thesamemessagemightcontainthenameofthemachinethathasthebootfilesonit.Ifthebootimagelocationisnotspecified,theworkstationsendsanotherUDPmessagetoquerytheserver.
12.WhatisaDNSresourcerecord?Aresourcerecordisanentryinanameserver'sdatabase.Thereareseveraltypesofresourcerecordsused,includingnametoaddressresolutioninformation.ResourcerecordsaremaintainedasASCIIfiles.
13.WhatprotocolisusedbyDNSnameservers?DNSusesUDPforcommunicationbetweenservers.Itisabetter
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choicethanTCPbecauseoftheimprovedspeedaconnectionlessprotocoloffers.Ofcourse,transmissionreliabilitysufferswithUDP.
14.Whatisthedifferencebetweeninteriorandexteriorneighborgateways?InteriorgatewaysconnectLANsofoneorganization,whereasexteriorgatewaysconnecttheorganizationtotheoutsideworld.
15.WhatistheHELLOprotocolusedfor?TheHELLOprotocolusestimeinsteadofdistancetodetermineoptimalrouting.ItisanalternativetotheRoutingInformationProtocol.
16.Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthethreetypesofroutingtables?Thethreetypesofroutingtablesarefixed,dynamic,andfixedcentral.Thefixedtablemustbemanuallymodifiedeverytimethereisachange.Adynamictablechangesitsinformationbasedonnetworktraffic,reducingtheamountofmanualmaintenance.Afixedcentraltableletsamanagermodifyonlyonetable,whichisthenreadbyotherdevices.Thefixedcentraltablereducestheneedtoupdateeachmachine'stable,aswiththefixedtable.Usuallyadynamictablecausesthefewestproblemsforanetworkadministrator,althoughthetable'scontentscanchangewithouttheadministratorbeingawareofthechange.
17.WhatisacharacteristicofStoreandForwardswitches?TheyreadtheentireframeandcheckCRCbeforeforwarding.
18.Whatissourceroute?ItisasequenceofIPaddressesidentifyingtherouteadatagrammustfollow.AsourceroutemayoptionallybeincludedinanIPdatagramheader.
19.WhatisRIP(RoutingInformationProtocol)?Itisasimpleprotocolusedtoexchangeinformationbetweentherouters.
20.WhatisSLIP(SerialLineInterfaceProtocol)?ItisaverysimpleprotocolusedfortransmissionofIPdatagramsacrossaserialline.
21.WhatisProxyARP?ItisusingaroutertoanswerARPrequests.Thiswillbedonewhentheoriginatinghostbelievesthatadestinationislocal,wheninfactisliesbeyondrouter.
22.WhatisOSPF?ItisanInternetroutingprotocolthatscaleswell,canroutetrafficalongmultiplepaths,andusesknowledgeofanInternet'stopologytomakeaccurateroutingdecisions.
23.WhatisKerberos?ItisanauthenticationservicedevelopedattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.Kerberosusesencryptiontopreventintrudersfromdiscoveringpasswordsandgainingunauthorizedaccesstofiles.
24.WhatisaMultihomedHost?ItisahostthathasamultiplenetworkinterfacesandthatrequiresmultipleIPaddressesiscalledasaMultihomedHost.
25.WhatisNVT(NetworkVirtualTerminal)?Itisasetofrulesdefiningaverysimplevirtualterminalinteraction.TheNVTisusedinthestartofaTelnetsession.
26.WhatisGatewaytoGatewayprotocol?ItisaprotocolformerlyusedtoexchangeroutinginformationbetweenInternetcorerouters.
27.WhatisBGP(BorderGatewayProtocol)?Itisaprotocolusedtoadvertisethesetofnetworksthatcanbe
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reachedwithinanautonomoussystem.BGPenablesthisinformationtobesharedwiththeautonomoussystem.ThisisnewerthanEGP(ExteriorGatewayProtocol).
28.Whatisautonomoussystem?ItisacollectionofroutersunderthecontrolofasingleadministrativeauthorityandthatusesacommonInteriorGatewayProtocol.
29.WhatisEGP(ExteriorGatewayProtocol)?Itistheprotocoltheroutersinneighboringautonomoussystemsusetoidentifythesetofnetworksthatcanbereachedwithinorviaeachautonomoussystem.
