hi! my name is nathan! i will be your instructor for the computer merit badge!
TRANSCRIPT
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Hi!Hi!
My name is My name is Nathan!Nathan!
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I will be your I will be your instructor for instructor for the Computer the Computer Merit Badge!Merit Badge!
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For those of you For those of you who are who are
wondering what to wondering what to do????do????
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Please have a seat Please have a seat and we will get and we will get
started!!!started!!!
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Those who don’t Those who don’t want to listen want to listen
during this class, during this class, YOU will have to YOU will have to
deal with BUZZ!!!deal with BUZZ!!!
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Oh BUZZ!!!Oh BUZZ!!!
Where are you Where are you BUZZ????BUZZ????
Here BUZZ!!!!Here BUZZ!!!!
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Nathan, don’t bother me, I’m Nathan, don’t bother me, I’m eating!!!eating!!!
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Scouts, I get real mean and Scouts, I get real mean and ugly if disturbed while eating!ugly if disturbed while eating!
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SO, you best behave or,SO, you best behave or,YOU will be my next meal!YOU will be my next meal!
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Remember, YOU Remember, YOU don’t want me to don’t want me to call for BUZZ!!!call for BUZZ!!!
RIGHT!!!!!RIGHT!!!!!
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I want to I want to personally personally
welcome you to: welcome you to: The Brazoz The Brazoz
Valley District Valley District Computer Merit Computer Merit
Badge class.Badge class.
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Are you ready to Are you ready to hike the information hike the information highway and learn highway and learn about computers??about computers??
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As you can see, I As you can see, I have come have come
prepared for this prepared for this adventure!adventure!
Have YOU?Have YOU?
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Do you have a Do you have a pen or pencil to pen or pencil to
write with?write with?
Please get it out Please get it out now?now?
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When you are When you are ready, raise your ready, raise your hand and keep it hand and keep it
raised until raised until everyone has their everyone has their
hand raised!hand raised!
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Is everyone ready?Is everyone ready?
Good!!!Good!!!Mr. Fleming Mr. Fleming
please click the please click the mouse to mouse to continue!continue!
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We are about to We are about to begin an exciting begin an exciting
adventure!adventure!
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First, I would like First, I would like to make some to make some introductions!introductions!
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Again, my name Again, my name is Nathan.is Nathan.
I am your I am your instructor for this instructor for this
merit badge!merit badge!
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I would like to I would like to introduce you to introduce you to
my very able my very able bodied assistant!bodied assistant!
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Oops!Oops!Wrong Assistant!!Wrong Assistant!!
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Scouts this isScouts this isMr. Fleming.Mr. Fleming.
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If Mr. Fleming If Mr. Fleming had not had not
volunteered his volunteered his time, I would not time, I would not be able to teach be able to teach
this merit badge!this merit badge!
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Thank you Thank you Mr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!
Your WelcomeYour WelcomeNathan!Nathan!
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Let’s Let’s Begin!Begin!
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Mr. Fleming Mr. Fleming would you please would you please
hand out the hand out the work book for work book for
this merit badge.this merit badge.
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Mr. Fleming please Mr. Fleming please click the mouse to click the mouse to
continue!continue!
Does everyone have Does everyone have a work book? If not a work book? If not
raise your hand!raise your hand!
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Scouts, at this Scouts, at this time please write time please write
your name, your name, Troop #, class #, Troop #, class #, today’s date and today’s date and phone # on the phone # on the
front of the work front of the work book.book.
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Mr. Fleming please Mr. Fleming please click the mouse to click the mouse to
continue!continue!
Raise your hand Raise your hand when you are done!when you are done!
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Scouts, if you do not Scouts, if you do not fill out the front page fill out the front page of the work book and of the work book and you do not turn the you do not turn the
work book into work book into Mr. Fleming, Mr. Fleming,
GUESS WHAT?GUESS WHAT?
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You, WILL NOT, You, WILL NOT, get credit for taking get credit for taking
this merit badge!this merit badge!
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Do you understand?Do you understand?IF NOT, raise your IF NOT, raise your hand and ask your hand and ask your questions NOW!questions NOW!
Mr. Fleming please Mr. Fleming please click the mouse, to click the mouse, to
continue.continue.
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Mr. Fleming Mr. Fleming would you please would you please show our Scouts show our Scouts
the computer the computer parts you have parts you have brought along brought along
with you!with you!
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Please explain what Please explain what each part is and the each part is and the
function it has within function it has within the computer!the computer!
Mr. Fleming please Mr. Fleming please click the mouse click the mouse
when done.when done.
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Thank youThank youMr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!
Now would you Now would you please go through please go through
the “History of the “History of Computers”!Computers”!
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History of ComputersHistory of Computers
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The first true calculating machine was the __________, which was in use before
400 BC and is still used in some countries.
Abacus
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In 1617, a Scottish mathematician named John Napier developed a set of
calculating rods made of bone or ivory, nicknamed ______________. Napier’s Bones
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Charles Babbage, a nineteenth-century English mathematician, designed plans for a
_________ _________. His machine consisted of four parts: an input device, a
memory (which he called a “store”), a processor (he called it a “mill”), and an
output device. Although he never built the machine, Babbage developed many of the principles upon which modern computers
were developed.
Difference Engine
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The first major development in computing hardware came
when, after the results of the 1880 U.S. Census had taken seven years to tabulate, the
Census Bureau held a contest to see if anyone could invent a
faster method.
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The winner was Herman Hollerith, who invented the __________ ________ and formed the company that later became the
giant International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation.
Punched Card
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In 1910, James Powers, an employee of the Census Bureau, improved on the system; his
new company became a major part of the early computer manufacturer Remington
Rand which, in turn, added the Sperry and Univac companies and ultimately became
_________.Unisys
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The punched-card system was the most widely used method for reading information into early programmable computers, which did not arrive on the scene until World War
II. This was not because nobody had thought of them, but rather because the early
ones were very _________ --- only the Department of Defense, then called the War Department, had enough money to pay for
them.
