herpestes brachyurus, short-tailed mongoose...year published: 2016 date assessed: march 3, 2015...

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ISSN 2307-8235 (online)IUCN 2008: T41610A45206655

Herpestes brachyurus, Short-tailed Mongoose

Assessment by: Duckworth, J.W., Mathai, J., Ross, J. & Wilting, A.

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Citation: Duckworth, J.W., Mathai, J., Ross, J. & Wilting, A. 2016. Herpestes brachyurus. The IUCNRed List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T41610A45206655.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41610A45206655.en

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Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Herpestidae

Taxon Name: Herpestes brachyurus Gray, 1837

Synonym(s):

• Herpestes hosei Jentink, 1903• Urva brachyura (Gray, 1837)

Common Name(s):

• English: Short-tailed Mongoose

Taxonomic Notes:

Herpestes hosei, named from one specimen from Borneo, was treated as a separate species by Payne et

al. (1985) but was considered a synonym of H. brachyurus by Corbet and Hill (1992) on morphological

grounds and by Veron et al. (2015) after genetic analysis. In the early-mid 20th century, H.

semitorquatus and H. fuscus were sometimes considered conspecific with H. brachyurus, but are now

universally considered to be valid species (see Van Rompaey 2000). Various subspecies of H. brachyurus

have been proposed. The Philippine form was noted as startlingly distinct from the other forms by Allen

(1910), while Wilson et al. (2006) considered that it would be better treated as a distinct species,

although they did not explain under which characters. Mitochondrial DNA and morphology suggest that

this population is in fact more closely related to Collared Mongoose than to Short-tailed Mongoose

(Veron et al. 2015), so Philippine animals have been excluded from this account. Veron et al. (2015)

found that Bornean Short-tailed Mongooses differed markedly in mitochondrial DNA from

Sumatran/peninsular Malaysian ones, such that they might better be considered different species; there

are also dental differences. Pending further investigation they remain treated together here.

Assessment Information

Red List Category & Criteria: Near Threatened ver 3.1

Year Published: 2016

Date Assessed: March 3, 2015

Justification:

Short-tailed Mongoose is listed as Near Threatened because in some parts of its range it is probably in a

steep habitat-driven decline. Its global range and inferred population are both well in excess of the

thresholds that would warrant even Near Threatened. The overall decline rate is not known, and needs

to be considered separately for each land-mass. In Borneo it is inferred, from the species's use of a wide

altitudinal range and of heavily modified habitats (at least, when some native forest remains nearby), to

be way below the 25% per three generations (taken as about 13 years, following Pacifici et al. 2013) that

would indicate a Near Threatened categorisation. The peninsular Malaysia population might well be

declining sufficiently fast to warrant a regional threat category, but has plausibly, in the last 13 years,

exited its period of steepest decline. Whereas on Sumatra, conversion rates of forest in the lowlands

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Herpestes brachyurus – published in 2016.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41610A45206655.en

1

http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/categories-and-criteria

and low hills (which are provisionally assumed to hold the bulk of the island's population) were very

high during 2001-2014 and are expected to remain so for the subsequent three generations. An

examination of loss of superficially suitable habitat (forest below 500 m in peninsular Malaysia and in

Sumatra, with forest below 1,500 m in Borneo) between 2000 and 2010 based on information from

Miettinen et al. (2011) suggests an overall habitat loss of 21% in the 10-year period (27% in 13 years)

indicating a categorisation of Near Threatened based on past decline rates which are expected to

continue into the future.

Previously Published Red List Assessments

2008 – Least Concern (LC) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41610A10507499.en

1996 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)

Geographic Range

Range Description:

There are records of Short-tailed Mongoose from Malaysia (both West [peninsular] and East [Borneo]),

Indonesia (Borneo and Sumatra) and Brunei (e.g., Wells 1989, Van Rompaey 2000, Belden et al. 2007,

Jennings and Veron 2011, Duckworth et al. in prep.). Mongooses until recently generally placed within

Short-tailed Mongoose occur in the Philippines (Palawan and Busuanga [Calamian islands]) (Heaney et

al. 1998), but recent genetic and morphological investigations indicate these animals are closer to

Collared Mongoose H. semitorquatus (Veron et al. 2015). Wozencraft (2005) stated that Short-tailed

Mongoose occurs in Singapore; whilst biogeographically plausible, this might have been based on

animals held in the Singapore Zoo (Wells 1989); there are no records or plausible suggestions, historical

or recent, of wild occurrence in the country (Medway 1983, M.A.H. Chua pers. comm. 2013, C.H.S. Low

pers. comm. 2013). Short-tailed Mongoose is listed as also occurring in Viet Nam by Wozencraft (2005);

there seems to be no primary indication of this, and biogeographically its occurrence is unlikely (S.I.

