heterogeneous catalysis thoughts and insights robert schlögl

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Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

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Page 1: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Heterogeneous CatalysisThoughts and Insights

Robert Schlögl

Page 2: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Dept. AC, Fritz-Haber-Institut(MPG), Berlin

Study of catalysis is key to the ability to manufacture structural and functional materails

Catalysis and Industry

Automotive Industry

Chemical Industry

Life science

Power generation

Chemical Engineering

Catalysis

Catalyst manufactur

e

Page 3: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Where do you find catalysts

• Selten im Alltag direkt:– Autoabgaskatalysator– Backofenreiniger (Plastiktüte)

• Manchmal indirekt mit Produkten der chemischen Industrie– Dünger– Styropor– Treibstoffe

• Meist überhaupt nicht, da die Produkte der chemischen Industrie die Ausgangsmaterialien aller anderen Industrien sind.

Page 4: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Catalysis and Technology

• Mit (heterogener) Katalyse werden über 90% aller Chemikalien hergestellt

• Ohne Chemikalien gibt es keine– Computer, elektronische Produkte– Speichermedien (CD, MC, HDD)– Medikamente– Kunststoffe (und Folgeprodukte)– Farben und Lacke– Life sciences

• Ohne Katalyse gibt es keine Mobilität (Treibstoffe)

Page 5: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Catalysis and Economy

Wirtschaftlich fundamental wichtig:• 16 %deutschen BSP (100 G€): chemische

Industrie (90% Katalyse) (excl. Petrochemie)• Weltmarkt Katalysatoren: 10 G€ (D etwa 10%)• Weltmarkt der damit erzeugten Produkte: 500 G€• „Strategische“ Technologie, etwa 15 Hersteller

weltweit, einige nur „in-house“

Page 6: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Catalysis and Chemical Feedstocks

Page 7: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl
Page 8: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl
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Page 11: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Catalysis: a mature science?

Page 12: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Dept. AC, Fritz-Haber-Institut(MPG), Berlin

Catalysis and Science

Interdiciplinarity

Materials science

Physical Chemsitry

Surface science

EngineeringSynthetic Chemistry

Inorganic

Catalysis

Page 13: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

History of Concept

Berzelius 1920

Page 14: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

History of Concept

Page 15: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

The active site

Catalysts are:

defective

non-equilibrium states

under kinetic control (dynamic)

They are not:

well-ordered

static

uniform or homogeneous

Page 16: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Microstructure of Carbon Nanotubes

Before After

Temperature 550°C

LHSV 0.5 h-1

Excess of O2 2 times

Time 20 h

EB- ODH Reaction

Page 17: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Surface Science and Catalysis

• The single crystal approach:

• well-defined geometrical

• controlled or absent dynamics

• but poorly reactive in complex reactions (not studied in surface science)

• The MODEL systems

Page 18: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Eisenoxid-Modellkatalysatorsysteme

FeO(111) KFe O (111)a-Fe O (0001)Fe O (111)

Christian Kuhrs, Modellkatalyse, Abt. AC, Fritz-Haber-Institut (MPG), Berlin

3 4 2 3 x y

Page 19: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl
Page 20: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Model of a reacting Cu surface:Relevant and Spectating Components

3 oxygen-containing sites in addition to bare Cu metal were identified

Sub-surface atomic oxygen is further present

CO +H O2 2

CH O+H2 2O

O+ O

CH OH3

CH OH3

CH OH3

CO+H2

CH O+H2 2

O2

Cu 0

Oxsurf

Ox

bulk

Subox

Ovol

Page 21: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Supported Systems

The special properties of metal particles in cataylsis become now transparent due to the „rigorous particle“ approach

Page 22: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Catalysis: Complexity

multi-dimensional space-time problem

knowldege of all domains simultaneously required for understanding or even „design“ of a cataylst

Page 23: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

A cartoon: How works a catalyst?

Ein Katalysator enthält eine geringe Anzahl von Aktiven Zentren „active sites“, welche eine Reaktion herbeiführen können.

Page 24: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

The Homogeneous Reaction

Consider the reaction

2 AB A2 + B2

(e.g. NO decomposition)Inert

Page 25: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

The Heterogeneous Reaction

Consider the reaction

2 AB A2 + B2

(e.g. NO decomposition)

Page 26: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

The Catalytic Cycle

Intermediates and transition states (not shown) are usually not known

Active site

Page 27: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Elementary Processes• Transport von Stoffen und Energie• Adsorption der Edukte auf der Oberfläche• Transport zum aktiven Zentrum• (Dissoziative) Aktivierung der Eduktmoleküle• Zusammentreffen der nötigen Fragmente • Elektronentausch, Bildung der Produkte• Desorption der Produkte• Rückbildung des aktiven Zentrums• Transport von Stoffen und Energie

Page 28: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

The active site

Atoms A, B interact differently with the catalyst.

Local perturbation of the catalyst from bonding of substrate

Range and character will depend on nature of substrate

Page 29: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Catalysis: large numbers

Wir glauben, daß sich beobachtbare Mengen von chemischen Individuen alle gleich verhalten. Denken Sie an derartige Mengen menschlicher Individuen !?– 1 ml Gas enthält etwa 1x1020 Individuen– 1 cm2 Oberfläche enthält etwa 1x1015 Atome– Die Weltbevölkerung beträgt etwa 6x109

Individuen

Page 30: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

The active site

The chemical complexity of interactions between atoms and elemental substrates can be substantial and essential for the desired function

Page 31: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

The archetype MvK idea

J. Haber, 1991

Page 32: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

The site isolation concept

A series of ordered defects in MoO3 create site isolation by „shear defects“ (Mo18O52)

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Complexity

Die rote Untereinheit enthält als aktives Zentrum ein Metallatom, der komplexe Rest dient der räumlichen und chemischen Fixierung des Enzyms und der Adsorption des Eduktes.

Trypsin, an enzyme

Page 34: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Even simple reactions may be „complex“

NO + CO

Page 35: Heterogeneous Catalysis Thoughts and Insights Robert Schlögl

Structure-Function Relations

Å

Å

The atomic structure of model systems transform ireversibly upon subjecting the model to the desired function

no extrapolations from ideal to real states

no methods to investigate dynamics

no basic understanding of underlying chemistry

“complexity”