Expensive
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Several machines were built at about the same time. The most famous was the
__________ at Harvard University and the ________ and ________ at the University of
Pennsylvania.EDVACENIAC
Mark I
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These early machines were one-of-a-kind, and each had it’s peculiarities. The first
machine to be mass-produced and sold was the ________, designed by Dr. J. Presper
Eckert and Dr. John Mauchly (who had built ENIAC and EDVAC) in 1951.
UNIVAC
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IBM started selling systems two years later. Soon the computer industry became known
as “___ ___ ___ ______ ______”; other companies came and went rapidly.
IBM and the seven dwarfs
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The first-generation computers were huge and expensive. Their central processors were made of _________ ______. By
modern standards, they were quite slow. Huge air conditioners were required to keep them from burning themselves up. If an air conditioner failed, the computer had to be
shut down instantly. Neither the computers nor the air conditioners were very reliable.
Only a few of the first-generation computers were sold.
Vacuum Tubes
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These early computers used several electromechanical parts. One was a _____,
a mechanical switch that is activated (switched on or off) by an electrical device
called a __________.Solenoid
Relay
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On one occasion, a relay failed. When the engineer took it apart, he found a dead
insect jammed between the switch contacts. This was the source of the term ____ to
designate a problem with a computer component --- either hardware or software.
Bug
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Several Major technical developments followed, each resulting in a new generation
of computers. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invented the
__________ while working at Bell Laboratories in 1947.
Transistor
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Transistors, which replaced _______ _____, made the second generation of computers
smaller, faster, and more reliable. Many of these systems were sold to business,
industry, and science.
Vacuum Tubes
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In 1958, Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the first ________ ________. _________ _________ combine a number of individual transistors into a single unit.
Integrated CircuitIntegrated Circuits
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In 1971, engineers at Intel Corporation designed the first _______________. A _______________ puts all the circuits
needed for a computer onto a single chip. This development made the _________
computer possible.
Micro-processorMicro-processor
Personal
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A number of companies, including _________ ________, ______ ______, and _____________, were producing ________
computers by 1977.Personal
Radio ShackCommodoreApple Computer
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Introduced in 1981, the ____ personal computer rapidly became a major success.
Many other companies began making personal computers and the software to run
them.
IBM
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This competition has forced down prices and made personal computers even more powerful than the largest computers built
only a decade ago.
New software programs are continually being produced to take advantage of this
increased power, and to expand the way in which we use computers.
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Thank youThank youMr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!
Now, would you Now, would you please go through please go through
the “Types of the “Types of Computers”!Computers”!
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Types of ComputersTypes of Computers
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There are two basic categories of computers,
___________ __________
and
____________ _________.
Special-purpose
General-purpose
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___________ __________ computers are preprogrammed to perform a specific task,
such as injecting fuel in an automobile engine, keeping time in a digital watch, or
programming a videocassette recorder.
Special-purpose
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___________ __________ computers can be adapted to perform any number of
functions. Most computers you have read about are __________ ________ computers.
General-purpose
General-purpose
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Minicomputers Microcomputers
MainframesSupercomputers
Computers come in four main sizes;
________________________, ________________________,
________________________, ________________________.
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______________ are the largest and fastest. They are used for large projects such as national or global weather forecasting,
satellite tracking, etc.
Supercomputers
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______________ computers are very powerful and can be as large as an entire
room.
Mainframe
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They are used, for example, by banks to keep track of millions of checks and
deposits, by airlines to schedule thousands of flights and make seat reservations, and by governments to keep track of their citizens.
Mainframes usually have terminals connected to them. A terminal consists of a monitor and keyboard that allow a person to
enter information and retrieve it from the computer.
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______________ are smaller and are sometimes used in medium-size companies to run their manufacturing plants or keep
track of inventories. They also have terminals attached to them.
Minicomputers
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______________ or personal computers are the smallest computers, designed to be used
by individuals for writing, illustrating, budgeting, playing games, and
communicating with other computers.
Microcomputers
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Thank youThank youMr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!
Now, would you Now, would you please go through please go through
the “Parts of a the “Parts of a Computers”!Computers”!
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Parts of a ComputerParts of a Computer
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Every computer, whether a large, multi-user system or a desktop personal computer, is
composed of the same elements:
___________________,
___________________,
___________________, and
___________________.
Central Processor
Input Devices
Storage Units
Output Devices
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The most important part of a computer is the _______________________ _____, or
“brain,” of the computer. This is the part that processes information - storing
information that is put into the computer, making changes to it, and creating output.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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The CPU may be a single chip made of __________ that has thousands or millions of tiny ________ built into it. The speed of the computer is measured by how fast the CPU
executes specific instructions, and is expressed in:
___________________________________.MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second)
SiliconCircuits
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The CPU is only a little larger than a postage stamp. Sometimes a computer also has a ______________, like a second brain that works with the CPU on certain kinds of
tasks. A math ______________, for example, helps a CPU do mathematical
calculations even faster.
Co-processor
Co-processor
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The CPU in a personal computer is usually located on the main circuit board, or
________________, of the computer.Mother Board
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Also on the mother board is ____________. There are two kinds of _____________.
ROM _______________________ and RAM ________________________.
MemoryMemory
Read Only MemoryRandom Access Memory
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ROM is __________ memory that tells the computer in what order to process
information. It makes sure that the computer follows a ____________________ approach to calculating, displaying information to the
monitor, and so on.
Permanent
Step-by-Step
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RAM is __________ memory that keeps track of the information put into the
computer and the specific commands given to the computer. It can only remember this
information while the computer is turned on. If you turn off the computer, it _________
everything in RAM.
Temporary
Forgets
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In addition to memory, you often find a
______________________, a
______________________, and
________________ on the motherboard.
Graphics Controller
Disk Controller
Ports
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A __________________ tells the monitor how to display information on the screen.
Graphics Controller
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A __________________ tells a floppy disk or hard disk how to store information for
later use.