30.WhatisIGP(InteriorGatewayProtocol)?Itisanyroutingprotocolusedwithinanautonomoussystem.
31.WhatisMailGateway?Itisasystemthatperformsaprotocoltranslationbetweendifferentelectronicmaildeliveryprotocols.
32.Whatiswidemouthfrog?Widemouthfrogisthesimplestknownkeydistributioncenter(KDC)authenticationprotocol.
33.WhatareDigramsandTrigrams?Themostcommontwolettercombinationsarecalledasdigrams.e.g.th,in,er,reandan.Themostcommonthreelettercombinationsarecalledastrigrams.e.g.the,ing,and,andion.
34.Whatissillywindowsyndrome?ItisaproblemthatcanruinTCPperformance.ThisproblemoccurswhendataarepassedtothesendingTCPentityinlargeblocks,butaninteractiveapplicationonthereceivingsidereads1byteatatime.
35.Whatisregion?Whenhierarchicalroutingisused,theroutersaredividedintowhatwecallregions,witheachrouterknowingallthedetailsabouthowtoroutepacketstodestinationswithinitsownregion,butknowingnothingabouttheinternalstructureofotherregions.
36.Whatismulticastrouting?Sendingamessagetoagroupiscalledmulticasting,anditsroutingalgorithmiscalledmulticastrouting.
37.Whatistrafficshaping?Oneofthemaincausesofcongestionisthattrafficisoftenbusy.Ifhostscouldbemadetotransmitatauniformrate,congestionwouldbelesscommon.Anotheropenloopmethodtohelpmanagecongestionisforcingthepackettobetransmittedatamorepredictablerate.Thisiscalledtrafficshaping.
38.Whatispacketfilter?Packetfilterisastandardrouterequippedwithsomeextrafunctionality.Theextrafunctionalityallowseveryincomingoroutgoingpackettobeinspected.Packetsmeetingsomecriterionareforwardednormally.Thosethatfailthetestaredropped.
39.Whatisvirtualpath?Alonganytransmissionpathfromagivensourcetoagivendestination,agroupofvirtualcircuitscanbegroupedtogetherintowhatiscalledpath.
40.Whatisvirtualchannel?Virtualchannelisnormallyaconnectionfromonesourcetoonedestination,althoughmulticastconnectionsarealsopermitted.Theothernameforvirtualchannelisvirtualcircuit.
41.Whatislogicallinkcontrol?
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OneoftwosublayersofthedatalinklayerofOSIreferencemodel,asdefinedbytheIEEE802standard.Thissublayerisresponsibleformaintainingthelinkbetweencomputerswhentheyaresendingdataacrossthephysicalnetworkconnection.
42.WhyshouldyoucareabouttheOSIReferenceModel?Itprovidesaframeworkfordiscussingnetworkoperationsanddesign.
43.Whatisthedifferencebetweenroutableandnonroutableprotocols?Routableprotocolscanworkwitharouterandcanbeusedtobuildlargenetworks.NonRoutableprotocolsaredesignedtoworkonsmall,localnetworksandcannotbeusedwitharouter.
44.WhatisMAU?IntokenRing,hubiscalledMultistationAccessUnit(MAU).
45.Explain543rule?InaEthernetnetwork,betweenanytwopointsonthenetwork,therecanbenomorethanfivenetworksegmentsorfourrepeaters,andofthosefivesegmentsonlythreeofsegmentscanbepopulated.
46.WhatisthedifferencebetweenTFTPandFTPapplicationlayerprotocols?TheTrivialFileTransferProtocol(TFTP)allowsalocalhosttoobtainfilesfromaremotehostbutdoesnotprovidereliabilityorsecurity.ItusesthefundamentalpacketdeliveryservicesofferedbyUDP.TheFileTransferProtocol(FTP)isthestandardmechanismprovidedbyTCP/IPforcopyingafilefromonehosttoanother.ItusestheservicesofferedbyTCPandsoisreliableandsecure.Itestablishestwoconnections(virtualcircuits)betweenthehosts,onefordatatransferandanotherforcontrolinformation.
