hero to zero, vancouver's new rezoning policy - buildex vancouver 2017

W44: FROM ZERO TO HERO – NEAR ZERO AND LOW EMISSIONS GREEN BUILDINGS AND VANCOUVER’S

NEW REZONING BYLAW

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 15, 2017

3:30PM-4:30PM ROOM 207

Rod Yeoh, P.Eng., P.E., LEED® AP BD+C

Principal DIALOG

Outline• Introduction• Background• CoV Rezoning Policy –

Energy Provisions• Passive House• Net Zero Certification• Energy modeling

• Case Study & Analysis

• Building Envelope• Mechanical• Other provisions of

Rezoning Policy

About DIALOGWe are passionate about design. We believe it can, and should, meaningfully improve the wellbeing of communities — including those who inhabit them and the environment we share.

• Integrated Architecture, Engineering, Planning & Urban Design, Interior Design, Landscape Architecture, Sustainability

• 575+ people firm wide across Canada• Studios in Vancouver, Edmonton, Calgary, Toronto, and San Francisco

The Mark - VancouverDIALOG

Vancouver HouseBIG/DIALOG

Brookfield Place – CalgaryFKA/DIALOG

The Hendrix - EdmontonDIALOG

Why are we even talking about this?

© Bronwyn Barry

http://nypassivehouse.org/naphn14-in-maine-martin-and-a-few-inches-of-sub-slab-insulation/

Background

Source: Navius Research Report – Modelling the Impact of the Climate Leadership Plan and Federal Carbon Price on BC’s GHG Emissions

Background• In order to meet Carbon targets, need to reduce

carbon emissions by 80%

• CoV Goals – All Buildings to be Net Zero ready by 2050• Note: Net Zero Emissions, not just Net Zero

Energy

• Retrofit existing buildings to reduce carbon by 50%

• Electrification of 2/3 of existing buildings

• CoV leads the way – other jurisdictions follow

Amended November 29, 2016

• “This Policy is effective immediately and shall be mandatory for all Rezoning Applications received on or after May 1, 2017, with exceptions permitted at the discretion of the Director of Planning.”

• All Rezonings must meet the following requirements of either:

A. Near Zero Emissions Buildings or

B. Low Emissions Green Buildings

CoV Green Buildings Policy for Rezonings

• REQUIREMENTS

A. Near Zero Emissions Buildings

Projects shall be designed to meet Passive House requirements and apply for certification, or to an alternate near zero emissions building standard, such as the International Living Future Institute’s Net Zero Energy Building Certification, as deemed suitable by the Director of Sustainability.

OR



PassiveHouse

Image source: Albert, Righter & Tittmann Architects Inc.

• Passivhaus is a German standard for low energy buildings (originated for residential)• 15 kWh/sqm/yr heating energy• OR peak heat load of 10 W/sqm• 15 kWh/sqm/yr cooling energy + 0.3 DDH (degree day

hours)

Passive House

• Total Primary (source) energy of 120 kWh/sqm/yr

• Air leakage < 0.6 AC/hr at 50 Pa

• Canadian Passive House institute

• www.passivehousecanada.com

Passive House

• Envelope U - 0.15 W/sqm/deg C (R37 w/ no thermal bridging)• Windows U – 0.8 W/sqm/deg C (min triple glazed with very good

frames)• SHGC > 0.50

• Ventilation with min 75% effective heat recovery (incl. defrost)

Saskatchewan Conservation House – Regina, 1977

Passive House

Passive House

Passive House - Examples

• 163 Skeena• Largest Passive

House in Canada to date

• Cornerstone Architecture


• Seglet Residential• Karlstad, Sweden• 44 units• Walls R35-R50

• Up to 18” thick• Windows U – 0.17• 86 kWh/sqm/yr primary

energy use

• RHW.2 Office Tower• Vienna, Austria• Completed 2012• 73 m high• Approx. 65 kWh/sqm/yr• Well insulated double façade• Narrow floorplate –

daylighting• CHP Plant, waste heat from

data centre, geo-exchange



• Cornell Tech Dorm• Roosevelt Island, NY• 270 feet high• Insulated metal panels• Reduced window to wall

ratio• Energy recovery ventilation• Air tightness meeting

PH 0.6 AC/hr requirements• Completion 2017

Passive House• Difficult to achieve for typical

Vancouver high rise residential/mixed use projects

• Most local examples to date are single family or rental/affordable multi-family

• For certification, specific products need to be certified. Currently limited choice

• Currently only 3 accredited Passive House certifiers in Canada

• REQUIREMENTS


Projects shall be designed to meet Passive House requirements and apply for certification, or to an alternate near zero emissions building standard, such as the International Living Future Institute’s Net Zero Energy Building Certification, as deemed suitable by the Director of Sustainability.

