Heterotrophic mode of Nutrition

Heterotrophic mode of Nutrition

Submitted by :- Jupiter HousePrepared by :-Soham Acharya

SAPROTROP-HICSYMBIOSIS AUTOTROHICNUTRITIONNUTRITIONAMOEBA A CASE STUDYHOLOZOICHETEROTROPHICNUTRITION

CARNIVORESOMNIVORESHERBIVORES

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Nutrition is the process of taking food by an organism and its utilization by the body to build the body, for growth, to repair the damaged parts of the body and for energy.Life on earth depends on carbon based molecules and most of the food are also carbon based molecules. The outside raw materials used by living organisms are food, water and air.Modes of nutrition :- There are two main modes of nutrition. They are:- Autotrophic nutrition and Heterotrophic nutrition.

nutrition

Autotrophic nutrition :- is nutrition in which organisms prepare their own food from simple inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.Eg :- all green plants and some bacteria.

Autotrophic nutrition

The cell membrane of amoeba keeps on protruding into pseudopodia. Amoeba surrounds a food particle with pseudopodia and makes a food vacuole. The food vacuole contains the food particle and water. Digestive enzymes are secreted in the food vacuole and digestion takes place. After that, digested food is absorbed from the food vacuole. The food vacuole moves near the cell membrane and undigested food is expelled out.

Amoeba A case study

A mutually beneficial association of two different kinds of organisms.

To live together; a condition in which two animals, two plants, or a plant and an animal live in partnership. The relationship can be that of commensalism, where one organism benefits from activities of the other; parasitism, where one organism lives on another to the detriment of its host; or mutualism, where both organisms benefit from the association.

The living together of unlike organisms in a close, long-lasting association.

Most diatoms produce, and they assist as support for the sponge.lichen

In symbiosis, at least one member of the pair benefits from the relationship. The other member may be :-Injured = parasitism Relatively unaffected = commensalismMay also benefit = mutualism Example of other aquatic heterotrophs that show symbiosis :-sponges sea anemones planarians clams Also harbor algae within their cells.

The ash bolete (Gyrodon merulioides), which occurs under ash trees in North America (Fraxinus Americana), has a symbiotic association with aphids (seen in cross section).

Symbiosis album Giant Clam (Tridacna gigas) in the Great Barrier Reef. Note algae in mantle (rollover image shows greater detail).Nitrogen fixing symbiotic association of the cycad Macrozamia riedlei. These coralloid roots at the soil surface which contain cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen. Other nitrogen fixing associations include bacteria in nodules of peas (the Fabaceae) and actinomycete nodules in several other plant families.Monotropa uniflora(Canada) is a myco-heterotrophic plant lacking chlorophyll that is entirely dependant on ECM fungi linked to nearby trees.Monotroparoot with epidermal Hartig net (H) and mantle (M) in a cross-section viewed with UV light. Roll-over - hypha projecting into an epidermal cell (arrow) in stained root section.

Holozoic nutrition(Greek:holowhole andzoikosof animals) is a method ofnutritionthat involves the ingestion of liquid or solid organic material, digestion, absorption and assimilation of it to utilize it. It includes taking in the complex substances and converting them into simpler forms. Eg :- amoeba, paramecium, birds, fishes, humans etc.In this mode of nutrition, the food may be a small bacterium, a plant, or an animal. This nutrition involves:Ingestion: Taking in complex organic food through mouth opening.Digestion: Change of complex food into simple form by action of enzymes.Absorption: Passing of simple, soluble nutrients through blood or lymph.Assimilation: Utilization of absorbed food for various metabolic processes.Egestion: Expelling out the undigested food.

Holozoic nutrition

Holozoic nutrition has its three subtypes:-Carnivores:- Term applied to a heterotrophs, usually an animal, that eats other animals. Carnivores function as secondary, tertiary, or top consumers in food chains and food webs.

Omnivores:- The category of animals that feed on both plants and animals. (Omni-all; vore-eater)such as bears and humans, eat both meat and plants.

Herbivores:- Feeding on plants. For example, animals such as moose and snowshoe hares are herbivorous.

Types of Holozoic nutrition

Term applied to a heterotroph, usually an animal, that eats other animals. Carnivores function as secondary, tertiary, or top consumers in food chains and food webs.Organisms that mainly prey upon animals.. (Carni- flesh; vore-eater) CARNIVORES

Snow leopardLion

Omnivores eat plants, but not all kinds of plants. Omnivores can't digest some of the substances in grains or other plants that do not produce fruit. They can eat fruits and vegetables, though. Some of the insect omnivores in this simulation are pollinators, which are very important to the life cycle of some kinds of plants.

omnivores

Large Omnivores-bear

Cranial fermentors or ruminants have a large, multi compartmented section of the digestive tract between the esophagus and true stomach. These forestomachs house a very complex ecosystem that supports fermentation. Examples of ruminants are cattle, sheep and deer.

Ruminants can utilize dietary starch, but very little of it is absorbed as glucose. Rather, starch and other soluble carbohydrates are fermented to volatile fatty acids in the forestomachs. In contrast, starch fed to a horse is digested to glucose by amylase and maltase in the small intestine, and that glucose is absorbed across the epithelium into blood herbivoresStomach of a herbivore

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Q. The question mark is will be filled up by which of the following step??

A)Pseudopodia comes out.

D) None of these

C) Both of these B)Pseudopodia surrounds the food

Q. Ruminants can utilize dietary starch, but very little of it is absorbed as glucose. TRUEFALSE

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Q. In symbiosis, at least one member of the pair benefits from the relationship. The other member may be :- Injured = parasitism

All of these

May also benefit = mutualism Relatively unaffected = commensalism

Q. In Holozoic nutrition steps involved are:-

The question mark can be removed by writing here:-

EgestionAbsorption?Digestion

IngestionAbsorptionRelease of bileNone of theseRelease of Hcl+pepsin

Amoeba shows an example of:- Holozoic nutritionSymbiotic relationshipParasitic nutritionAutotrophic nutrition

THANK YOU Presented By :- Soham Acharya

Brought To You By Jupiter houses

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