47.Whatistherangeofaddressesintheclassesofinternetaddresses?ClassA0.0.0.0127.255.255.255ClassB128.0.0.0191.255.255.255ClassC192.0.0.0223.255.255.255ClassD224.0.0.0239.255.255.255ClassE240.0.0.0247.255.255.255
48.WhatistheminimumandmaximumlengthoftheheaderintheTCPsegmentandIPdatagram?Theheadershouldhaveaminimumlengthof20bytesandcanhaveamaximumlengthof60bytes.
49.WhatisdifferencebetweenARPandRARP?Theaddressresolutionprotocol(ARP)isusedtoassociatethe32bitIPaddresswiththe48bitphysicaladdress,usedbyahostoraroutertofindthephysicaladdressofanotherhostonitsnetworkbysendingaARPquerypacketthatincludestheIPaddressofthereceiver.Thereverseaddressresolutionprotocol(RARP)allowsahosttodiscoveritsInternetaddresswhenitknowsonlyitsphysicaladdress.
50.WhatisICMP?ICMPisInternetControlMessageProtocol,anetworklayerprotocoloftheTCP/IPsuiteusedbyhostsandgatewaystosendnotificationofdatagramproblemsbacktothesender.Itusestheechotest/replytotestwhetheradestinationisreachableandresponding.Italsohandlesbothcontrolanderrormessages.
51.WhatarethedataunitsatdifferentlayersoftheTCP/IPprotocolsuite?Thedataunitcreatedattheapplicationlayeriscalledamessage,atthetransportlayerthedataunitcreatediscalledeitherasegmentoranuserdatagram,atthenetworklayerthedataunitcreatediscalledthedatagram,atthedatalinklayerthedatagramisencapsulatedintoaframeandfinallytransmittedassignalsalongthetransmissionmedia.
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52.WhatisProject802?ItisaprojectstartedbyIEEEtosetstandardsthatenableintercommunicationbetweenequipmentfromavarietyofmanufacturers.Itisawayforspecifyingfunctionsofthephysicallayer,thedatalinklayerandtosomeextentthenetworklayertoallowforinterconnectivityofmajorLANprotocols.Itconsistsofthefollowing:802.1isaninternetworkingstandardforcompatibilityofdifferentLANsandMANsacrossprotocols.802.2Logicallinkcontrol(LLC)istheuppersublayerofthedatalinklayerwhichisnonarchitecturespecific,thatisremainsthesameforallIEEEdefinedLANs.Mediaaccesscontrol(MAC)isthelowersublayerofthedatalinklayerthatcontainssomedistinctmoduleseachcarryingproprietaryinformationspecifictotheLANproductbeingused.ThemodulesareEthernetLAN(802.3),TokenringLAN(802.4),TokenbusLAN(802.5).802.6isdistributedqueuedualbus(DQDB)designedtobeusedinMANs.
53.WhatisBandwidth?Everylinehasanupperlimitandalowerlimitonthefrequencyofsignalsitcancarry.Thislimitedrangeiscalledthebandwidth.
54.Differencebetweenbitrateandbaudrate.Bitrateisthenumberofbitstransmittedduringonesecondwhereasbaudratereferstothenumberofsignalunitspersecondthatarerequiredtorepresentthosebits.baudrate=bitrate/NwhereNisnoofbitsrepresentedbyeachsignalshift.
55.WhatisMACaddress?TheaddressforadeviceasitisidentifiedattheMediaAccessControl(MAC)layerinthenetworkarchitecture.MACaddressisusuallystoredinROMonthenetworkadaptercardandisunique.
56.Whatisattenuation?Thedegenerationofasignaloverdistanceonanetworkcableiscalledattenuation.
57.Whatiscladding?Alayerofaglasssurroundingthecenterfiberofglassinsideafiberopticcable.
58.WhatisRAID?Amethodforprovidingfaulttolerancebyusingmultipleharddiskdrives.
59.WhatisNETBIOSandNETBEUI?NETBIOSisaprogramminginterfacethatallowsI/Orequeststobesenttoandreceivedfromaremotecomputerandithidesthenetworkinghardwarefromapplications.NETBEUIisNetBIOSextendeduserinterface.AtransportprotocoldesignedbymicrosoftandIBMfortheuseonsmallsubnets.
60.Whatisredirector?RedirectorissoftwarethatinterceptsfileorprintsI/Orequestsandtranslatesthemintonetworkrequests.Thiscomesunderpresentationlayer.