OR



A Net Zero Energy Building Certified project must generate

one-hundred percent of the project’s energy needs on-site

using renewable energy, without the use of on-site combustion.

NET ZERO ENERGYBUILDING

CERTIFICATION

Place Petal- Limits to Growth- Urban Agriculture- Habitat Exchange- Human Powered

Living

Energy Petal- Net Positive Energy

Beauty Petal- Beauty + Spirit- Inspiration + Education

Water Petal

Materials Petal

Health & Happiness Petal Equity Petal

Net Zero Energy

Renewable Energy generated

on-site without combustion

Annual consumption, verified over

consecutive 12 month period

Documentation Requirements• A project team continues the documentation process

through the project’s construction phase and its operational phase—twelve consecutive months of operation, during which project performance data is recorded.

• Once the operational phase is complete, a project team may submit data for audit. Certification fees are submitted prior to audit and are based on project type and size.

Living Futures Institute – Net Zero

DIALOG Net Zero CompetitionsHammer and Hand Net Zero Design Competition• DIALOG Won Competition• Net Zero residential,

greenhouse and commercial space design

DIALOG Net Zero CompetitionsArchitectural at Zero Competition• DIALOG Won Competition• Net Zero student housing• San Francisco State University,

SFO, CA

DIALOG Net Zero CompetitionsArchitectural at Zero Competition• DIALOG Won Competition• Net Zero student housing• San Francisco, CA


Source: Yudelson Associates

• REQUIREMENTS


OR


1. LEED Gold – Building Design and Construction

All projects – with the exception of residential buildings (at least 50% of gross floor area is residential space) – shall register with the CaGBC and be designed to achieve LEED Gold certification for BD+C, or an alternate holistic green building rating system. Where a project has multiple buildings, each building shall be evaluated separately.


AND

2. Performance Limits

All buildings shall meet or exceed performance limits according to their building type summarized in the tables below, as modelled according to the City of Vancouver Energy Modeling Guidelines. The Energy Modeling Guidelines set standard assumptions and requirements for energy models when assessing compliance with the limits, including accounting for thermal bridging, consideration of summertime thermal comfort, and the treatment of mixed-use buildings.


CoV Green Buildings Policy for RezoningsBuilding Type TEUI

(kWh/sqm)TEDI

(kWh/sqm)GHGI

(kgCO2/sqm)Residential Low-Rise (<7 Storeys) 110 25 5

Residential High-Rise (7+ Storeys) 130 40 6

Office 110 27 3

Retail 170 21 3

Hotel 210 25 8

All Other Buildings EUI 35% below ASHRAE 90.1 - 2010

Buildings Connected to a City-recognized Low Carbon Energy System

TEUI: Total Energy Use IntensityTEDI: Thermal Energy Demand Intensity – Heating only, No DHWGHGI: Greenhouse Gas Intensity


(kWh/sqm)TEDI

(kWh/sqm)GHGI



Office 100 27 3

Retail 170 21 3

Hotel 170 25 8


Buildings Not Connected to a City-recognized Low Carbon Energy System


CoV Green Buildings Policy for Rezonings• Total Energy Use Intensity (TEUI) – The sum of all energy used on site (i.e. Electricity, natural gas,

district heat), minus all renewable energy generated on site, divided by the Modelled Floor Area.

• TEUI shall be reported in kWh/m2a, where a represents year

• Thermal Energy Demand Intensity (TEDI) – The annual heating delivered to the building for space conditioning and conditioning of ventilation air.