Disk Controller
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______________ are connectors that allow you to attach any number of things – such as
a monitor, printer, modem, mouse, or keyboard – to the computer.
Ports
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INPUT DEVICES:INPUT DEVICES:
The ______________ is used to type letters and numbers into the computer and to move
things around on the screen. Most keyboards use the standard _________ (the order of the letters, reading from the left, on the top row) layout of keys, which was designed during the nineteenth century to slow typist down
and to separate certain letter combinations to keep mechanical typewriters from ________.
Keyboard
Jamming
QUERTY
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INPUT DEVICES:INPUT DEVICES:
A _____________ is another device used to input information into a computer. It has a moving ball with two wheels that sense the
direction in which the mouse is being dragged across the desktop. By _________ at different parts of the screen, a mouse can select different features. It can also be used to draw pictures. Other pointing devices are trackballs, joysticks and pressure-sensitive
tablets.
Mouse
Pointing
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INPUT DEVICES:INPUT DEVICES:
_________________ are used to convert sounds we can hear, such as voices or music,
into a form that can be understood by the computer. Some computers are equipped
with ______________ so that you can record directly onto your computer just as you
would onto a tape recorder.
Sound Digitizers
Microphones
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INPUT DEVICES:INPUT DEVICES:
A ___________ is a device that converts written words or pictures into _______ form. Once it has been __________, an image can be read and changed by the computer. There
are a number of different scanners.
ScannerDigital
Digitized
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INPUT DEVICES:INPUT DEVICES:
_______________ scanners are about the size of a chalkboard eraser. When you drag the scanner over a picture, it _________ the picture and converts it into a signal which is
dent to the computer.
Hand-Held
“Reads”
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INPUT DEVICES:INPUT DEVICES:
A _____________ scanner looks like a copy machine. A _____________ is placed face
down on the scanner and a moving head inside the scanner __________ the image.
FlatbedPhotograph
“Reads”
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INPUT DEVICES:INPUT DEVICES:
Another type of scanner uses a __________ video camera which takes a picture of the
image or object.
Digital
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INPUT DEVICES:INPUT DEVICES:
A ___________ can be used to check conditions such as temperature, light and moisture. The _________ takes a reading
and converts the information into a _______ format so that the computer can understand
it. _________ are used in scientific laboratories to tack experiments, and in manufacturing to guide robots and their
movements.
Sensor
SensorDigital
Sensors
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STORAGE DEVICES:STORAGE DEVICES:
Storage units do not require constant electric power because they can _______ information
for later use. Most storage is either _____________ or ___________.
Store
Magnetic Optical
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STORAGE DEVICES:STORAGE DEVICES:
____________ memory works on the same principal as a cassette tape. ___________
storage is usually in the form of a ________ disk, a _______ disk, or a _______ drive.
Exposure of the disk or tape to a _________ may erase everything.
MagneticMagnetic
FloppyHard Tape
Magnet
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STORAGE DEVICES:STORAGE DEVICES:
A _________ disk contains a circular piece of flexible (floppy) material coated with tiny particles that will hold a _________ charge.
Floppy
Magnetic
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STORAGE DEVICES:STORAGE DEVICES:
A device called a ______ can ______ the charge of the particle as a
__________ or __________.
Drive Read
Negative Positive
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STORAGE DEVICES:STORAGE DEVICES:
A ________ can also change the charge of the particle by _________ to the disk. A
floppy disk is used to load programs on the computer, and sometimes to transfer
__________ to another computer. It is easily inserted and removed from the computer.
DriveWriting
Information
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STORAGE DEVICES:STORAGE DEVICES:
A _______ disk is made up of a series of stacked, rigid (hard), circular disks.
Hard
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STORAGE DEVICES:STORAGE DEVICES:
Because a number of disks can be stacked together and the information placed closer together, hard disks can store much more
information than _________ disks.Floppy
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STORAGE DEVICES:STORAGE DEVICES:
Hard disks are usually used to store _________ and ________ files. A moveable head, similar to a record arm, moves over the
spinning disks to read the information contained on them. Hard disks can be either ______ or made as ___________ cartridges.
Programs Large
Fixed Removable
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STORAGE DEVICES:STORAGE DEVICES:
Information on both floppy and hard disks are organized in _______ --concentric circles almost like grooves on a phonograph record --and ________, shaped like pieces of a pie.
To find a specific item on the disk, the computer can go to the ______ and _______ that contains it, and then scan until it finds what it wants. Because it does not have to
search the entire disk, the computer finds the information faster.
Tracks
Track
Sectors
Sector
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STORAGE DEVICES:STORAGE DEVICES:
A _______ drive uses a cartridge with a long piece of magnetic tape wound inside it. The
cartridge head _______ or _______ the information on the tape as the tape passes over it. Most ______ drives are used only
for making copies of the information stored on the computer in case it is lost or damaged. This is because ______ drives are very slow
at __________ specific information
Tape
Reads Writes
Tape
Tape
Accessing
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STORAGE DEVICES:STORAGE DEVICES:
CD-ROM ________________________________ is an example of _________ storage. As a
compact-disc player for a stereo, information is stored using a ______ rather than
____________. A _______ burns tiny pits into the surface of the disc. The laser can
later read these valleys as bits of information
(Compact-Disc Read-Only Memory)Optical
LaserMagnetically Laser
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STORAGE DEVICES:STORAGE DEVICES:
Most ________ drives are WORM _______________________ devices, which
means information stored on them can be read many times but cannot be erased and
rewritten. Some ________ disks, however, can be erased and reused. ________ storage
devices can hold very large amounts of information and the disks are relatively
inexpensive to manufacture and distribute.
(Write Once Read Many)Optical
OpticalOptical
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STORAGE DEVICES:STORAGE DEVICES:
The following table compares the typical storage capability of different media.
