Chapter 8 Lecture

Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context

Sixth Edition

Wendy A. MitteagerState University of New York, Oneonta

Food and Agriculture

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Figure: Chapter 8 Opener Peasants in Ecuador prepare sustainably grown potatoes for market.

Key Concepts

• Agricultural practices• Agricultural revolutions• Industrialization of agriculture• Biotechnology• Globalized agriculture• Agribusiness• The environment and agriculture

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Traditional Agriculture

• Agrarian • Hunting and gathering• Subsistence

agriculture• Commercial

agriculture• Shifting cultivation• Crop rotation• Slash-and-burn• Intertillage Figure 8.1 Genetically-modified

soybeans in Brazil.

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Figure 8.4 Shifting cultivation helps maintain soil fertility.

Figure 8.5 Slash-and-burn in China

Traditional Agriculture, (cont’d)

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Figure 8.7 Gender division of labor in rice processing in India.

Figure 8.6 Intertillage: planting different crops together has many benefits.

Traditional Agriculture, (cont’d)

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Figure 8.2

Global Distribution of Agriculture, 2005

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Traditional Agriculture, (cont’d)

• Intensive subsistence agriculture

• Double cropping• Pastoralism• Transhumance

Figure 8.8 A terraced rice field in Bali

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Agricultural Revolutions

Apply your knowledge: Why was the Industrial Revolution so important to the second agricultural revolution? How did manufacturing technologies change agricultural technologies?

Figure 8.10 Animals were important in the first agricultural revolution.

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Agricultural Revolutions, (cont’d)

• Third revolution– Mechanization– Chemical farming– Food manufacturing

Figure 8.14 A bread factory in Iowa.

Apply your knowledge: Read the labels on at least four different products. Identify the various processes involved in making them ready for market. How does the package enhance the attractiveness of the product?

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Figure 8.13 Worldwide growth in fertilizer use, 2005-2007.

Agricultural Revolutions, (cont’d)

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• Green revolution• Nontraditional exports

(NTAEs)• Contract farming

Industrialization of Agriculture

• Important developments– Changes in rural labor– Innovative inputs– Industrial substitutes

Figure 8.15 Commercial flower production in Argentina.

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Increased yields of protein crops and other crops ,such as rice, was a result of the Green Revolution – often at the expense of the environment.

Figure 8.B Figure 8.C

Green Revolution

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Biotechnology

• Biorevolution• Biopharming• Bourlaug hypothesis• Cash crops

Figure 8.16 Biopharma map of the U.S.

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Biotechnology, (cont’d)

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Blue Revolution and Global Shrimp

• Aquaculture• Cost/price squeeze

Figure 8.F Price trends in LouisianaFigure 8.G Price trends in the Mekong Delta

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Forces of Globalization

• Globalized agriculture• Global food problems• Subsidies to food

producers

Figure 8.19 Demonstrators in Yemen, spring 2011

Apply your knowledge: Research agricultural subsidies in the U.S. Which growers receive the most subsidies? Compare the U.S. data with other countries from both the periphery and the core.

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Organization of the Agro-Food System

Figure 8.20 The food supply chain

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Food Regimes and Alternative Food Movements

• Organic farming• Conventional farming• Local food• Urban agriculture• Slow food

Figure 8.22 Local food advertisement

Apply your knowledge: Create a map of the availability of locally produced food. Is the distribution even across your region?

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Food Regimes and Alternative Food Movements, (cont’d)

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Fast Food

• Product of post-World War II• Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser• Children’s eating habits• Disease• Environmental impacts

Apply your knowledge: How many fast food restaurant are in your town? Research their menu and nutritional value of several popular items. What can you conclude about the nutritional value of each item and their price?

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Fast Food, (cont’d)

Figure 8.23 Economic costs of obesity in the U.S., 2009

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Figure 8.I Urban gardening movement in Detroit, Michigan

Figure 8.J Urban rooftop gardens in China

The Growth of Urban Agriculture

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Figure 8.24 Modern irrigation system

The Environment and Agricultural Industrialization

Figure 8.25 Impact of pesticides on pollinators

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The Environment and Agricultural Industrialization, (cont’d)

Figure 8.26 Desertification in China

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Emerging Problems and Opportunities

• Food and health– Undernutrition– Malnutrition– Famine– Food security– Food sovereignty

Figure 8.27 Almost one in seven people worldwide is chronically undernourished.

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Emerging Problems and Opportunities, (cont’d)

Figure 8.28 Jatropha plantation in India. Figure 8.29 Protest in Paris, France against genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 2008.

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Future Geographies

Apply your knowledge: Search the Internet for news stories on recent protests against GMO food. What are the protesters’ concerns? Do you believe their concerns are justified? Provide scientific evidence to support your argument.

Figure 8.30 Government investments

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End of Chapter 8