Roberton pers. comm. 2006, D.H.A. Willcox pers. comm. 2014). The subspecies H. b. javanensis was

described from a zoo specimen on Java, Indonesia, but there are no solid field records from the island

(Van Rompaey 2000, Jennings and Veron 2011) and given the level of survey, historical and recent, on

this island, it is highly unlikely that it is native there.

Wells (1989) drew attention to a mongoose specimen in the American Museum of Natural History

labelled from Trang, Thailand, AMNH M-31597. This specimen has been accepted by some authors as

evidence of the Short-tailed Mongoose’s occurrence in Thailand’s far south, which would not be

surprising, given its occurrence in adjacent peninsula Malaysia north to 4 to 5 degrees north (Wells

1989). However, the history of labelling of this specimen is inconsistent, and other implausible localities

for other species from the same collector mean more detailed inspection of all relevant documentation

is needed before considering this a valid Thai record (Chutipong et al. 2014). Extensive recent camera-

trapping in Thailand's far south has not found Short-tailed Mongoose (Chutipong et al. 2014), although

effort (spatial spread and intensity) has not been sufficient to infer thereby the species's absence.

Across its distribution, it ranges from sea-level up to 1,500 m a.s.l., but altitudinal use differs between

land-masses (see 'Habitats and ecology').

Country Occurrence:


2

Native: Brunei Darussalam; Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatera); Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah,Sarawak)


3

Distribution MapHerpestes brachyurus


4

PopulationShort-tailed Mongoose population status appears to vary between land-mass. In Borneo it is both

geographically and ecologically widespread, and at least locally common (Duckworth et al. in prep.) and,

particularly bearing in mind habitat use on Borneo (see 'Habitats and ecology' section), the population is

evidently large. In West Malaysia, Wells (1989) traced rather few records, all from lowland forest; a

pattern that has not changed. While the species still survives at one of the localities identified by Wells

(1989), Krau Wildlife Reserve (Jennings et al. 2010), several camera-trap surveys (which record the

species widely on Borneo; Duckworth et al. in prep.) in various other parts of the peninsula have not

found it, even though the camera-trapping style successfully found Crab-eating Mongoose Herpestes

urva (e.g., Kawanishi and Sunquist 2004, Hedges et al. 2013, K. Kawanishi pers. comm. 2014). Short-

tailed Mongoose's occurrence on the peninsula is clearly ecologically localized (probably reflecting a

restriction to lowland evergreen forest there; see 'Habitats and ecology' section). No detailed collation

of Sumatran records exists. Whilst it evidently occurs widely there (Jennings and Veron 2011), it has not

been found by camera-trapping in some large areas with high effort (Holden 2006, McCarthy and Fuller

2014, WCS Indonesia Programme pers. comm. 2006), although it has in others (Maddox et al. 2007,

A.M. Mobrucker pers. comm. 2014).

There is no direct information available on the population trend on any land-mass; some inference can

be made from habitat trends (see 'Threats' section).

Current Population Trend: Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)

Although little remains known on this species' natural history, it now seems very likely that basic habitat-

use differs between land-masses.

On Borneo it occurs in many habitats, including highly degraded and fragmented areas such as gardens

and suburbs, up to 1,500 m (Payne et al. 1985, Duckworth et al. in prep., J. Ross and A.J. Hearn pers.

comm. 2014). There seems to be no evidence of extensive use of interior oil palm plantation. In two

such plantations in Sabah, it was found in one but not the other; in forest contiguous with the latter it

was found only very rarely (Sepilok Forest Reserve), forestalling conclusion about its response to oil

palm per se. In the former, it was found in plantation only close to the plantation–forest boundary (J.

Ross pers. comm. 2014). Overall, the species on Borneo is perhaps dependent upon native forest but

ranges freely into anthropogenic habitats. Further information might modify this conclusion.