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STORAGE DEVICES:STORAGE DEVICES:
High Density Diskette
Hard Drive
CD-ROM
1.4 megabytes – 720 typed pages
80 megabytes – 40,000 typed pages
540 megabytes – 270,000 typed pages
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OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
The __________ is like a TV set that allows you to see the output of the computer.
Monitor
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OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
A ___________ displays information by using _________. A ________ is a single
dot on the screen. Groups of ________ form text or pictures on the screen.
MonitorPixels Pixel
Pixels
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OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
Monitor
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OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
A monitor can have different ____________ depending upon how many ________ can be displayed upon the screen. The more ______ it can show, the higher its ___________ and
the sharper the picture.
Resolutions
Resolutions
PixelsPixels
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OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
A monitor described as having 640 x 480 ___________ can display 640 ______ across
and 480 _______ up and down, a total of 307,200 ______ at one time. Monitors can
display information in _____ and _____ (Monochrome), shades of ______ or ______.
Resolution PixelsPixels
PixelsBlack White
Grey Color
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OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
A _____________ is made up of a series of ________ that take sound stored in ______ form computers understand and convert it to
________ form which you can hear. A ______________ is one kind of _______
________ converter.
Sound Card
Sound Card
Circuits Digital
DigitalAnalog
Analog
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OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
Once the ________ is converted, it is sent to a _________ either inside the computer or attached to it, which generates the _______ you hear. _______ _______ usually allow you to input ________ into the computer as
well as play them.
Sound Cards
Sound
Sound
Sound
Speaker
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OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
A _________ allows you to print out information on paper. The quality of a
________ is determined by how detailed a print it can produce. A high-quality _______ can produce up to 300 DPI ____________. This means a solid one-inch printed square
would consist of 90,000 tiny dots (300 across and 300 down).
Printer
PrinterPrinter
(dots per inch)
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OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
There are several different technologies used to print an image, including;
_______________,
_______________,
_______________,
_______________, and
_______________.
Laser Printers
Ink-Jet Printers
Thermal Printers
Impact Printers
Plotters
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OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
A _________ printer works like a copy machine. A _________ traces the image’s ____ pattern onto a _____________ drum. As the drum rotates, another drum leaves
__________ particles on the charged area. A wire pulls the _______ off the drum and deposits it onto the paper. Another roller
then heats the _______ and presses it permanently to the paper.
Laser
Toner
Dot PhotosensitiveLaser
Toner
Toner
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OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
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OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
_________ printers use ___________ that is shot like a jet through tiny nozzles in the
print head. The _____ is forced through the nozzles as the head moves across the page,
leaving a series of tiny ____ dots, which dry to form an image.
Ink-Jet Liquid Ink
Ink
Ink
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OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
__________ printers use specially coated paper like a fax-machine paper to print information. Instead of applying ____ or ________ to the
page, a print head heats up a ____ on the paper, causing the paper to turn dark. Another type of
_________ printer uses rolls of different colored ________ paper that are melted into
individual ____ on the paper. Combinations of four colors black, blue, red and yellow produce
a broad range of color.
Thermal
Ink TonerDot
ThermalWaxedDots
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OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
_________ printers uses a series of _____ aligned in a rectangle call a ___________. For example, there might be a total of 24 _____ arranged 4 pins across and 6 ____
down. Letters and pictures are formed when the _____ strike a ________ that leaves ____ on the pages whenever there is a ____ to be printed. The head of the printer then moves over slightly to print the _____ in the next
matrix.
Impact Pins
Pins Pins
Pins Ribbon InkDot
Dots
Dot Matrix
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OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
__________ are used primarily for engineering and architectural drawings. A
series of _____ is controlled by moving arms to actually draw individual _____ on the
paper.
Plotters
PensLines
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OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:
A ________, short for modulator demodulator, is a device which allow you to communicate with other computers over a ____________ line. _________ convert information from a form that a computer
understands to a form that can travel over a _____________ line. Once information gets to the computer on the other end of the line, it is converted by another _______ back into
a form that it can understand.
Modem
Modem
ModemsTelephone
Telephone
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Thank youThank youMr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!
Now, would you Now, would you please go through please go through “Understanding “Understanding
Data”!Data”!
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Understanding DataUnderstanding Data
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Data are collections of information:
___________,
___________,
___________, or
___________.
Numbers
Text
Pictures
Sound
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Each piece of data stored in the modern computer is made of _____ or ______,
interpreted by the computer as 1 or 0 – on or off – depending on whether a simple ______
is on or off.
Bits Digits
Circuit
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A single _____________ is called a _____; eight _____ usually make a ______.
Memory capacity is usually counted in multiples of ______ -- thousands _________, millions ____________, or billions of bytes
____________.Gigabytes
Binary Digit BitBits Byte
Bytes KilobytesMegabytes
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Because computers use only 0 and 1, the _________ number system, they need more places to describe numbers. Numbers are
usually written as _______. Think of a ____ as a series of eight light switches. Each
switch has only two positions: ____ or ____.Off
Binary
Bytes Byte
On
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The table below shows how numbers 0 through 0 are represented as _______ of information:
Number Binary Byte
0 00000000
1 00000001
2 00000010
3 00000011
4 00000100
5 00000101
6 00000110
7 00000111
8 00001000
9 00001001
Bytes
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This system works well for _________ or ________ numbers. However, more complex numbers, or ______ numbers, use a different
system requiring more ______ of information. _____ numbers are stored using a system
resembling scientific notation which uses a floating decimal point. For example, the number 12,345.67 could be stored as 1234567 x 10 to the minus 2 power. Because _____ numbers require
more _____ of information and are processed slightly differently, many computers use special co-processors called FPUs _________________.Floating Point Units
IntegersWhole
Real
Real
Real
Bytes
Bytes
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_____ is stored using a special code corresponding to the numbers between 0 and
255. The code called ASCII
The computer represents each character as an eight-digit ________ number, or _____ of
information.
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Text
Binary Byte
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The table below show how some of these characters are represented.