• Heating equipment includes electric, gas, hot water, or DX heating coils of central air systems (ex. make-up air units, air handling units, etc.), terminal equipment (ex. baseboards, fan coils, heat pumps, reheat coils, etc.) or any other equipment used for the purposes of space conditioning and ventilation

• Hot water or heat pump heating sources that are derived from a waste heat source or a renewable energy source do not contribute to a reduction in TEDI, as per the above definition

High-Rise Building Energy Use• Study of mid-high rise MURBs by RDH Engineering for CMHC, Province,

HPO, CoV, BC Hydro, & Fortis - 2012• Study of 39 buildings• Constructed over the last 40 years• Lower mainland and Victoria

High-Rise Building Energy Use

Source: MURBs Energy Study - RDH Building Engineering

• EUI ranged from 144 to 299 ekWh/sqm/yr• Average EUI – 213 ekWh/sqm/yr• Heating & Ventilation averaged 37% of total

High-Rise Building Energy Use• Suites with gas

fireplaces used significantly more energy

• Sub-meter gas to reduce usage

Source: MURBs Energy Study - RDH Building Engineering

INTERNALLOADS

HVACHEATING/COOLING

SOLAR GAINS

ENVELOPELOSSES/GAINS

AMBIENTCONDITIONS

SCHEDULES 8,760

Energy Model

• To meet new low energy targets - Need to start energy modeling early in process

• Conceptual Design prior to Rezoning

• High level modeling to determine feasibility of meeting CoV targets

Energy Modeling

Who provides the Energy Model?• Mechanical Consultant• Specialist Energy Modeler• Architect or Building Science

Specialist

Whoever does it needs to be very experienced

with building science/building physics, as well

as building systems.

Model Accuracy

IES VE

• Sefaira • Real-time analysis

for Sketch-up & Revit• DIALOG using

for early stage analysis

• Sefaira itself is not approved software

Energy Modeling Tools

Thermal Bridging

• Also “cold bridge” or “heat bridge”• “An area of an object (typically in a building) which has

significantly higher heat transfer than the surrounding materials, resulting in an overall reduction of thermal insulation of the object”

Thermal Bridging

• Heat is like your kids, it will follow the path of least resistance

• Eg, Steel Stud framed wall• 6” framed wall with R19 Batt

insulation:• Studs 24” o.c. reduce effective

R-value by 50% (R9.6)• Even worse with studs at 16” o.c.

Thermal Bridging

• Windows – Centre of glass vs. overall U-value• Double-glazed, low E glass

• Centre of glass U - 0.26• Non metal frame overall U - 0.37• Thermally broken Al frame U – 0.52• Non-thermally broken Al frame U – 0.70

Thermal Bridging

• Balconies and other thermal bridges

Thermal Bridging

Thermal Bridging

• BC Hydro Building Envelope Thermal Bridging Guide

• Modeling by Morrison Hershfield

• Details and methodology to account for thermal bridging in load calculations and energy modeling

Thermal Bridging

Source: BC Hydro Thermal Bridging Guide

Thermal Bridging

Analysis

• Export from Sefaira to Energy Plus

• Energy Plus is approved software

• More detailed HVAC system analysis

• Case Study: Mixed–Use Residential Project, Richmond, BC

• Run various scenarios of residential tower block against CoV requirements

Case Study Analysis

• Four pipe Fan Coil System• 90% efficient boiler or heat pump

with COP of 3.0 seasonal• 3 scenarios: 100% boiler, 50/50

split, 100% heat pump• Air Cooled chiller – COP 5.0 rated• Run with no heat recovery

ventilation• Includes DHW in GHG calculations

Open Source software usedBatch Simulator – JE Plus – Dr. Yi ZhangVisualizer – Syntagmatic - Open source group – Kai Chang

CoV Rezoning - Analysis


(kWh/sqm)TEDI

(kWh/sqm)GHGI



Office 100 27 3

Retail 170 21 3

Hotel 170 25 8


Buildings Not Connected to a City-recognized Low Carbon Energy System


CoV Green Buildings Policy for RezoningsFuel Type Emissions Factor (kgCO2e/kWh)

Natural Gas 0.185

Electricity 0.011

Low Carbon Energy System 0.070

Emissions Factors by Fuel Type

CoV Green Buildings Policy for RezoningsPercent of Electrical Site Energy Use Generated

On SiteReduced Electrical Emissions Factor

(kgCO2e/kWh) 0% 0.011

1% 0.0094

2% 0.0079

3% 0.0063

4% 0.0047

5% 0.0032

6% 0.0016

7% 0.000

Reduced Electrical Emissions Factors for Site Generated Renewables

BC Electricity is legislated to be 93% renewable

CoV Green Buildings Policy for RezoningsReduced Electrical Emissions Factors for Site Generated Renewables

