hevs: future of alternative vehicles?
DESCRIPTION
A course presentation on HEV. Presented as required course work of MECH 6340TRANSCRIPT
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Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) The next big thing in energy crisis and reduced pollution?
A presentation by Tousif Ahmed Graduate Student Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Overview
Introduction
HEVs and their types
Technologies offered by HEVs for waste energy recovery
Comparison between HEVs and conventional vehicles
Consumer views on HEVs: A survey study
Recommendations
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Introduction
Expansion of cities, growth of population and increased annual travel distance.
44 millions of LDVs were sold only in the year 2014
Increasing at a rate of 3.4% per year
Regions 2012 2013 2014
Europe 9,893,574 9,200,506 9,448,752
America 11,633,356 12,430,755 12,486,009
Asia/Middle East 19,267,063 20,201,507 21,347,806
Africa 742,884 809,256 790,695
All countries 41,536,877 42,642,024 44,073,262
Source: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers website
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Introduction (contd.) Increasing energy consumption leading to energy crisis and pollution
Source: Official website of EPA
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Source: Transport, energy and CO2, IEA publications
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Introduction (contd.) Enforcing new emission standards by governments
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Fuel Nationwide Average Fuel Price July 2014/USG
Nationwide Average Fuel Price April 2014/USG
Gasoline (regular) $3.70 $3.65
Diesel $3.91 $3.97
CNG $2.17 $2.15
Ethanol (E85) $3.23 $3.41
Propane $3.07 $3.31
Biodiesel (B20) $3.98 $4.01
Electricity $2.34 $2.34 Source: US Department of Energy
Pollutant % reduction Pollutant % reduction
SO2 43 NOx 13
CO 22 particulate matter 8
Switching to alternative fuel technologies
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Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
First appeared commercially in 1997
Utilizes both conventional fuel and electricity
Offers different energy recovery system
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Toyota Prius XW10 (First Generation) fuel economy of 47.5 mpg Power Engine: 58 hp Motor: 40 hp CO2 Emission : 138 gm/km
Image: Wikipedia.org
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HEV Types
The degree of hybridization (DOH) factor (Lukic SM et. al)
Based on operation
Based on powertrain configuration
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Mild HEV Full HEV
Parallel Series
Hybrids Mild HEV Full HEV
Engine Downsized Downsized
Motor Power 10-20kW 15-100kW
Operating voltage 60-200V 200-600V
Fuel Economy Improvement 15-20% 20-30%
Source: autocaat.org
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Technologies for energy recovery
Regenerative braking
Can recover upto 70% of the wasted energy from braking system
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Source: cvel.clemson.edu
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Regenerative braking (contd.) Energy storage
mechanism
Energy converter Recovered energy
from braking
Example current
application
Fuel EPA
Electric energy
storage
Electric
motor/generator
~50% HEV, AEV 20%
Flywheel energy
storage
Rotational kinetic
energy
>70% F1 43%
Gravitational energy
storage
Spring storage
system
- Train 5%
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KERS (Kinetic Energy Recovery System)
Driveshaft Generator/Motor
Motor attached to flywheel
Electricity
Electricity Motor/Generator Driveshaft
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Technologies for energy recovery (contd.)
Automotive Thermoelectric Generators (ATEG)
Exhaust manifold can have temperature as high as ~1200oC
ATEG converts this heat into electricity using Seebeck effect
Can be 40% to 70% efficient
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Source: clarkson.edu
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HEVs vs Conventional Vehicles (CVs)
Study conducted by R. Graham
Used HEVX notation for different HEVs under consideration
All Electric Range (AER) is denoted by X
Series HEVs were not considered in the study
Vehicles considered (mid-sized)
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A conventional vehicle HEV0 HEV20 HEV60
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HEVs vs CVs
Comparison of fuel economy
Standards used
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Vehicle (compact sedans) Total Fuel Cost (U.S. Dollars)
Conventional $12.10
Hybrid Electric $7.95
Plug-in Hybrid Electric $7.25
Source: US department of energy website
UF Weighted J1711 UF Weighted
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Fuel economy (contd.) Gasoline only fuel economy is applicable for both CV and HEV0 at all driving
modes
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HEV0 is 45% more efficient than CV
HEV20 and HEV60 has better fuel
efficiency than CV and HEV0 Electric Only efficiency of HEV20 And HEV60 exceed CV efficiency by 300%
Source: Comparing HEV options by R. Graham
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HEVs vs CVs
Emissions
Smog precursor and greenhouse gas emissions were examined
Smog emission reduces with increasing DOH
14 Source: Comparing HEV options by R. Graham
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Emissions (contd.)
CO2 Emission
15 Source: Comparing HEV options by R. Graham
Vehicle (compact
sedans)
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
(pounds of CO2
equivalent)
Conventional 87 lb CO2
Hybrid Electric 57 lb CO2
Plug-in Hybrid
Electric
62 lb CO2
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Blue Map Scenario
Energy Information Administrations (EIA) Blue Map Scenario
A targeted 50% reduction of CO2 by 2050
Requires very aggressive market penetration with yearly 50 million sales
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Source: EIA Technology perspectives 2010
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Consumer views (contd.)
A survey study by M. Kubik in January, 2006
Set of questions were asked to vehicle owners
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Payback period of HEV for higher fuel economy
Majority of public wants payback in 2 years Average payback period is 9 years
Extra cost of HEV for higher fuel economy
Majority of public wants pay do not want to pay more and average want to pay $2800 Average extra payment necessary is $4000
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Consumer Views (contd.)
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To choose 50% fuel efficient HEV base on availability of charging station
66% public wants conventional vehicles if only 1 charging stations in 10 gas stations 62% public wants conventional vehicles if only 1 charging stations in 5 gas stations 43% public wants conventional vehicles if only 1 charging stations in 3 gas stations
Only about 9 million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide
by September 2014 (International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers website)
Higher market price
Lower power
Time required to charge the battery
Space required for the battery
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Recommendations
Subsidize industries those are producing HEVs
Easy loan and reduced insurance for the consumers
Invest more on super-capacitor and other energy storage technology
research
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Thank You
Questions
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