Heterotopic Ossification: Basic-Science Principles and Clinical Correlates

by Kavitha Ranganathan, Shawn Loder, Shailesh Agarwal, Victor W. Wong, Jonathan Forsberg, Thomas A. Davis, Stewart Wang, Aaron W. James, and

Benjamin Levi

J Bone Joint Surg AmVolume 97(13):1101-1111

July 1, 2015

©2015 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Histopathologic evidence of heterotopic ossification (hematoxylin and eosin).

Kavitha Ranganathan et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015;97:1101-1111

©2015 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

The common locations of heterotopic ossification are indicated according to the mechanism of injury.

Kavitha Ranganathan et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015;97:1101-1111

©2015 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Burn injury and the resulting hypoxic environment increase HIF-1α production, which leads to angiogenesis as a result of increased levels of VEGF. Angiogenesis is an important step in the

process of bone formation.

Kavitha Ranganathan et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015;97:1101-1111

©2015 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.