Source: Building Science Corp

Building Envelope

• Cannot meet requirements with typical window wall or curtain wall

• Window wall spandrel – insulation nominal R8 to R12

• Once thermal bridging accounted for, overall R4-R6

• Need to start looking at alternatives• Reduce WWR – strategically place glass• High performance glazing

• Triple Glazing – overall U-0.25 (R4)• Vision wall – multilayer systems• Dynamic glass (areas with high cooling load)

Building Envelope

• Terminal units• Typical hot water baseboard

Mechanical

• Higher capacity terminal units• About 420 Btuh per foot at 110 deg F mean water temp

Mechanical

Higher capacity heating units

Mechanical

Milwaukee Art Museum – Parking StructureArchitects: Santiago Calatrava/Kahler SlaterPhoto: CGSchmidt

Radiant Heating/CoolingMechanical

• Radiant floor• Floor to floor heights• Need very good envelope

in cold climates• Max floor temps• Floor coverings• Slow reacting• Could delay floor to floor

construction

Mechanical

• Radiant Panels• Can run at low or high

temperatures• Faster reacting

• Combination of baseboards and radiant panels

Mechanical

• Low water temperatures allow use of alternate heating plant technologies:• Condensing boilers• Heat pumps – ground source need balanced load• Heat recovery from low grade heat sources with heat pumps• Solar thermal

Mechanical

• Heating and cooling systems• Chilled beams – Passive or active

Mechanical

• Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF or VRV)

• Similar to fan coil units, but run high pressure refrigerant through building

• Costly to relocate units or install new units

• Most efficient with simultaneous heating and cooling loads

Mechanical

To meet policy requirements

• Good Building Envelope• Limit WWR• Good glazing U-value• Little or no combustion• High efficiency heating systems• Electricity for heating• Low flow fixtures to reduce DHW

use

CoV Rezoning Policy

https://www.google.ca/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjJyt7Eqo7SAhUU4GMKHeblC04QjRwIBw&url=https://greenprep.wordpress.com/tag/high-performance-buildings/&bvm=bv.146786187,d.cGc&psig=AFQjCNGzzfWTKYnFdvyNOB7ZrQVSV7Ycsw&ust=1487118499595481

AND

3. Airtightness Testing

Whole building airtightness for each building is to be tested and reported, and all buildings are to be designed and constructed with the intention of meeting an air-leakage target of 2.0 L/s*sqm @ 75 Pa (0.40 cfm/sf @ 0.3” w.c.), or sealed according to good engineering practice.

Airtightness of suites is to be tested and reported for residential buildings and must demonstrate compliance with suite-level air-leakage target of 1.2 L/s*sqm @ 50 Pa (0.23 cfm/sf @ 0.2” w.c.), as tested to ASTM E779 or an equivalent standards.


• Testing by Steven Winter Associates

• Over 600 buildings in New York

• 0.30 is ASHRAE recommended “average” threshold

• Includes floors, ceilings, internal, and external walls

Airtightness

0.23

AND

4. Enhanced Commissioning

An enhanced commissioning process for all building energy systems is to be completed in accordance with ASHRAE Guideline 0 – 2005 and 1.1 – 2007, or an alternate commissioning standard.


• ASHRAE Guideline 0 – 2005

• Cx Process – begins at early stages of project• Verify that Design, Construction and Training meets Owner’s Project

Requirements• Similar in scope to LEED Enhanced Commissioning Credit Requirements• Properly implemented Cx can

• Prevent or reduce problems• Lower overall costs

Commissioning (Cx)

AND

5. Energy System Sub-Metering & Reporting

Separate master metering for each energy utility (eg. Electricity, gas, etc.) and each building is to be provided as well as sub-metering of all major energy end-uses and major space uses within each building.

An Energy Star Portfolio Manager account is to be setup for each building and must include all basic property information for each building as designed, including setup of meters for all energy utilities servicing the building.

