hiasto lect respiratory system.ppt final
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
SLIDES
OLFACTORY MUCOSA -cellsTRACHEA- epithelium, cartilage,
LUNGS- bronchi
bronchiole
alveolar ductalveolar sacs
alveoli
inter alveolar septum
blood air barrier
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OLFACTORYRTEGION
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Olfactory regionArea olfactoria
Pseudostratified olfactory epithelium
lamina propria-
olafactory nerve fasciles and
sub epithelial olfactory Gland (bowman's)
Thickness- 100 Micrometer
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Situation-
roof and adjoining septal wall of thenasal cavity Above the superior conchae
Covers2sq. Cm in each half of the nasal cavity
Colouryellow due to pigment
Olfactory region
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Area covered by mucosa
10 cm square
The posterior part of the lateral nasal wall
Including the back of the superior conchea
The spheno - ethmoidal recesses
Upper part of the perpendicular plate of ethemoid
The roof of the nose arching between the septum
and the lateral wall
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cellsBipolar olfactory cells
Tall columnar cells
Basal cells properAnd globose cells
Supporting cells
Rest on
Basementmembrane
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Bipolar olfactory cellsBipolar, Cell body in mid zone
Apical dendrite-extend to the epithelial surface
Basally directed axon which pass out of the
Epithelium into olfactory nerve
Synapse with the 2nd order neuron in the
olfactory bulb
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Single
Unbranched2 micrometer
Extending into the epithelial surface
From circumference of eachending radiate many Cillia
Apical dendrite
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Cilia1-2 micrometer long,
0.25 micrometer in diameterProximal part -9+2 pattern of cilia
(typical motile cilia)
Distal part- only central pair are present
Cilia lack dynein arms on peripheral
microtubules
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Cell body
SER and RER
Golgi complex
Lysosomes
Nucleus is elliptical and hetero chromatic
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Dendrite
Mito. Microtubules,
SER. Ribo.
Smooth and coated vesicles
Centriole near the olfactory knob
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Plasma membrane
High conc. Of intra membranous particles
These particles
Is thought to be the site of olfactory reception
And or ion channels related to sensoryTransduction.
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Other pole
Narrow non mylinated axons
Pass towards the base of the epithelium
Form intra epithelial fascicles
Such fascicles join to form the larger
olfactory Fasciculi
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Other pole
Pass through the cribriform plate of the
ethemoid to the olfactory bulbSynapse in glomeruli with the secondary
neurons
(basket, mitral, peri-glomerular cells)Axon
50 in number( group in bundles)
0.2 micrometer
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Supporting cells
Irregular columnar, Large
Vertically elongated
Euchromatic nucleus
Irregular microvilli in to
the mucous layer
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Supporting cells
Contents
Mito, SER,RER,
Base lypofuscin granules
Lysosomes- phagocytic activity
Responsible for pigmentation of
olfactory.areaMultivesicular bodies
Golgi apparatus. Microfilaments
Tight junctions , desmosomes
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Basal cells Proper
Flat
Darkcondensed nuclei
Cytoplasm contains numerous filaments
inserted into the desmosomes
Contact with the supporting cells
Lie in contact with the basal lamina
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globose basal cells
Blastema cells
Round or eliptical
Pale staining
Open face nucleus
Pale cytoplasm
Clusters of centriolesFree ribosomes
Mitosis found within the zone
Similar features of embryonic neuroblasts
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Nasal mucosa
E= Pseudostratified columnarciliated epithelium
M= Mucous glands
V= Venules
S= Serous glands
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Olfactory epithelium
Knob
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Olfactory mucosa
B= terminal bar
(junctional complex)N= nerve fibres
G= Bowmans glands
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TRACHEA
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Trachea
WHAT IT IS- Cartilaginous,Fibromuscular
tubeLENGTH- 10-12 cm.
SHAPE Cylindrical in t.s. oval inshape
EXTENT- C6 TO T4
CONTENTS- Mucosa,Lamina propria,cartilage, glands
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EPITHELIUM
Trachea ( pseudostratified ciliated columnar)
Primary, secondary &
Tertiary bronchus
Bronchiole ( columnar )
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct ( squamous )
Alveolar sac
Alveolus
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Structure of therespiratory system
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Trachea
Trachea Newborn
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Trachea - Newborn
C= Hyaline cartilage M= Mucosa
T= Trachealis muscle L= Longitudinal muscle
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Trachea - Adult
E= Respiratory epithelium
LP= Lamina propria
SM= Loose submucosa
F= Dense fibroelastic tissue
between the cartilage rings
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Tracheal epithelium
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Cell types found in the epithelium of trachea
Tall pseudostratified columnar cells with cilia
Goblet cells
Serous cells identical to the cells of the submucosal
serous glands
Kulchitsky cells which are part of the diffuse
neuroendocrine system
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Difference between bronchi and trachea
Respiratory epithelium is less tall &
contains fewer goblet cells
Lamina propria is more dense with
a large quantity of elastin in itsmore superficial layers
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Difference between bronchi and trachea
Lamina propria is separated from thesubmucosa by a discontinuous layer of
smooth muscle which becomes
progressively more prominent in smallerairways
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Difference between bronchi and trachea
Submucosal layer contains fewer
seromucinous glandsCartilage framework is arranged into
flattened, interconnected plates rather
than discrete C-shaped rings as is inthe trachea.
