Here’s What I Won’t Talk

About

Enrico Fermi’s (1954) Space-Based World Machine

Bill Foster

Sulak FestschriftOctober 22, 2005

Panofsky,1997

Livingston Plot (Parton ECM vs Calendar Year)

Exponentially Available Resources by mining the Asteroids with Self-Replicating Factories

Second Golden Ageof Particle Physics

How to Deal with Today’s Reality

… and the Last, Best Hope for U.S. Particle Physics

Space Exploration via Self-Replicating Factories is an

Ancient Concept

• Dave Barry (2003)

Penrose, L. S. Self-Reproducing Machines. Scientific American 206, 6, pp. 105-114, 1959.

Chirikjian, Zhou, and Suthakorn,Self Replicating Robots for Lunar Development. IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatronics, 7, 4, pp. 462-472, 2002.

Spreading Rate Across the Universe

Stanley Steamer to Stanley the Robotic Vehicle~ 100 Years

1906 Stanley Steamer DARPA Grand Challenge Winner (2005)

Self-Replicating Robotic Factories are going to be one of those things like Flat-Screen TVthat everyone laughs at,until one day they suddenly appear….

Today’s Computers are Already Good Enough For Self- Replication

Carbon Nanotubes may make the Space Elevetor a Reality

• The electricity bill to get yourself into low-Earth Orbit is about $10

The Next Microsoft ® Opportunity

Will be captured by the first(Nation, Region, or Planet…)that builds the first self-replicating factoryto mine the asteriods.

• HEP accelerators will be an afterthought• But that’s a different talk…

Future Accelerators

Three Feasible ~$10B Projects:1. 0.5 TeV e+e- Linear Collider

2. 40 TeV 250 TeV P-P Collider

3. -factory muon collider?

Three Regions:

1. Europe

2. North America

3. Asia

How

Hard

Can

This

Be?

I am Also Not Going to Talk About:

G. W. Foster – Proton DriverFermilab

The SCRF Proton Driver

Bill Foster Sulak FestschriftOctober 22, 2005

A New High Intensity Proton Source (and more!) at Fermilab

Outline

• Fermilab Strategic Context

• Superconducting RF Proton Driver Concept

• Physics program with an intense proton source

– Focus: Long baseline neutrino experiments

– Mention: Other physics possibilities (multi-mission linac)

• Proton Driver Technical Design

• Hardware & Collaborations in Progress

Fermilab Strategic Context

For the last 20 years, Fermilab has operated

the world’s highest energy physics program

at the Tevatron, a ECM = 2

TeV superconducting proton-antiproton collider.

This will come to an end in ~2009

when the CERN LHC turns on

and begins doing physics at 14 TeV (P-P)

… Fermilab Strategic Context

The International Linear Collider (ILC)(~ 0.5 TeV e+e-) has been endorsed as the Next Big Thing in High Energy Physics

Fermilab is an excellent candidate site.

Wide spectrum of opinion as to how likely it isthat the Bush administration will support a ~$12 B new initiative in HEP any time soon

Shouldn’t put all our eggs in one basket…

On the other hand, the world’s best Neutrino Physics program will continue at Fermilab in any case

Find a way to do both ILC R&D and Neutrinos

August 5, 2005 G.W.Foster - Proton Driver

8 GeV Superconducting Linac• New idea incorporating concepts from the ILC, the Spallation

Neutron Source, RIA and APT.– Copy SNS, RIA, and JPARC Linac design up to 1.3 GeV– Use “TESLA” Cryomodules from 1.3 - 8 GeV– H- Injection at 8 GeV in Main Injector

“Super-Beams” in Fermilab Main Injector:

– 2 MW Beam power at BOTH 8 GeV and 120 GeV

– Small emittances ==> Small losses in Main Injector

– Minimum (1.5 sec) cycle time (or less)

– MI Beam Power Independent of Beam Energy

==> (flexible neutrino program)

August 5, 2005 G.W.Foster - Proton Driver

8 GeV Superconducting LinacWith X-Ray FEL, 8 GeV Neutrino & Spallation Sources, LC and Neutrino Factory

~ 700m Active Length8 GeV Linac

X-RAY FEL LAB8 GeVneutrino

MainInjector@2 MW

Anti-Proton

SY-120Fixed-Target

Neutrino“Super- Beams”

NUMI

Off- Axis

& Long-Pulse Spallation Source

Neutrino Target

Neutrinosto “Homestake”

Short Baseline Detector Array

Target and Muon Cooling Channel

Bunching Ring

RecirculatingLinac for Neutrino Factory

VLHC at Fermilab

Damping Ringsfor TESLA @ FNALWith 8 GeV e+ Preacc.