By contrast, in peninsular Malaysia all records with habitat detail come from in or directly adjacent to

primary or regenerating evergreen forest and from below 160 m (Wells 1989, Jennings et al. 2010). The

high survey effort in altitudes above this (both direct observation and camera-trapping in ways

successfully finding Crab-eating Mongoose) gives a high confidence in concluding that Short-tailed

Mongoose is effectively confined to the extreme lowlands on the peninsula.

Little comparable information on distribution with respect to either habitat condition or altitudinal

range has been traced for Sumatra, but Maddox et al. (2007) did not find the species in oil palm

plantations despite 25 camera-trap records from forest in the same landscape and high survey effort in

the oil palm plantation, indicating at least at this site that oil palm is eschewed. A.M. Mobrucker (pers.


5

comm. 2014) camera-trapped it at 16 stations in the Bukit Tigapuluh Landscape, Central Sumatra, all in

the lowlands, in secondary forest and scrub. M. Luskin (pers. comm. 2014) has camera-trapped the

species in Leuser Landscape a few times, at 100-260 m a.s.l. On the available evidence, Short-tailed

Mongoose habitat-use on Sumatra perhaps resembles that on the peninsula more than that on Borneo.

Five Short-tailed Mongooses radio-tracked in Krau Wildlife Reserve, West Malaysia, were diurnal,

solitary and territorial. Their home ranges were amid forest (no information is given on trapping effort

outside forest, however) from which they ranged somewhat into adjacent plantations within which they

used remaining patches and strips of native vegetation. Nine night-time rest sites were recorded for four

individuals; all were within lowland forest. A daytime rest site found for a female was situated within a

hollow tree log (Jennings et al. 2010). There seems to be little comparable information from Borneo or

Sumatra, although on Borneo (at least) the species is known to be almost entirely diurnal (J. Ross pers.

comm. 2014). The diet includes invertebrates and small vertebrates (Davis 1962, Payne et al. 1985).

Systems: Terrestrial

Use and TradeShort-tailed Mongoose is taken to some extent as part of the general hunting bag, but no targeted

harvest is known from any part of its range.

Threats (see Appendix for additional information)

The different habitat use of this 'species' (see 'Taxonomic notes') between land-masses requires

consideration of threats specific to each land-mass. There is no evidence that Short-tailed Mongoose

can survive in plantations or other non-forest habitats remote from native forest in any land-mass.

Similarly there is no evidence that it is hunted (as targeted quarry or as by-catch) in any land-mass at

levels high enough to drive declines within remaining suitable habitat. Therefore, forest loss rates are

likely to provide a reasonable indicator of population decline rates.

In Borneo the species is geographically and altitudinally widespread, and evidently occurs frequently in

degraded and fragmented habitats (Duckworth et al. in prep.). While large-scale deforestation of Borneo

in recent decades will have driven large declines in the Bornean population, there is no evidence of

major threats within remaining suitable habitat. Some level of retributory killing as a (perceived or

actual) predator of small livestock is likely.

In the Malay peninsula, the restriction to altitudes below 160 m and to native forest means that huge

declines will have occurred in the latter half of the twentieth century, with the large-scale conversion of

lowland forest to plantations. Rates of conversion have recently dropped considerably (because little

remains to be converted outside legally protected areas), but the suitability of the present landscape to

peninsular Short-tailed Mongoose is difficult to evaluate. There is no meaningful information on patch

size required for viable populations, or on dispersal through habitats that cannot maintain the species.

Although it is not known to be, it is quite plausible that the peninsular population is in ongoing decline

and would warrant conservation attention.

The level of threat on Sumatra is unclear. Lowland forest loss on Sumatra is proceeding extremely

rapidly, and if the species is tied to lowland forest there, major declines will be ongoing. However, if it


6

has an altitudinal distribution similar to that in Borneo and if it uses anthropogenic habitats, declines in

Sumatra will be much shallower. While an exhaustive presentation of Sumatran records with altitude

and habitat condition remains to be conducted, those few records with precise altitude traced for this

assessment were all from the lowlands and, because the species is evidently localized on the island,

even in old-growth forest, it is possible that current rates and patterns of forest loss on Sumatra are

causing serious reductions on the island.

