hidden treasures of the python standard library
DESCRIPTION
The standard library contains many hidden gems that are not widely used, either because they are not publicized enough or because they are deep in a module that programmers haven't had cause to study or use. This presentation covers a few selected topics of this nature in about 25 minutes (leaving time for a couple of questions). Demonstration code is included for every item.TRANSCRIPT
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Hidden Treasures of the Standard LibraryDoug HellmannPyConFebruary, 2011
Sunday, March 20, 2011
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Python Module of the Week:“I read the docs, so you don’t have to.”
Sunday, March 20, 2011
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Read This!
Pre-order now
Sunday, March 20, 2011
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Goals Usable Tips
Sunday, March 20, 2011
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Look Around Change Focus
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Look Around 100+ Modules
Sunday, March 20, 2011
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Parsing Structured Data csv dialects
Full Name User Name Email
Doug Hellmann dhellmann [email protected]
Guest account,no login
guest [email protected]
Sunday, March 20, 2011
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Test Database
1 #!/bin/sh 2 3 rm -f test.db 4 5 sqlite3 test.db <<EOF 6 7 CREATE TABLE users ( 8 fullname text, 9 username text, 10 email text 11 ); 12 13 INSERT INTO users (fullname, username, email) 14 VALUES ('Doug Hellmann', 'dhellmann', '[email protected]'); 15 16 INSERT INTO users (fullname, username, email) 17 VALUES ('Guest account, no login', 'guest', '[email protected]'); 18 19 EOF 20
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Test Database
1 #!/bin/sh 2 3 rm -f test.db 4 5 sqlite3 test.db <<EOF 6 7 CREATE TABLE users ( 8 fullname text, 9 username text, 10 email text 11 ); 12 13 INSERT INTO users (fullname, username, email) 14 VALUES ('Doug Hellmann', 'dhellmann', '[email protected]'); 15 16 INSERT INTO users (fullname, username, email) 17 VALUES ('Guest account, no login', 'guest', '[email protected]'); 18 19 EOF 20
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Database Contents
$ ./hidden_stdlib/csv_mkdb.sh
$ sqlite3 -noheader test.db 'select * from users'
Doug Hellmann|dhellmann|[email protected]
Guest account, no login|guest|[email protected]
Sunday, March 20, 2011
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Database Contents
$ ./hidden_stdlib/csv_mkdb.sh
$ sqlite3 -noheader test.db 'select * from users'
Doug Hellmann|dhellmann|[email protected]
Guest account, no login|guest|[email protected]
Sunday, March 20, 2011
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csv Dialect
9 csv.register_dialect('pipes', delimiter='|') 10 11 reader = csv.reader(sys.stdin, dialect='pipes') 12 for row in reader: 13 print row
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csv Dialect
9 csv.register_dialect('pipes', delimiter='|') 10 11 reader = csv.reader(sys.stdin, dialect='pipes') 12 for row in reader: 13 print row
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csv Dialect
9 csv.register_dialect('pipes', delimiter='|') 10 11 reader = csv.reader(sys.stdin, dialect='pipes') 12 for row in reader: 13 print row
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Database Contents
$ ./hidden_stdlib/csv_mkdb.sh
$ sqlite3 -noheader test.db 'select * from users'
Doug Hellmann|dhellmann|[email protected]
Guest account, no login|guest|[email protected]
$ sqlite3 -noheader test.db 'select * from users' \
| python ./hidden_stdlib/csv_pipes.py
['Doug Hellmann', 'dhellmann', '[email protected]']
['Guest account, no login', 'guest', '[email protected]']
Sunday, March 20, 2011
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Database Contents
$ ./hidden_stdlib/csv_mkdb.sh
$ sqlite3 -noheader test.db 'select * from users'
Doug Hellmann|dhellmann|[email protected]
Guest account, no login|guest|[email protected]
$ sqlite3 -noheader test.db 'select * from users' \
| python ./hidden_stdlib/csv_pipes.py
['Doug Hellmann', 'dhellmann', '[email protected]']
['Guest account, no login', 'guest', '[email protected]']
Sunday, March 20, 2011
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Custom Column Types sqlite3
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Custom SQLite Column Types
42 # Insert the objects into the database 43 print 'Inserting:' 44 to_save = [ (MyObj('this is a value to save'),), 45 (MyObj(42),), 46 ] 47 cursor.executemany( 48 "insert into obj (data) values (?)", 49 to_save) 50 51 # Query the database for the objects just saved 52 print '\nQuerying:' 53 cursor.execute("select id, data from obj") 54 for obj_id, obj in cursor.fetchall(): 55 print 'Retrieved', obj_id, type(obj), obj
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Custom SQLite Column Types
42 # Insert the objects into the database 43 print 'Inserting:' 44 to_save = [ (MyObj('this is a value to save'),), 45 (MyObj(42),), 46 ] 47 cursor.executemany( 48 "insert into obj (data) values (?)", 49 to_save) 50 51 # Query the database for the objects just saved 52 print '\nQuerying:' 53 cursor.execute("select id, data from obj") 54 for obj_id, obj in cursor.fetchall(): 55 print 'Retrieved', obj_id, type(obj), obj
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Custom SQLite Column Types