61.WhatisBeaconing?Theprocessthatallowsanetworktoselfrepairnetworksproblems.Thestationsonthenetworknotifytheotherstationsontheringwhentheyarenotreceivingthetransmissions.BeaconingisusedinTokenringandFDDInetworks.
62.Whatisterminalemulation,inwhichlayeritcomes?Telnetisalsocalledasterminalemulation.Itbelongstoapplicationlayer.
63.Whatisframerelay,inwhichlayeritcomes?
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Framerelayisapacketswitchingtechnology.Itwilloperateinthedatalinklayer.
64.Whatdoyoumeantby"tripleX"inNetworks?ThefunctionofPAD(PacketAssemblerDisassembler)isdescribedinadocumentknownasX.3.ThestandardprotocolhasbeendefinedbetweentheterminalandthePAD,calledX.28anotherstandardprotocolexistsbetweenhtePADandthenetwork,calledX.29.Together,thesethreerecommendationsareoftencalled"tripleX"
65.WhatisSAP?Seriesofinterfacepointsthatallowothercomputerstocommunicatewiththeotherlayersofnetworkprotocolstack.
66.Whatissubnet?Agenerictermforsectionofalargenetworksusuallyseparatedbyabridgeorrouter.
67.WhatisBrouterHybriddevicesthatcombinethefeaturesofbothbridgesandrouters.
68.HowGatewayisdifferentfromRouters?AgatewayoperatesattheupperlevelsoftheOSImodelandtranslatesinformationbetweentwocompletelydifferentnetworkarchitecturesordataformats.
69.Whatarethedifferenttypeofnetworking/internetworkingdevices?Repeater:Alsocalledaregenerator,itisanelectronicdevicethatoperatesonlyatphysicallayer.Itreceivesthesignalinthenetworkbeforeitbecomesweak,regeneratestheoriginalbitpatternandputstherefreshedcopybackintothelink.
Bridges:TheseoperatebothinthephysicalanddatalinklayersofLANsofsametype.Theydividealargernetworkintosmallersegments.Theycontainlogicthatallowthemtokeepthetrafficforeachsegmentseparateandthusarerepeatersthatrelayaframeonlythesideofthesegmentcontainingtheintendedrecipentandcontrolcongestion.
Routers:Theyrelaypacketsamongmultipleinterconnectednetworks(i.e.LANsofdifferenttype).Theyoperateinthephysical,datalinkandnetworklayers.Theycontainsoftwarethatenablethemtodeterminewhichoftheseveralpossiblepathsisthebestforaparticulartransmission.
Gateways:Theyrelaypacketsamongnetworksthathavedifferentprotocols(e.g.betweenaLANandaWAN).Theyacceptapacketformattedforoneprotocolandconvertittoapacketformattedforanotherprotocolbeforeforwardingit.TheyoperateinallsevenlayersoftheOSImodel.
70.Whatismeshnetwork?Anetworkinwhichtherearemultiplenetworklinksbetweencomputerstoprovidemultiplepathsfordatatotravel.
71.Whatispassivetopology?Whenthecomputersonthenetworksimplylistenandreceivethesignal,theyarereferredtoaspassivebecausetheydontamplifythesignalinanyway.Exampleforpassivetopologylinearbus.
72.Whataretheimportanttopologiesfornetworks
BUStopology:Inthiseachcomputerisdirectlyconnectedtoprimarynetworkcableinasingleline.Advantages:Inexpensive,easytoinstall,simpletounderstand,easytoextend.
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STARtopology:Inthisallcomputersareconnectedusingacentralhub.Advantages:Canbeinexpensive,easytoinstallandreconfigureandeasytotroubleshootphysicalproblems.
RINGtopology:Inthisallcomputersareconnectedinloop.Advantages:Allcomputershaveequalaccesstonetworkmedia,installationcanbesimple,andsignaldoesnotdegradeasmuchasinothertopologiesbecauseeachcomputerregeneratesit.