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)

Short-tailed Mongoose is protected in all of Malaysia and Indonesia, but receives little direct

conservation attention. This is appropriate on Borneo, but not in West Malaysia. It has been found in

many protected areas in Borneo, and several in West Malaysia and Sumatra. The most urgent

conservation needs comprise:

Taxonomic clarification. Short-tailed Mongoose populations of (i) peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra and

(ii) Borneo are distinct in mitochondrial DNA by a level suggestive of species divergence, and this is

supported by dental differences (Veron et al. 2015). If further information shows them to be distinct

species, and if the habitat use of the form on Sumatra echoes that in peninsular Malaysia, then the

peninsular Malaysia / Sumatra form is a cryptic species that is probably globally threatened (in common

with many other peninsula/Sumatran lowland forest obligate mammals and birds).

Habitat-use clarification for Sumatra. The extent to which Sumatran Short-tailed Mongoose uses hill and

montane areas, and anthropogenic areas at any altitude, warrants priority assessment, as these

attributes have a large effect on how threatened it is on the island.

Site protection in peninsular Malaysia. All evidence suggests that the peninsular Malaysian Short-tailed

Mongoose, whatever its taxonomic rank, occupies a narrow and threatened range of habitats. Effective

protection of old-growth forest is vital. Much of that which survives is already within protected areas,

but these vary widely in their effectiveness at preventing illegal hunting and clearance.

Credits

Assessor(s): Duckworth, J.W., Mathai, J., Ross, J. & Wilting, A.

Reviewer(s): Schipper, J.

Contributor(s): Widmann, P., Roberton, S., Gumal, M., Mo�brucker, A.M., Low, C.H.S., Jennings,A., Azlan, M.J., Hon, J., Chua, M.A.H. & Willcox, D.H.A.


7

BibliographyAllen, J.A. 1910. Mammals from Palawan Island, Philippine Islands. Bulletin of the American Museum ofNatural History 28: 13-17.

Chutipong, W., Tantipisanuh, N., Ngoprasert, D., Lynam, A.J., Steinmetz, R., Jenks, K.E., Grassman Jr., L.I.,Tewes, M., Kitamura, S., Baker, M.C., McShea, W., Bhumpakphan, N., Sukmasuang, R., Gale, G.A., Harich,F.K., Treydte, A.C., Cutter, P., Cutter, P.B., Suwanrat, S., Siripattaranukul, K., Hala-Bala Wildlife ResearchStation, Wildlife Research Division and Duckworth, J.W. 2014. Current distribution and conservationstatus of small carnivores in Thailand: a baseline review. Small Carnivore Conservation 51: 96–136.

Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1992. Mammals of the Indo-Malayan Region: a Systematic Review. OxfordUniversity Press, Oxford, UK.

Davis, D.D. 1962. Mammals of the lowland rainforest of North Borneo. Bulletin of the National Museumof Singapore 31: 1–29.

Duckworth, J.W. et al. in prep.. Predicted distribution of Short-tailed Mongoose Herpestes brachyurus inBorneo.

Heaney, L.R., Balete, D.S., Dollar, M.L., Alcala, A.C., Dans, A.T.L., Gonzales, P.C., Ingle, N.R., Lepiten, M.V.,Oliver, W.L.R., Ong, P.S., Rickart, E.A., Tabaranza Jr., B.R. and Utzurrum, R.C.B. 1998. A synopsis of themammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana: Zoology (New Series) 88: 1–61.

Hedges, L., Clements, G.R., Aziz, S.A., Yap, W., Laurance, S., Goosem, M. and Laurance, W.F. 2013. Smallcarnivore records from a threatened habitat linkage in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. Small CarnivoreConservation 49: 9–14.

Holden, J. 2006. Small carnivores in central Sumatra. Small Carnivore Conservation 34&35: 35–38.

IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-1. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org.(Accessed: 30 June 2016).

Jennings, A.P., Akbar Zubaid and Veron, G. 2010. Home ranges, movements and activity of the Short-tailed Mongoose (Herpestes brachyurus) on Peninsular Malaysia. Mammalia 74: 43–50.

Jennings, A.P. and Veron, G. 2011. Predicted distributions and ecological niches of 8 civet and mongoosespecies in Southeast Asia. Journal of Mammalogy 92: 316–327.

Kawanishi, K. and Sunquist, M.E. 2004. Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of PeninsularMalaysia. Biological Conservation 120: 329–344.

Maddox, T., Priatna, D., Gemita, E. and Salampessy, A. 2007. The conservation of Tigers and otherwildlife in oil palm plantations. Jambi province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Zoological Society of London,London (Conservation Report 7).

McCarthy, J.M. and Fuller, T.K. 2014. Records of small carnivores from Southern Sumatra. SmallCarnivore Conservation 51: 59–63.