1% LC Systems Test

August 5, 2005 G.W.Foster - Proton Driver

8 GeV SC Linac Proton Driver

• A Bridge Program to the Linear Collider

• Near Term Physics Program (neutrinos+)

• Multiple HEP Destinations & Off-Ramps

• A seed project for Industrial Participation

50 cryomodules, 12 RF stations, ~1.5% of LC

Fermilab’s Fork in the Road

IF ( ILC 2006 CDR looks affordable) THEN

– Push for ILC ~2010 construction start at Fermilab

– Proceed with 120 GeV Neutrino Program at >1 MW

ELSE

– Superconducting 8 GeV Proton Driver starting 2008

– 30-120 GeV and 8 GeV Beams at 2-4 MW

– Stepping-Stone to delayed ILC construction start ~2012

ENDIF

Fermilab’s New Director Pier Oddone’s presentation to EPP 2010:

Proton Driver Project Plans 2008 Construction Start - (CD-1 review June ’06)

Proton Driver Physics

• Main Motivation: Neutrino Oscillations

also:• Neutrino Scattering• Muons• Kaons, pions, neutrons, antiprotons …..

The Elephant in the room is the synergy with the International Linear Collider, the oft-stated highest priority of US HEP.

Neutrino Physics at Fermilab

• Neutrino physics provides the primary motivation for a new Fermilab Proton Driver.

• The recent APS study on the future of neutrino physics concluded with some recommendations, amongst which:– “We recommend, as a high priority, a comprehensive U.S.

program to complete our understanding of neutrino mixing, to determine the character of the neutrino mass spectrum, and to search for CP violation among neutrinos.”

• The program to do this should have as one of its components:– “A proton driver in the megawatt class or above and neutrino

superbeam with an appropriate very large detector capable of observing CP violation and measuring the neutrino mass-squared differences and mixing parameters with high precision.”

• Rare decays(window for new physics)Intense Kaon beams!

• Muon physics (with intense muon beams)– Rare muon decays, Search for lepton flavor violation : → eor→

3e– Muon EDM, CP violation– Precision measurements: g-2 (statistics limits understanding systematics)

• Neutrino Factories• Anti-Proton Physics

– When BTEV ends ~ 2015 Fermilab will have by far the worlds most intense source of antiproton. What should we do with it ?

• Long pulse spallation neutron source, etc…

Other Possible Physics with Intense Proton Sources

e.g. BR (KL → p o n n )

G. W. Foster – Proton DriverFermilab

Motivations for the Linac Proton Driver

• Protons on Target for Neutrino Program

• 2 MW at 30-120 GeV from the Main Injector

• 0.5 - 2 MW at 8 GeV directly from the Linac

• Clear path for further MI upgrades > 2 MW

• Synergy with International Linear Collider

– Exactly the same technology for E ~ 1.5 8 GeV

– 1.5% Scale Demonstration Project & U.S. Cost Basis

– Seed Project for U.S. Industrialization of SCRF

LinacProvidesAll Three

Fermilab’s Existing Proton Source

Cockroft-Walton

H- ions (750 KeV)

35 yrs old

Drift Tube LINAC

750 KeV 116 MeV

35 yrs oldFNAL Accelerator Complex

7 major accelerators !)

Proton Source = Linac, Booster, Main Injector35 yrs old

8 GeV Booster

Rapid-Cycling

Synchrotron

Intensity Bottlenecks: Space Charge at Booster Injection, and Booster Beam Loss

Booster & Main Injector

Booster Synchrotron

15 Hz resonant magnet cycle

400 MeV H- stripped 8 GeV Protons

Protons MI or Mini-BooNE

35 yrs old

1999

Main Injector Synchrotron

8 GeV 150 GeV

Protons or Pbars for TeV Collider

120 GeV for PBAR production or to the NUMI target

Q: WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS

NUMBER ?

A: this is the number of vacuum tubes required to accelerate beams to 8 GeV in Fermilab’s current Proton Source.