Character ASCII Code Binary Number
$ 36 00100100
1 49 00110001
A 65 00110000
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_________ are stored as a series of small dots called _______. A video controller for
your monitor might provide for example, 640 x 480 ______. This means that each
horizontal row contains 640 ______, and there are 480 of these rows stacked
vertically.
PicturesPixels
PixelsPixels
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If your monitor is ________ ________, each ______ requires only one _____ of
information, telling it to display 1 (black) or 0 (white).
Black & WhitePixel Byte
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If the monitor is __________, it designates up to 256 different shades of _____ between
black and white for each ______.
GrayscaleGray
Pixel
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_______ monitors use three separate ________ ________ -- Red, Green, and
Blue. Each color beam ______ the screen and electronically paints each ______ with a
certain amount of color, which when combined with the others produces the
desired final color.
ColorElectronic Beams
ScansPixel
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Eight _____ of information per _____ will produce 256 different colors on the screen. Sixteen ____ will produce 32,767 different
colors and 24 ____ will produce 16.7 million different colors – the maximum number of colors the human eye can see, sometimes
referred to as ______ _____.
Bits Pixel
Bits
True Color
Bits
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________ is made up of __________, which travel through the air by passing from one
__________ to the next. These __________ are called _______ -- if you could see them
they would look like the _______ at the beach.
Sound Vibrations
MoleculeWaves
Waves
Vibrations
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The height, or ___________, of the ______ determines how loud the sound is.
Amplitude Wave
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How ______ the ______ are together determines the ______________, or pitch – how high or low the sound is to your ear.
Close WavesFrequency
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Sound WaveSound Wave
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Sound is stored in a computer by _________ a sound ______ at specific time intervals and then assigning a value to the __________ of the sound on the _______. When sound is
played back, the computer rebuilds the shape of the ______ and sends that information to a
_________ that vibrates the _____, recreating the original sound ______ that you
can hear.
SamplingWave
Wave
Wave
WaveSpeaker Air
Amplitude
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Thank youThank youMr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!
Now, would you Now, would you please go through please go through
“Computer “Computer Software”!Software”!
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Computer SoftwareComputer Software
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______________, a set of instructions organized into a __________ is what makes ___________ work. A ___________ tells
the computer specifically what to do.
SoftwareProgram
Hardware Program
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There are three main categories of programs:
______________________,
______________________, and
______________________.
Operating Systems
Application Programs
Programming Languages
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___________________ control the basic operations of the computer
Operating Systems
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Operating system software is the set of ___________ that control all of the
computer’s basic operations-- ________, __________, _______, _________, and
______ ___________. This software can best be thought of as a traffic police officer,
sending instructions to the place in the computer where they will be carried out.
ProgramsInput
Output File MemoryTask Management
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There are two styles of operating systems,
______________ and
______________.
Text Based
Graphical
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Text based systems require that you type each command __________ as specified, which means you must ___________ a
number of ___________ and their _________.
MS-DOS, a popular system that operates on IBM-compatible personal computers, is a
good example of a text-based ___________ ____________.
ExactlyMemorize
CommandsFormats
OperatingSystem
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Graphically based, or GUI (________ ______ ________), systems
present you with _______ or ______, form which you select commands. These are
obviously easier to learn, since you need only __________ each command rather than
________ it.
Graphical User InterfaceMenus Icons
RecognizeRecall
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Examples of graphical operating systems include the __________ _________ ______, used with the Apple Macintosh computers; __________, a graphical shell that works with MS-DOS; and ______, a system that runs on a number of different personal and
minicomputers.
Macintosh Operating System
WindowsUnix
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___________________ allow you to do a specific job with the computer, such as write
a letter or draw a picture.
Application Programs
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What type of program made this?
Database Manager
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_________ ___________, or DBMs, are used for __________, ________, and
__________ track of a set of information called a __________.
Database ManagersOrganizing Storing
KeepingDatabase
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The data are organized in lines called _________, with each _________ consisting of a number of ________. The same set of ________, with different contents in each
_______, is stored for each ________.
Records RecordFields
FieldFields
Record
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For example, a troop attendance database could be set up with a _______ for each
Scout in the Troop. Each _______ would consist of _______ for the Scout’s name, patrol, rank, and for each Troop meeting,
campout, or other event.
RecordRecord
Fields
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An entry of _________ or ________ could be made in the appropriate ______ of each
Scout’s ________ after each activity.
The Scoutmaster could then easily print out a roster of Scouts who attended a particular
event.
Present AbsentField
Record
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He could also us the DBM program to ____________ the ___________ of activities attended by each Scout.
A good DBM can perform complicated _______ and _________ of the _________,
and produce neatly printed __________, with bar ________ and pie ________.
Calculate Percentage
Sorts Searches DatabaseReports
Graphs Charts
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What type of program made this?
Spreadsheet
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____________ are similar to database managers with several important
differences. A ____________ program handles _________ of _________,
__________ row and column __________, ________, and ___________.
If you change a ________ in the ______, the program immediately ___________ the
totals.
Spreadsheets
SpreadsheetTables Numbers
Calculating SubtotalsTotals Percentages
Number TableRecalculates
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Like the DBM, the spreadsheet can produce _____ or ________ output.
It can quickly show what happens to your budget if, for example, you decide to
________ a certain ______, or to ________ every item by a ________ percentage.
Text Graphic
Increase Item ReduceFixed
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_______ ___________ provide a series of tools that make ________ easier. Once
_______ are entered into the computer, they can easily be ____________ and _________.
Word ProcessorsWriting
WordsRearranged Corrected
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Like other programs, _______ __________ allow you to change the _____ and ______
(together called the ______) of the _______, make ___________ versions of documents
without completely __________ them, check your ___________, and produce neat
_________ output. Some even ______ your _________.
Word ProcessorsSize Style
Font LettersDifferent
RetypingSpelling
Printed CheckGrammar
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Spelling___________ and _________ checkers are not ___________. If you ________ a word in such a way as to make _________ word,
the ________________ will not find it.