73.Whataremajortypesofnetworksandexplain?ServerbasednetworkPeertopeernetworkPeertopeernetwork,computerscanactasbothserverssharingresourcesandasclientsusingtheresources.Serverbasednetworksprovidecentralizedcontrolofnetworkresourcesandrelyonservercomputerstoprovidesecurityandnetworkadministration
74.WhatisProtocolDataUnitThedataunitintheLLCleveliscalledtheprotocoldataunit(PDU).ThePDUcontainsoffourfieldsadestinationserviceaccesspoint(DSAP),asourceserviceaccesspoint(SSAP),acontrolfieldandaninformationfield.DSAP,SSAPareaddressesusedbytheLLCtoidentifytheprotocolstacksonthereceivingandsendingmachinesthataregeneratingandusingthedata.ThecontrolfieldspecifieswhetherthePDUframeisainformationframe(Iframe)orasupervisoryframe(Sframe)oraunnumberedframe(Uframe).
75.Whatisdifferencebetweenbasebandandbroadbandtransmission?Inabasebandtransmission,theentirebandwidthofthecableisconsumedbyasinglesignal.Inbroadbandtransmission,signalsaresentonmultiplefrequencies,allowingmultiplesignalstobesentsimultaneously.
76.Whatarethepossiblewaysofdataexchange?(i)Simplex(ii)Halfduplex(iii)Fullduplex.
77.WhatarethetypesofTransmissionmedia?Signalsareusuallytransmittedoversometransmissionmediathatarebroadlyclassifiedintotwocategories.GuidedMedia:Thesearethosethatprovideaconduitfromonedevicetoanotherthatincludetwistedpair,coaxialcableandfiberopticcable.Asignaltravelingalonganyofthesemediaisdirectedandiscontainedbythephysicallimitsofthemedium.Twistedpairandcoaxialcableusemetallicthatacceptandtransportsignalsintheformofelectricalcurrent.Opticalfiberisaglassorplasticcablethatacceptsandtransportssignalsintheformoflight.UnguidedMedia:Thisisthewirelessmediathattransportelectromagneticwaveswithoutusingaphysicalconductor.Signalsarebroadcasteitherthroughair.Thisisdonethroughradiocommunication,satellitecommunicationandcellulartelephony.
78.Differencebetweenthecommunicationandtransmission.Transmissionisaphysicalmovementofinformationandconcernissueslikebitpolarity,synchronization,clocketc.Communicationmeansthemeaningfullexchangeofinformationbetweentwocommunicationmedia.
79.TheInternetControlMessageProtocoloccursatwhatlayerofthesevenlayermodel?Network
80.WhichprotocolresolvesanIPaddresstoaMACaddress?ARP
81.MIDIandMPEGareexamplesofwhatlayeroftheOSIsevenlayermodel?
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05/12/2014 "HereToHelpYou":ComputerNetworks:Interview
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Labels:ComputerNetworks:Interview,VivaandBasicQuestionsPart4
Presentation
82.WhatistheprotocolnumberforUDP?17
83.Whichprotocolisusedforbootingdisklessworkstations?RARP
84.Whichlayerisresponsibleforputting1sand0sintoalogicalgroup?Physical
85.Whatdoes'P'meanwhenrunningaTrace?Protocolunreachable
86.UDPworksatwhichlayeroftheDODmodel?HosttoHost
87.WhatisthedefaultencapsulationofNetware3.12?802.2
88.PinguseswhichInternetlayerprotocol?ICMP
89.Whichswitchingtechnologycanreducethesizeofabroadcastdomain?VLAN
90.Whatisthefirststepindataencapsulation?Userinformationisconvertedintodata.
91.WhatistheprotocolnumberforTCP?6
92.WhatdoyouusetheAuxportfor?Modem
93.RepeatersworkatwhichlayeroftheOSImodel?Physical
94.WANstandsforwhichofthefollowing?WideAreaNetwork
95.WhatISDNprotocolspecifiesconcepts,terminology,andservices?I
96.LANstandsforwhichofthefollowing?LocalAreNetwork
97.DHCPstandsforDynamicHostConfigurationProtocol
98.WhatdoestheacronymARPstandfor?AddressResolutionProtocol
99.Whichlayerisresponsibleforidentifyingandestablishingtheavailabilityoftheintendedcommunicationpartner?Application.
100.WhichOSIlayerprovidesmechanical,electrical,proceduralforactivating,maintainingphysicallink?Physical
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