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Chapter 10:PoliticalGeographies

Chapter 10 Lecture

Katie PrattMacalester College

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Key Concepts

Figure: Chapter 10 Opener - Palestinians celebrating their bid for United Nations statehood recognition.

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Political Geography

• Long-established subfield of geography• Geopolitics• Ratzel• Territory

Figure 10.2 Ukraine and the Crimean Peninsula.

Figure 10.3 Boundary between rural and urban places.

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Political Geography (cont'd)

Figure 10.1 The changing map of Europe.

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Boundaries and Frontiers

Figure 10.4a The U.S. –Mexico border.Figure 10.4bThe U.S. –Canada border.

Apply your knowledge: Using Google Earth or aerial photographs, compare and contrast the international boundaries between the U.S. and Canada and between the U.S. and Mexico. How do they differ? How are they similar? Why do these differences and similarities exist?

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Frontier Regions

Figure 10.5 The last frontier, Antarctica.

Apply your knowledge: Examine a map of the Gobi Desert. Identify which countries are part of it. How might this frontier region have strategic political significance for those countries? How does the desert terrain contribute to that strategic significance?

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Politics at the Poles

• Politics on land versus water• Antarctica: Politics on frozen land• Arctic versus Antarctica

Figure 10.B Studying the frozen sea.Figure 10.A McMurdo Station.

Apply your knowledge: The Inuit Circumpolar Council calls for a new notion of sovereignty that recognized the ways in which livelihoods cross between land and water. How might this notion be taken up by low-lying island states whose land territory is threatened by sea level rise?

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Boundary Formation

Figure 10.6 Democratic Republic of Congo’s access to the sea.

Figure 10.7 Nested hierarchy of de jure territories.

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Geopolitics and the World Order

• Nation-state– State– Nation

• Sovereignty• Government• Governance• Citizenship

Figure 10.9 Independence for Tibet.

Figure 10.8 English Defense League, 2011.

Apply your knowledge: What is the difference between being a subject and being a citizen? How does the “imagined community” relate to being a citizen?

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Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)

• Multinational states• Nationalism• Federal state• Unitary state• Confederation

Figure 10.10 Independent states of the former Soviet Union.

Figure 10.11 Celebrating Kosovo’s independence.

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Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)

• State Theory– Althusser– Foucault

• Discourse– Deleuze– Biopolitics

Apply your knowledge: What is the state according to Althusser, Foucault, and Deleuze? Compare and contrast each theorist’s contribution by reflecting on what they say about power and the role of institutions.

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The Arab Spring and Its Aftermath

Figure 10.C Arab Spring 2010–2011.

Apply your knowledge: Why are there different types of protests and different responses by the various governments to them among the many countries that participated in the Arab Spring?

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Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)

• Imperialism and colonialism• Authoritative control• Effects of colonialism

Figure 10.15 Curry restaurants, Brick Lane, London.

Figure 10.12 Principle steps in the process of exploration.

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Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)

Figure 10.14 Colonization and independence in South America and the Caribbean 1800–1850.

Figure 10.13 European colonies in Africa, 1496–1912.

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Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)

• Orientalism• Postcolonial studies

Figure 10.16 Refugees returning to Rwanda.

Apply your knowledge: Find recent news articles about political issues in the Middle East. Consider the articles from the perspective of Orientalism. How do the articles depict the West and the Middle East? Is the West depicted as being culturally superior to the Middle East?

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Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)

• North/South divide• Decolonization• International organization• Neocolonialism

Figure 10.17 Countries participating in the League of Nations.

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Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)

Figure 10.18 Independence in Asia and the South Pacific, before and after 1960.

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Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)

• Heartland theory

Figure 10.19 The heartland.

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Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)

• East/West divide• Cold War

Figure 10.20 U.S. tourists in Cuba.

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Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)

• China and the East/West divide

Figure 10.21 Organizational chart of the Chinese Communist Party.

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Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)

• Domino theory

Figure 10.22 Domino theory.

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Global Military Spending

Figure 10.1.1 2013 U.S. military spending as a portion of the Federal budget.

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Global Military Spending (cont’d)

Figure 10.2.3 2013 military spending as a portion of GDP.

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The New World Order and Terrorism

• Faith-based terrorism

Figure 10.23 The Oklahoma City Bombing memorial. Figure 10.24 The assault on the World

Trade Center on September 11, 2001.

Apply your knowledge: What do you think is the correlation between the top military spending nations and their economic status? What do you think is the link between security and military spending, or is there one?

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Global Corruption

• Petty, grand, and systemic corruption

Figure 10.D Global corruption percentage.

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The War on Terror in Iraq

Figure 10.25 Cost of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars.

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The War on Terror in Iraq (cont’d)

Figure 10.26 The Caliphate of the Islamic State.

Apply your knowledge: How has the Iraq War affected your city and state? How many soldiers from your area have been killed? In economic terms, how much has the war cost your city and state?

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New Regimes of Global Governance

• Transnational political integration

• Supranational organization• Superpowers declining? • International regime

Figure 10.28 Membership in the EU.

Apply your knowledge: What are some examples of how global geopolitics is changing the flow of political and economic power? How has the role of the state changed over time?

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New Regimes of Global Governance (cont’d)

Figure 10.27 The United Nations.

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New Regimes of Global Governance (cont’d)

Figure 10.29 Members of the World Trade Organization, 2014.

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New Regimes of Global Governance (cont’d)

• Human rights• Children's rights• Global civil society

Figure 10.30 International Declaration of Human Rights.

Apply your knowledge: Research arguments made by the United States about why it has not ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child or joined the International Criminal Court. Do you find the arguments compelling?

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Politics of Geography

Figure 10.33 Kurdistan.

Figure 10.34 The 1860 Presidential election.

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Politics of Geography (cont’d)

Figure 10.31 Changing geography of Israel and Palestine, 1923–2014.

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Geographical Systems of Representation

• Democratic rule• Territorial

organization• Electoral college• Reapportionment• Redistricting• Gerrymandering

Figure 10.37 North Carolina’s 12th congressional district.

Figure 10.35 U.S. geographical basis of representation.

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Geographical Systems of Representation (cont'd)

Figure 10.36 The U.S. Electoral College.

Apply your knowledge: Use the internet to forge a basic understanding of how U.S. electoral college works. Identify advantages and disadvantages of the system. Establish a position on whether the United States should retain the current system or change it and defend this position, making sure you address the geographical issues involved.

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Future Geographies

• Multipolar world• Increasing ethnic conflict• Bioterrorism

Figure 10.38 Global Peace Index.