heredity asexual & sexual reproduction rna & dna mitosis & meiosis genetics

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Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

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Page 1: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

Heredity

Asexual & Sexual Reproduction

RNA & DNA

Mitosis & Meiosis

Genetics

Page 2: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

Asexual & Sexual Reproduction

• Asexual Reproduction:– Only involves single parent cell– No variation– Very rapid– 4 types:

• Budding• Vegetative propagation• Spore formation• Binary fission

Page 3: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

Sexual Reproduction

• Female gamete – egg (ovum)

• Male gamete – sperm (spermatozoan)

• Fertilization = joining of sperm and egg

• Fertilized egg called zygote (then embryo, then fetus)

• Know these terms for plants:– Pollen, stamen, pistil, seed, ovary, fruit,

germination

Page 4: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics
Page 5: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

DNA & RNA

• Building block of DNA/RNA = nucleotide (see diagram)

• DNA: ATCG

• RNA: AUCG

• Structure of DNA: double helix (see diagram)

• Complementary base pairing

Page 6: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics
Page 7: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

DNA

• Replication

• Transcription

• Translation

Page 8: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

Mitosis• Interphase

• Mitosis– Prophase

– Metaphase

– Anaphase

– Telophase

Page 9: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

Identify the Stages of Mitosis

Page 10: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

Meiosis

Page 11: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

Meiosis

• Reduction division

Mitosis Meiosis

# divisions

# daughter cells

Chromosome # in daughters

Daughter cells are

Purpose

Page 12: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

Genetics

• Dominant • Recessive• Codominance• Incomplete Dominance• Genotype• Phenotype• Heterozygous• Homozygous

Page 13: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

Punnet Squares

• Homozygous tall X Homozygous short

Page 14: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

Punnet Squares

• Homozygous tall X Heterozygous tall

Page 15: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

Punnet Squares

• Heterozygous tall X Heterozygous tall

Page 16: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

Genetic Engineering

• Mutation is the ultimate source of variation

• Gene splicing (transformation) – DNA from one organism is transferred into another

Page 17: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

Genetic Diseases

• Mutation – change in the DNA sequence

• Point mutations

• Frame shift mutations

• Chromosome mutations – Deletions, insertions, inversions,

translocations, nondisjunction

Page 18: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

Genetic Diseases

• Phenylketonuria (PKU)

• Cystic Fibrosis

• Huntington’s

• Hemophilia

• Color blindness

Page 19: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

• Which type of compound is NOT part of DNA?– Deoxyribose; nitrogen base; phosphate; protein

• Color blindness results form the expression of a single recessive sex-linked allele. Therefore, the disorder occurs in males when the allele is– Missing on both the X & Y; present on both the X & Y; present on the X;

present only on the Y

• In humans, brown eyes, B, are dominant to blue eyes, b. What is the genotype and phenotype of a person who is heterozygous for this trait?– bb blue; Bb brown; Bb blue; BB brown

• Which represents mitosis?– Sexual cellular reproduction; the division of genetic material of a cell to

produce a zygote; the splitting of a cell to produced 2 daughter cells identical to the parent; the splitting of a cell to produce 2 gametes with ½ the chromosome number as the parent

Page 20: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

• Which is an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?– Fewer opportunities for genetic errors occur, thereby ensuring a more durable

population; sexual reproduction eliminates the need for more than one organism if reproduction is to occur; species using sexual reproduction will be better assured of the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions; the genetic material of the parent will be copied exactly

• Which of the following would NOT result in an abnormality in offspring?– Extra chromosomes in a gamete; failure of chromatids to separate; formation of a

polar body during gamete production; genetic mutation

• Gregor Mendel, in his study of the characteristics of pea plants, developed an understanding of the role of hereditary expression of plant traits. His work led to the development of the branch of biology called

– Botany; genetics; microbiology; plant physiology

• If a human cell reproduces itself through mitosis, what is the correct number of chromosome PAIRS present in each daughter cell?

– 12; 23; 46; 92

Page 21: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

• What structure contains both the genetic material for a new plant and a stored food supply?– Fruit; pistil; seed; spores

• A bee aids in the assurance of genetic variation of flowering plants by contributing to the process of – Cross pollination; germination; self pollination; vegetative

propagation

• During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes divide and move to opposite poles of the cell?– Prophase; metaphase; anaphase; telophase

• A zygote is produced from which of the following processes?– Fertilization; germination; meiosis; mitosis

Page 22: Heredity Asexual & Sexual Reproduction RNA & DNA Mitosis & Meiosis Genetics

• Choose the best definition form ovum.– A cell produced by the union of male and female sex cells; a female sex

cell; a male sex cell; the organ responsible for the production of reproductive cells

• One strand of DNA has the following arrangement of nucleotides: ACTGA. What would be the nucleotide arrangement on the complementary strand?

• Which of the following disorders is NOT a result of a genetic abnormality?– Down Syndrome; hemophilia; pneumonia; sickle cell anemia

• Which of the following is the male structure of a flower?– Pistil; ovary; stigma; stamen

• Meiosis results in the formation of– Cells with a haploid number of chromosomes; cells with a diploid

number of chromosomes; cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell; cells with only one chromosome