GrammarFoolproof Misspell
AnotherSpell-checker
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What type of program made this?
Desktop Publishing
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_______ ___________ programs allow you to incorporate _______, __________, and
__________ and place them on a _______. They include special _____ for __________
text, __________ pictures so they can be printed on different types of _________, and
_________ color.
You can design a __________, a _________, or even a ________ on a __________
_____________ program.
Desktop PublishingWords Pictures
Drawings PageTools Formatting
ConvertingPrinters
Adding
Newsletter PosterBook Desktop
Publishing
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_________ and ________ programs allow you to make __________ and __________
on the computer.
Some programs draw in two dimensions and are known as either _______ or ______
programs.
Graphics DesignPictures Drawings
Paint Draw
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Other programs allow you to draw in ____ and ______ dimensions and create
sophisticated _________.
These programs are know as CAD or _________________ ________, programs.
TwoThree
Models
Computer-Aided Design
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Three-dimensional CAD programs can be used to create ___________, or outlines, of _________, and _______ ________, which
can show ________, _______, and _______.
CAD programs a used by ___________ engineers to design entire ____________
down to each individual ______.
Wire-framesObjects Solid Models
Texture Light Shadows
AutomotiveAutomotives
Part
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What type of program allowed Nathan to be your instructor?
Animation
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___________ programs allow you to combine ______, ________, _______, and ________ on screen for _____________, __________, or _________ presentations.
AnimationText Graphics Sound
Video EntertainmentEducation Business
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These programs often provide a series of tools to produce both _____________
(drawing a line that an object will follow) or _____________ animation (a series of
successive drawings that appear to move when played back, similar to television
___________).
Path-based
Cell-based
Cartoons
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_________ programs provide the tools to _________, ______, __________, ________,
______, and _______ back ________.
You can record you _______, _______, or other ________ by converting them into
_________ format and then ________ them on the computer.
SoundRecord Edit Rearrange Process
mix Play Sound
Voice MusicSounds
Digital Storing
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The computer can then _______ them back to ________ format for playback.
Music is usually ___________ using a special code called MIDI
__________________________________.
ConvertAnalog
Recorded
(Musical Instrumental Digital Interface
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This code allows a _________ instrument to create _________ instructions when it is _________ that can be understood by the
__________.
The _________ then tells another MIDI ____________ to play back the same
______.
MusicalMusical
PlayedComputer
ComputerInstrument
Notes
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Special ________________ music ________ can _____ a number of different MIDI
instruments together to produce a complete ________ band.
Multi-channel SoftwareMix
Digital
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What type of program allowed this modem to communicate with
another computer?
Communications
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_______________ programs allow computers to _______ to each other.
Standard _______________ software allows to act like, or ________, a _________ so that
it can talk to ____________ or _______________.
CommunicationsTalk
CommunicationsEmulate Terminal
MainframesMinicomputers
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This software also allows _________ to talk to each other on a local ___________.
You can ______ and _______ messages, share ___________, and even share
__________.
ComputersNetwork
Send ReceiveFiles
Programs
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Thank youThank youMr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!
Now, would you Now, would you please go through please go through
“Programming “Programming Languages”!Languages”!
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Programming LanguagesProgramming Languages
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___________________ are used to write other programs.
Program Languages
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A ____________ _________ converts ____________ typed by a programmer into a
_______ the computer can understand.
The computer then performs the ______ and _________ them back into _______ and
_________ the programmer can understand.
Programming LanguageInstructions
Format
TasksConverts Words
Numbers
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What type of code is this?
Machine Code
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Early programs were written in __________ code, or __________ code.
____________ code is a set of __________ specific to that particular ___________.
____________ code instructions are written in __________ language, i.e., 0’s and 1’s.
MachineLow-level
Machine InstructionsComputer
MachineBinary
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Later, _____________ programming languages that could be converted into ___________ _____ were developed.
This made programming easier, since _________ could be written in a more ________________ language and then __________ and ____________ into a
___________ code.
High-level
Machine Code
ProgramsEnglish-like
Compiled TranslatedMachine
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Programs written in _______________ language are usually referred to as ________
code.
A ___________ program would convert this __________ code into __________ code,
also called _______ code.
Once a program was __________, it could not be changed.
Higher-levelSource
CompilerSource Machine
Object
Compiled
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The __________ code had to be changed and the program __________ into a new _______
code.
Another method of converting ________ code into _________ code is called
___________, in which an ___________ program converts each instruction as it is sent to the CPU into __________ code.
SourceRecompiled
Object
SourceMachine
Translation Interpreter
Machine
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Examples of ____________ programming languages are:
____________,
____________,
____________,
____________, and
_______.
High-level
COBOL
FORTRAN
BASIC
Pascal
C
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COBOL stands for _________ __________ ___________ __________ and was popular
for ________________ programming on ___________ computers.
FORTRAN stands for ________ _________ and is used primarily for ___________ and
_____________ programming.
Common BusinessOriented Language
Business-orientedLarger
Formula TranslationScientific
Engineering
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BASIC, short for __________ ____ _______ ___________ __________ _______, is an
___________ language often used to program ________________.
Pascal is named after the French mathematician _______ ________. It was originally designed as a teaching tool but is now a ________________ programming
language.
Beginner’s All-purposeSymbolic Instruction CodeAll-purpose
Microcomputers
Blaise Pascal
General-purpose
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C is a very popular _____________ language because it was designed to work on a number
of different ___________.
A program written in C for one type of ___________ can easily be converted to
work on a different ______ and ______ of computer.
Programming
Computers
ComputerSize Type
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Recently, _____________ languages such as ______ have become popular.
_________ programming is done by putting together _______, or ________, of commonly used commands such as
instructions on how to _______, how to ______ information to a disk, etc., into
__________ programs.
Object-orientedC++
ObjectGroups Modules
PrintSave
Complete
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_________ programming saves ______ because the programmer is able to _____ parts of programs that have already been
_________ by others.
Programming this way is more like putting together _______ of a puzzle than trying to
________ each ___________ piece.
Object TimeReuse
Developed
PiecesDesign Individual
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Thank youThank youMr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!