Miettinen, J., Shi, C. and Liew, S.C. 2011. Deforestation rates in insular Southeast Asia between 2000 and2010. Global Change Biology 17: 2261–2270.

Pacifici, M., Santini, L., Di Marco, M., Baisero, D., Francucci, L., Grottolo Marasini, G., Visconti, P. andRondinini, C. 2013. Generation length for mammals. Nature Conservation 5: 87–94.

Payne, J., Francis, C.M. and Phillipps, K. 1985. A field guide to the mammals of Borneo. The Sabah


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Society and WWF Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Van Rompaey, H. 2000. The Short-tailed Mongoose, Herpestes brachyurus. Small Carnivore Conservation23: 17-21.

Veron, G., Patou, M.L., Debruyne, R., Couloux, A., Fernandez, D.A.P., Wong, S.T., Fuchs, J. and Jennings,A.P. 2015. Systematics of the Southeast Asian mongooses (Herpestidae, Carnivora) - Solving the mysteryof the elusive Collared Mongoose and Palawan mongoose. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 173:246–248.

Wells, D.R. 1989. Notes on the distribution and taxonomy of peninsular Malaysian mongooses(Herpestes). Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 37: 87-97.

Wilson, D.E., Helgen, K.M., Chin Sing Yun and Belden G. 2006. Small mammal survey at two sites inplanted forest zone, Bintulu, Sarawak. Malayan Nature Journal 59: 165–187.

CitationDuckworth, J.W., Mathai, J., Ross, J. & Wilting, A. 2016. Herpestes brachyurus. The IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species 2016: e.T41610A45206655. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41610A45206655.en

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Appendix

Habitats(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Habitat Season SuitabilityMajorImportance?

1. Forest -> 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Resident Suitable Yes

1. Forest -> 1.7. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation AboveHigh Tide Level

Unknown

Marginal -

1. Forest -> 1.8. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Swamp Resident Suitable No

1. Forest -> 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Resident Suitable Yes

3. Shrubland -> 3.6. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Resident Marginal -

3. Shrubland -> 3.7. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude Unknown

Unknown -

14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens Unknown

Marginal -

14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.6. Artificial/Terrestrial - Subtropical/TropicalHeavily Degraded Former Forest

Resident Marginal -

Threats(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.4. ScaleUnknown/Unrecorded

Ongoing Majority (50-90%)

Slow, significantdeclines

Mediumimpact: 6

Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion

1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.2. Wood & pulpplantations -> 2.2.1. Small-holder plantations



Mediumimpact: 6



2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.2. Wood & pulpplantations -> 2.2.2. Agro-industry plantations



Mediumimpact: 6



5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trappingterrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species isthe target)

Ongoing Minority (50%) Negligible declines Low impact: 4

Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality

5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trappingterrestrial animals -> 5.1.3. Persecution/control


Negligible declines Low impact: 5

Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality


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http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes


5. Biological resource use -> 5.2. Gathering terrestrialplants -> 5.2.2. Unintentional effects (species is notthe target)


Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & woodharvesting -> 5.3.3. Unintentional effects:(subsistence/small scale) [harvest]



5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & woodharvesting -> 5.3.4. Unintentional effects: (largescale) [harvest]



7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & watermanagement/use -> 7.2.10. Large dams



2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance

Conservation Actions in Place(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions in Place

In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning

Action Recovery plan: No

Systematic monitoring scheme: No

In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management

Conservation sites identified: Yes, over part of range

Occur in at least one PA: Yes

Invasive species control or prevention: Not Applicable

In-Place Species Management

Harvest management plan: No

Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No

Subject to ex-situ conservation: No

In-Place Education

Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No

Included in international legislation: No

Subject to any international management/trade controls: No

Conservation Actions Needed(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)


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Conservation Actions Needed

2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management

5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.2. National level

5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.3. Sub-national level

Research Needed(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Research Needed

1. Research -> 1.1. Taxonomy

1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends

1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology

1. Research -> 1.5. Threats

3. Monitoring -> 3.4. Habitat trends

Additional Data Fields

Distribution

Lower elevation limit (m): 0

Upper elevation limit (m): 1500

Population

Extreme fluctuations: No

Population severely fragmented: No

All individuals in one subpopulation: No

Habitats and Ecology

Generation Length (years): 4.75

Movement patterns: Not a Migrant


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