451

β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1

Modulator

β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1

Modulator

36 Cavites / Klystron

TESLA LINAC8 Klystrons288 Cavities in 36 Cryomodules 1300 MHz β=1

β<1 TESLA LINAC

2 Klystrons96 Elliptical Cavities12 Cryomodules

1300 MHz 0.1-1.2 GeV

β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1

Modulator

β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1

Modulator

β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1

Modulator

β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1

Modulator

β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1

Modulator

β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1

Modulator

10 MWTESLA

Multi-BeamKlystrons48 Cavites / Klystron

β=.81

Modulator

β=.81 β=.81 β=.81 β=.81 β=.81

8 Cavites / Cryomodule

0.5 MW Initial 8 GeV Linac11 Klystrons (2 types)449 Cavities 51 Cryomodules

“PULSED RIA”Front End Linac

325 MHz 0-110 MeV H- RFQ MEBT RTSR SSR DSR

Single3 MWJPARCKlystron

Multi-Cavity Fanout at 10 - 50 kW/cavityPhase and Amplitude Control w/ Ferrite Tuners

DSR

β=.47

Modulator

β=.47 β=.61 β=.61 β=.61 β=.61

or… 325 MHz Spoke Resonators

Elliptical Option

Modulator

10 MWTESLA

Klystrons

The Building Block of the 8 GeV Linac

… is the TESLA RF Station:

• 1 Klystron• 1 Modulator • ~ 4 Cryomodules• 36 SCRF CAVITIES ~1 GeV of Beam Energy

Proton Driver: 8 RF StationsLinear Collider: 500 RF Stations

Understanding the

production cost of

the TESLA RF station

is the most important

question in (US) HEP.

G. W. Foster – Proton DriverFermilab

G. W. Foster – Proton DriverFermilab

G. W. Foster – Proton DriverFermilab

G. W. Foster – Proton DriverFermilab

G. W. Foster – Proton DriverFermilab

G. W. Foster – Proton DriverFermilab

G. W. Foster – Proton DriverFermilab

G. W. Foster – Proton DriverFermilab

G. W. Foster – Proton DriverFermilab

G. W. Foster – Proton DriverFermilab

Proton Driver Linac - Technology Flow

R

F

Q

“PULSED RIA”

SCRF Spoke

Cavity Linac

“SNS / RIA”Beta < 1 Elliptical

Cavity Linac

“TESLA”

Elliptical Cavity SCRF Linac

Beta = 1 1300 MHz

JHF

(KEK)

RIA (ANL)

APT (LANL)

SNS (JLAB)

RIA (MSU)

FNAL

ANL / SNS

New FNAL Proton Source Linear Collider Test Facility

TESLACOLLABORATION

BNL / SNS

FNAL Proton PlanUpgrades

NUMI Beamline &

Infrastructure

H

_

325 MHzRFQ andKlystron

SCRFSpoke

Cavities

LinacAccel.

Physics

SNSProductionExperience

< 1Cavity

Design

FastFerrite

Shifters

PulsedModu-lators

Cavities

Cryog

enics

Klystrons

RF

D

istribution

Beam Transportand CollimationDesign

MainInjector@2 MW 8 GeV beams:

P, n, , , e…Technological& HEP Applications

Neutrino Super-beams

Other Labs & Universities

PROTON DRIVER

8 GeV1.3 GeV

SN

S &

DE

SY

Cavities and Cryomodules

• 9-cell, 1.3 GHz

Tesla SCRF Cavity

Cryomodule at Tesla Test Facility

The Cavities and Cryo-modules for 85% of the Proton Driver will be nearly identical to those developed by the TESLA collaboration for the International Linear Collider

8 GeV Superconducting LinacWith X-Ray FEL, 8 GeV Neutrino & Spallation Sources, LC and Neutrino Factory

~ 700m Active Length8 GeV Linac

X-RAY FEL LAB8 GeVneutrino

MainInjector@2 MW

Anti-Proton

SY-120Fixed-Target

Neutrino“Super- Beams”

NUMI

Off- Axis

& Long-Pulse Spallation Source?

Neutrino Target

Neutrinosto “Homestake”

Short Baseline Detector Array

Target and Muon Cooling Channel

Bunching Ring

RecirculatingLinac for Neutrino Factory

VLHC at Fermilab

Damping Ringsfor TESLA @ FNALWith 8 GeV e+ Preacc.

1% LC Systems Test

The Baseline Mission:8 GeV H- Injection and Super Beams in the Main Injector

~ 700m Active Length8 GeV Linac

8 GeVneutrino

MainInjector@2 MW

SY-120Fixed-Target

Neutrino“Super- Beams”

NUMI

Off- Axis

MORE INFORMATION

• Project site: http://protondriver.fnal.gov

• Physics and Machine “CD-0” Documents

• Recent Director’s Review:http://protondriver.fnal.gov/PDrev15Mar05.htm

• Recent ICFA Workshop: http://www.niu.edu/clasep/HPSLconf/