heredity, genetics and dna understanding the codes
TRANSCRIPT
Heredity, Genetics and DNA
Understanding the CODES
Genetics Vocabulary
• Genetics is the study of heredity, a study of how certain characteristics are passed on from parents to children.
• Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, discovered the basic principles of heredity in the 19th century.
The science of biological inheritance
Genetics
A segment of a chromosome that produces a particular trait.
Gene
A pair of hereditary factors that make up a gene (different forms
of a gene)
Alleles
A hereditary factor that “takes over” the gene determining the
trait
Dominant Allele
A hereditary factor that is hidden by a dominant allele
Recessive Allele
Two identical alleles for a particular trait. TT
Homozygous
Two different alleles for a particular trait. Tt
Heterozygous
The genetic makeup of an organism due to the genes
present
Genotype
A particular physical appearance produced by genes
Phenotype
Male and female sex cells
Gametes
A fertilised seed
Zygote
The display of all the chromosomes in a cell’s
nucleus
Karyotype
Genes• Each trait – an expressed characteristic is
produced by a pair of hereditary factors collectively know as GENES. Within a chromosome, there are many genes, each of which controls the inheritance of a particular trait.
• A GENE is a segment of a chromosome that produces a particular trait. For example, in pea plants, there’s a gene on the chromosome that holds the code for seed coat color.
Alleles• A gene usually consists of a pair of
hereditary factors called alleles. • Each organism carries two alleles for a
particular trait, one from the mother and one from the father.
• Another way to say this is that two alleles make up a gene, which in turn produces a particular trait.
Dominant & Recessive Alleles
• Dominant and RECESSIVE ALLELES: an allele can be DOMINANT or RECESSIVE.
• A Dominant allele – takes over. Written with a CAPITAL letter. (T)
• A Recessive allele – hidden by the dominant. Written with a LOWERCASE letter. (t)
Phenotype and Genotype
• When discussing the physical appearance of an organism we refer to its phenotype.
• When talking about the genetic makeup of an organism we refer to its genotype. The genotype tells us which alleles the organism possesses.
HOMOZYGOUS and HETEROZYGOUS
• When an organism has two identical alleles for a given trait, we say the organism is homozygous. For instance TT and tt would both represent the genotypes of homozygous organisms, one homozygous dominant, and one homozygous recessive.
• If an organism has two different alleles for a given trait, say Tt, that organism is heterozygous.
PARENT and FILLIAL GENERATIONS
• The first generation is always called the parent or P1 GENERATION.
• The offspring of the P1 generation are called the first fillial or F1 generation.
• The offspring of the F1 generation are called the F2 generation.
Mendel’s Law of Heredity
1. Law of Segregation – states that the members of each pair of alleles separate when gametes are formed. A gamete will receive one allele or the other.
2. Law of Independent Assortment – states that two or more pairs of alleles segregate independently of one another during gamete formation.