Getting ready for mandatory building energy reporting


Energy Sub-metering• Major Energy End Uses

• Heating• Cooling• Lighting• Domestic Hot Water

• Major Space Uses• Residential• Commercial/Retail/Office

Energy Sub-metering• CoV Energy Modeling Guidelines• Research indicates that MURB projects that do not sub-meter hot

water for space heating at the suite level typically use 15% additional heating energy or more when compared to sub-metered suites. To account for this increase in heating energy use, projects must add 15% to their modelled heating energy end-use. This increase would be reflected in the TEUI only (i.e. TEDI results would remain as a direct output from the model, with no additional 15% added).

Energy Star Portfolio Manager• Energy Benchmarking Tool • Developed by EPA in US• Licensed to NRCan• Adapted to Canada – Weather, postal codes, languages, metric, and

other data specific to Canada• Enter Building Energy data – compares to similar building types in

database and comes up with a score• Score of 75 means 75th percentile in terms of energy efficiency

AND

6. Refrigerant Emissions and Embodied Emissions

All projects shall calculate and report the life-cycle equivalent annual carbon dioxide emissions of each building, in kgCO2e/sqm, from the emission of refrigerants. This requirement does not apply to projects where the total installed heating and cooling capacity of equipment containing refrigerants is less than 35 kW.

All projects shall report the life-cycle equivalent carbon dioxide emissions (ie. Global warming potential impact, or ‘embodied carbon’) of each building, in kgCO2e/sqm, as calculated by a whole-building life-cycle assessment (LCA).


Refrigerant emissions

• Exemption for system total under 35 kW =120 MBH = 10 tons of cooling• About 4000-6000 SF of air conditioned area

Refrigerant Emissions

Source: Buro Happold

Resources:

http://buildcarbonneutral.org/

High level embodied carbon estimating tool

Life Cycle Carbon Emissions

http://buildcarbonneutral.org/

AND

7. Verified Direct Ventilation

All buildings shall be designed and constructed with a ventilation system that provides outdoor air directly to all occupiable spaces, in the quantities defined by code. This includes bedrooms, living rooms, and dens in residential units. The ventilation system shall allow for the designed flow rates to be tested and verified at the occupiable space level as part of the enhanced commissioning process.


• In the past (& present) - pressurize corridors

Ventilation

Pressurized corridors• Study by RDH

Ventilation

Ducted ventilation to each bedroom requiredVentilation

• Air flow in High Rise

Stack Effect

Ventilation

• Heat recovery ventilation• Hotel, Rental, Office –

Central systems

Ventilation

• Market or some rental housing – Distributed HRVs• Each suite has its own

HRV• Occupants have control• Air to air HEX• Bonus – reduces stack

effect

Ventilation

AND

8. Low-Emitting Materials

Emission from interior materials containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or added urea formaldehyde are to be minimized by meeting the content requirements of Green Seal, Green Label, Green Label Plus, FloorScore, South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rules, or alternate low VOC criteria as applicable to each material or product, and shall contain no added urea formaldehyde resins.

Standards are basically the same as in LEED


AND

9. Indoor Air Quality Testing

Indoor air quality testing is to be conducted for formaldehyde, particulates, ozone, total volatile organic compounds, and carbon monoxide prior to occupancy, and report results to the City as compared to acceptable target concentration levels and standards.

Acceptable standards are basically the same as in LEED


AND

10.Integrated Rainwater Management and Green Infrastructure

Explore and describe measures for the management of the site’s rainfall through integrated rainwater management and Green Infrastructure (GI) as described in the City-Wide Integrated Rainwater Management Plan. Project teams can refer to the Citywide Integrated Rainwater Management Plan Volume I: Vision, Principles and Actions and Volume II: Best Management Practice Toolkit, for specific targets and examples of green infrastructure for rainwater management.

City Green Infrastructure Team is in place, but this clause is basically a placeholder for future.


AND

11.Resilient Drinking Water Access

A water fountain, bottle-filling station, or other fixture capable of operating on city water pressure alone and without electricity is to be provided in a location easily accessible to all building occupants.


• CoV Rezoning Policy has fairly stringent GHG standards• Low to Zero Carbon is ultimate goal• Very Good Building Envelope• High efficiency heating systems• Little or no combustion of fossil fuels• No longer able to just pressurize corridors – must duct to bedrooms and living rooms• Energy metering and reporting• Airtightness testing• Enhanced commissioning• Air quality testing• Refrigerant and Building Embodied Carbon• CoV leads the way – other jurisdictions usually follow

Summary

Questions?