Primary bronchus
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Primary bronchus
E= respiratory epithelium
LP= lamina propriaM= smooth muscle
S= submucosa
G= submucosal
seromucinous glands
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Bronchial epithelium
at high power
Cytology specimen
Obtained by bronchial brushing during bronchoscopic examination
for suspected bronchogenic carcinoma
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Bronchial epithelium
C= ciliated cellsG= goblet cells
E= elastin
M= mast cell
Primary bronchus epithelium
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Primary bronchus epithelium
Ci= ciliated epithelial cells G= goblet cells
S ll b h
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Small bronchus
Tertiary (segmental) bronchus
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Tertiary (segmental) bronchus
M= smooth muscle
G= seromucinous glands
C= cartilageSM= submucosa
L= lymphocyte
aggregations(MALT)
Note thin lamina propria,
complete circle of smooth
muscle,broken cartilage
pieces
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Bronchiole
smooth muscle layer
veinno cartilage support
no submucosal gland
no goblet cells
replaced by clara cells
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BRONCHIOLE
Diameter 5 mm or less
Ciliated simple columnar or cuboidal Terminal bronchioles have clara cells
Clara cells are devoid of cilia
Secretory granules at apex
Secretes gycosaminoglycans
P l d b hi l
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Pulmonary artery and bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
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Respiratory bronchiole
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Terminal portion of the respiratory tree
R= respiratory bronchiole AD= alveolar ducts
AS= alveolar sac V= pulmonary vessels
A= alveoli
Schematic representation of
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Schematic representation of
a respiratory unit of the lung
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Clara cells
Non-ciliated respiratory cells
Found in distal part of respiratory bronchiole
Functions
They produce one of the components ofsurfactant
They act as reserve cells, i.e. they are able to divide,
differentiate and replace other damaged cell types They contain enzyme systems which can detoxify
noxious substances.
Alveoli
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Alveoli
P1= Type I pneumocytes (alveolar lining cells)
P2= Type II pneumocytes C= Capillaries
E= Endothelial cells M= Alveolar macrophages
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Cells in alveolar lining
Type I pneumocytes- Large, squamous cells
- Cover most of the alveolar surface area
- Constitute part of thin gaseous diffusion barrier
Type II pneumocytes (60% cells)
- Rounded, occupy only 5% surface area
- Secrete surfactant
- Can divide
Alveolar wall
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Alveolar wall
A= alveoli
C1 & C2= capillaries
E, E1, E2= endothelial cells
P1= pneumocyte type I
P2= pneumocyte type II
L= Lamellar bodies
I t i f l l
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type I alveolar cells conforming to the contours of. Underlying capillaries.
Arrows point boundaries of adjacent cells
Interiorof alveolus
Interior of alveolus
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Interiorof alveolus
Note type II alveolar cell with short microvilli at the periphery
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Type II pneumocyte
Lamellar bodies
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Type II pneumocyte
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Released lamellar bodies form complex
myelin figures in alveolar lumen
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Alveoli
Alveolar septum
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Alveolar septum
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Alveolar septum
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Alveolar septum
P1= pneumocyte type I En= capillary endothelial cells
BM= basement membrane M= marginal fold
J= tight junctions E= elastin
F= fibroblast
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Pulmonary elastic tissue
Ma= macrophage
Alveolar macrophage
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Alveolar macrophage
M= macrophage in alveolar lumen Ly= secondary lysosomes
L= lipid droplets C= septal capillary
P1 & P2= pneumocytes AP= alveolar pore
BM= basement membrane
Alveolar macrophage from a
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Alveolar macrophage from a
nonsmoker
Alveolar macrophage from an
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Alveolar macrophage from an
18 year old smoker
Respiratory unit special preparation
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Respiratory unitspecial preparation
Note terminal bronchiole
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Lung
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Alveolar septum
P1= cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte
BM= basement membrane
E= capillary endothelium
Er= capillary lumen
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Pulmonary capillaries
Blue dye-perfused preparation
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Visceral pleura
P= visceral pleura
M= mesothelium
F= fibrous supporting tissue
S= fibrous septa
L= lymph vessels
Visceral pleura
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Visceral pleura
M= flattened cuboidal mesothelial cells
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BRONCHOPULMONARY
SEGMENTS
Is defined as an anatomical,
physiological, clinical and surgical
independent respiratory unit of lungaerated by a teritary bronchus
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Wedge shaped
The apex directed towards the hilum
Base towards the periphery
Supplied by its own segmental pulmonaryartery but drained by an intersegmentalpulmonary vein.
BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS
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BRONCHOPULMONARY
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SEGMENT
Bronchiole
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Bronchiole
Alveolar
RESPIRATORY
UNIT
BRONCHOSCOPY
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