Now, would you Now, would you please go through please go through
“Communications”!“Communications”!
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CommunicationsCommunications
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What is this?
How does it help computers communicate?
Modem
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Computers can ____________ with other computers if they are ________ together, have the appropriate ____________, and understand the ________, or _________,
each uses to _____________.
Computers can be linked in the same building over a LAN ____________
________ using telephone-type ________ or special _________.
CommunicateLinkedSoftware
Rules ProtocolCommunicate
Local-AreaNetwork Wiring
Cables
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Computers can communicate over _____________ _________ using special ________ lines designed for transmitting
__________ information.
A _____________ _________ might span the entire country.
Computers can _____________ anywhere in the world if they have a _______ and ______ to standard ______________ telephone lines.
Wide-Area NetworkPhone
Digital
Wide-Area Network
CommunicateModem Access
Long-Distance
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Computers _______ and __________ information in _________.
Special ________ at the ___________ and _____ of each ________ tell the
communicating computers whether the correct information was _______ and
__________.
Send ReceiveBlocks
Signals BeginningEnd Block
SentReceived
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Computers communicate at different ______, measured in the _____________ or _______,
rate.
For example, early modems __________ data a 300 ________.
Common modem communication ________ have increased from _______ to _______
baud.
SpeedsBits-per-second Baud
TransferredBaud
Speeds9600 12800
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____________ computers allows users to _______ and _________ messages
____________, thorough email __________ _______ and to share __________ and
_______.
Sending electronic mail usually involves the following steps:
NetworkingSend Receive
Electronically ElectronicMail Programs
Files
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1) The person wishing to _____ a message connects to a electronic mail __________ using a ________.
2) He or she ________ the message to a ____ computer using a special network _______ for the person _________ the message.
3) The ____ computer stores the _________.
SendService
Modem
Uploads HostAddress
Receiving
Host Message
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4) When the person to whom the message was _______ logs onto the ______ computer, the _____ computer indicates that ______ is _________.
5) The __________ is _____________ form the _____ computer to the ___________ computer to be ______.
Sent HostHost Mail
Waiting
Message DownloadedHost Receiver’s
Read
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LAN’s are usually set up in one of _______ basic ________ or ______________:
___________________,
___________________, and
___________________.
These different types of networks have different __________ in terms of _______, ____________, and other ____________.
ThreeShapes Configurations
Star Network
Bus Network
Token-ring Network
Advantages SpeedCapacity Capabilities
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In a ______ network, each computer is linked through a central __________, like the
spokes of a bicycle wheel connecting to a central _____.
A ______ network, has a main _______ similar to a _________, with ______, or
__________, for each computer.
StarController
Hub
Bus CableHighway Exits
Branches
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A ____________ network connects each ____________ to the _______ in a large
________.
Token-ringComputer Next
Circle
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By using a _______ and a __________ line, you can connect you computer to a BBS, or
________________ __________.
BBS’s allow a _________ of computers users to ________ information ___________ and even have ____________, or ________,
on-line.
Modem Telephone
Bulletin-board Service
NumberShare Simultaneously
Discussions Forums
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Besides the many local, ________ BBS’s, there are a number of ____________ BBS’s, such as ______________, ___________ and ___________ __________, which provide all
kinds of ____________, from electronic ________________ to the latest sports _______ and company _______ Prices.
Most _____________ services charge an _______ connect ____ to use the system.
PrivateCommercial
CompuServe ProdigyAmerica Online
Informationencyclopedias
Scores Stock
CommercialHourly Fee
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Thank youThank youMr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!
Now, would you Now, would you please go through please go through
“Computers“ComputersAt Work”!At Work”!
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Computers At WorkComputers At Work
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The computer industry itself is huge and offers many job opportunities in sales and manufacturing. Electrical ____________
design hardware. Electronics ______________ build and repair them.
Technically competent people with creative minds are in demand for __________ and __________ new applications software.
Engineers
Technicians
DesigningWriting
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Universities have computer science departments. Each large computer system, such as those in Business, industry, science, and health care, requires a _______ _______
to keep it running.
Many of these large systems hire ____________ to develop and improve
applications software.
System Manger
Programmers
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There are also many computer-related jobs that are not specifically in the computer
industry. For example, ______ _________ and ______ _______ _______ use computers to produce special film sequences for movies
and television commercials. Films will eventually be shot using _______ cameras
and edited completely _________.
Graphic DesignersSpecial Effects Creators
DigitalDigitally
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___________ ________ who guide commercial airplanes in and out of airports use sophisticated computer systems to help them do their jobs. _________ companies now record and edit albums and compact
discs digitally using computer equipment. _________ are using animation programs to
produce simulations or reenactments of crimes to help persuade juries as to what
happened in their case.
Air-Traffic Controllers
Record
Lawyers
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Large ___ __________ use computers to analyze geographic data in search for places
to drill new oil wells.
________ are using computers to receive images such as X rays and CAT scans from
patients who can’t come into their offices for diagnosis.
Oil Companies
Doctors
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__________ _______ robots are used extensively in assembly-line manufacturing,
where they provide precise control of sophisticated equipment.
Computer-Driven
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These robots must be designed, built, and programmed. Most jobs in the future will
require some basic __________ skills.Computer
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Thank youThank youMr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!
Now, would you Now, would you please go through please go through “Copyrights and “Copyrights and
Software Piracy”!Software Piracy”!
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CopyrightsCopyrights
&&
Software PiracySoftware Piracy
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Most software is produced by __________. A ________ _______ is a company that
produces and sells software. Producing good software requires a lot of work. The program
must be designed, written, tested, supplemented with directions on how to use it, packaged and shipped to stores where is
can be purchased. Most software is ___________, which means that it cannot be copied without special permission from the
__________.
PublishersSoftware Publisher
Copyrighted
Publisher
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(Books, records, and movies are protected the same way.) Most publishers allow you to make _____ backup copy of the program in
case something happens to the original. However, it is ________ to give copies of the software to your friends. If you do, you are committing a ________. The ___________, the ___________, the ___________ and the
________ all lose money if you copy the program.
One
Illegal
Crime ProgrammerPublisher Distributor
Store
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They then have to charge higher prices or, in some cases, not make any more new
software. Some software, called _________, is distributed in a slightly different way.
___________ is available form a number of places, such as electronic bulletin boards, and doesn’t require you to ____ for it before you
use it. The people who make _________ want you to try the program and see if you
like it. If you want to keep it, they ask you to ____ for it by sending money to them.
Shareware
Shareware
PayShareware
Pay
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Their name and address are usually provided at the beginning of the program. It is OK to
give a friend a copy of a __________ program as long as they promise that if they
decide to keep and use it, they will send _________ to the publisher.
Some software is completely free. Called _______________ software, it is not
copyrighted and can be used and copied.
Shareware
Payment
Public-domain
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Scouts, describe Scouts, describe several ways in several ways in
which you and your which you and your family could use a family could use a personal computer personal computer
other than for other than for games and games and recreation.recreation.
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Scouts, you had best Scouts, you had best be writing these be writing these
ideas down, cause ideas down, cause this will allow you this will allow you
to complete to complete requirement 9 of requirement 9 of
the computer merit the computer merit badge.badge.
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Again, Scouts, Again, Scouts, describe several describe several
ways in which you ways in which you and your family and your family
could use a personal could use a personal computer other computer other
than for games and than for games and recreation.recreation.
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Thank youThank youMr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!
This completes the This completes the text book session of text book session of the Computer Merit the Computer Merit
Badge!Badge!
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Scouts, if you have Scouts, if you have viewed the power viewed the power point presentation point presentation
from the beginning to from the beginning to the end, and filled out the end, and filled out
the workbook, you the workbook, you have completed the have completed the
following merit badge following merit badge requirements.requirements.
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Requirement 1Requirement 1Requirement 2Requirement 2Requirement 3Requirement 3Requirement 6Requirement 6Requirement 7Requirement 7Requirement 8Requirement 8Requirement 9Requirement 9
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Thank youThank youMr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!
Would you please Would you please go over go over
requirement 4!requirement 4!
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Requirement 4 (Do THREE of the following)
A) Use a database manager to create a troop roster, providing name, rank, patrol, and
telephone number of each Scout. Sort the register by rank, by patrol, and alphabetically
by name.
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Requirement 4 (Do THREE of the following)
B) Use a spreadsheet program to develop a weekend campout food budget for your
patrol.
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Requirement 4 (Do THREE of the following)
C) Use a word processor to write a letter to parents of your troop’s Scouts, inviting them
to a court or honor. Use the mail merge feature to make a personalized copy of the
letter for each family.
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Requirement 4 (Do THREE of the following)
D) Use a computer graphics program to design and draw a campsite plan for your
troop.
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Thank youThank youMr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!
Would you please Would you please go over go over
requirement 5!requirement 5!
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Requirement 5 (Do TWO) of the following)
A) Visit a business or industry that uses computers. Study what the computer
accomplishes and be prepared to discuss what you observed.
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Requirement 5 (Do TWO) of the following)
B) Use a computer attached to a local area network or equipped with a modem to
connect to a computer network or bulletin-board service such as Prodigy, CompuServe,
or America Online. Send a message to someone on the network or download a
program or file from the network.
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Requirement 5 (Do TWO) of the following)
C) Use a general-purpose programming language to write a program application of your choice, subject to approval by your
counselor.
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Scouts, as you can see Scouts, as you can see you have some work you have some work ahead of you in order ahead of you in order
to complete the to complete the Computer Computer
Merit Badge, but with Merit Badge, but with Mr. Fleming’s help Mr. Fleming’s help this is the fun part!!this is the fun part!!
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Mr. Fleming will be Mr. Fleming will be more than willing to more than willing to arrange time during arrange time during
the remaining the remaining sessions, for this merit sessions, for this merit
badge, so you can badge, so you can work on requirements work on requirements
4 & 5.4 & 5.
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Or, you may work on Or, you may work on requirements 4 & 5 on requirements 4 & 5 on
your own, with the your own, with the approval of Mr. approval of Mr.
Fleming.Fleming.
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Or, you can setup Or, you can setup individual individual
appointments with appointments with Mr. Fleming to Mr. Fleming to
work on work on requirements 4 & 5.requirements 4 & 5.
The choice is yours!The choice is yours!
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I would like to thank I would like to thank each and everyone of each and everyone of
you Scouts for you Scouts for allowing me to be your allowing me to be your
teacher, teacher,
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and I want to give a and I want to give a very special thanks to very special thanks to
Mr. Fleming for Mr. Fleming for volunteering his time volunteering his time and for all his hard and for all his hard
work in putting work in putting together this together this
Computer Merit Computer Merit Badge class!!!!!!Badge class!!!!!!
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Thank you Thank you Mr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!
Your WelcomeYour WelcomeNathan!Nathan!
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Well, I am off in Well, I am off in search of another search of another adventure, and I adventure, and I
would like to leave would like to leave you with the you with the
following thoughts!following thoughts!
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Turn On Your Speakers,
So You Can Listen To My Music!!
Click Your Mouse
And Enjoy!!
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Make Yourself Comfortable!!
Reflect On Your Day!!
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May Each Sunrise,
And Give You Peace!!
May Your Smile Be Contagious,
Find You With A Smile On Your Face!!
And Brighten Someone’s Day!!
May God’s Blessings Shine Upon Your Face,
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Keep Smilin’
And
Lookin’ Up!!! - (:o}
Compliments Of: Dave Fleming
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Scouts, can you list what computer components were used in the making of the presentation you just viewed!!
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