42 # Insert the objects into the database 43 print 'Inserting:' 44 to_save = [ (MyObj('this is a value to save'),), 45 (MyObj(42),), 46 ] 47 cursor.executemany( 48 "insert into obj (data) values (?)", 49 to_save) 50 51 # Query the database for the objects just saved 52 print '\nQuerying:' 53 cursor.execute("select id, data from obj") 54 for obj_id, obj in cursor.fetchall(): 55 print 'Retrieved', obj_id, type(obj), obj
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Custom SQLite Column Types
9 class MyObj(object): 10 def __init__(self, arg): 11 self.arg = arg 12 def __str__(self): 13 return 'MyObj(%r)' % self.arg
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Custom SQLite Column Types
17 def adapter_func(obj): 18 """memory -> storage""" 19 print 'Saving:', obj 20 return pickle.dumps(obj) 21 22 sqlite3.register_adapter(MyObj, adapter_func) 23 24 def converter_func(data): 25 """storage -> memory""" 26 return pickle.loads(data) 27 28 sqlite3.register_converter("MyObj", converter_func)
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Custom SQLite Column Types
17 def adapter_func(obj): 18 """memory -> storage""" 19 print 'Saving:', obj 20 return pickle.dumps(obj) 21 22 sqlite3.register_adapter(MyObj, adapter_func) 23 24 def converter_func(data): 25 """storage -> memory""" 26 return pickle.loads(data) 27 28 sqlite3.register_converter("MyObj", converter_func)
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Custom SQLite Column Types
17 def adapter_func(obj): 18 """memory -> storage""" 19 print 'Saving:', obj 20 return pickle.dumps(obj) 21 22 sqlite3.register_adapter(MyObj, adapter_func) 23 24 def converter_func(data): 25 """storage -> memory""" 26 return pickle.loads(data) 27 28 sqlite3.register_converter("MyObj", converter_func)
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Custom SQLite Column Types
17 def adapter_func(obj): 18 """memory -> storage""" 19 print 'Saving:', obj 20 return pickle.dumps(obj) 21 22 sqlite3.register_adapter(MyObj, adapter_func) 23 24 def converter_func(data): 25 """storage -> memory""" 26 return pickle.loads(data) 27 28 sqlite3.register_converter("MyObj", converter_func)
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Custom SQLite Column Types
30 with sqlite3.connect( 31 'type_demo.db', 32 detect_types=sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES) as conn: 33 # Create a table with column of type "MyObj" 34 conn.execute(""" 35 create table if not exists obj ( 36 id integer primary key autoincrement not null, 37 data MyObj 38 ) 39 """)
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Custom SQLite Column Types
30 with sqlite3.connect( 31 'type_demo.db', 32 detect_types=sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES) as conn: 33 # Create a table with column of type "MyObj" 34 conn.execute(""" 35 create table if not exists obj ( 36 id integer primary key autoincrement not null, 37 data MyObj 38 ) 39 """)
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Custom SQLite Column Types
$ python hidden_stdlib/sqlite3_custom_type.py
Inserting:
Saving: MyObj('this is a value to save')
Saving: MyObj(42)
Querying:
Retrieved 1 <class '__main__.MyObj'> MyObj('this is a value to
save')
Retrieved 2 <class '__main__.MyObj'> MyObj(42)
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Custom SQLite Column Types
$ python hidden_stdlib/sqlite3_custom_type.py
Inserting:
Saving: MyObj('this is a value to save')
Saving: MyObj(42)
Querying:
Retrieved 1 <class '__main__.MyObj'> MyObj('this is a value to
save')
Retrieved 2 <class '__main__.MyObj'> MyObj(42)
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Custom SQLite Column Types
$ python hidden_stdlib/sqlite3_custom_type.py
Inserting:
Saving: MyObj('this is a value to save')
Saving: MyObj(42)
Querying:
Retrieved 1 <class '__main__.MyObj'> MyObj('this is a value to
save')
Retrieved 2 <class '__main__.MyObj'> MyObj(42)
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Signed Serialized Data hmac
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hmac
11 message = 'The message' 12 encoded_message = pickle.dumps(message) 13 14 digest_maker = hmac.new('shared-secret-value') 15 digest_maker.update(encoded_message) 16 signature = digest_maker.hexdigest() 17 18 print 'Outgoing signature:', signature 19 20 # Simulate sending the message 21 buffer = StringIO('%s\n%d\n%s' % (signature, 22 len(encoded_message), 23 encoded_message 24 ))
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hmac
11 message = 'The message' 12 encoded_message = pickle.dumps(message) 13 14 digest_maker = hmac.new('shared-secret-value') 15 digest_maker.update(encoded_message) 16 signature = digest_maker.hexdigest() 17 18 print 'Outgoing signature:', signature 19 20 # Simulate sending the message 21 buffer = StringIO('%s\n%d\n%s' % (signature, 22 len(encoded_message), 23 encoded_message 24 ))
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hmac
11 message = 'The message' 12 encoded_message = pickle.dumps(message) 13 14 digest_maker = hmac.new('shared-secret-value') 15 digest_maker.update(encoded_message) 16 signature = digest_maker.hexdigest() 17 18 print 'Outgoing signature:', signature 19 20 # Simulate sending the message 21 buffer = StringIO('%s\n%d\n%s' % (signature, 22 len(encoded_message), 23 encoded_message 24 ))
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hmac
26 # "Receive" the message 27 read_signature = buffer.readline().rstrip() 28 message_len = int(buffer.readline()) 29 read_message = buffer.read(message_len) 30 31 # Check the signature of the incoming data 32 digest_maker = hmac.new('shared-secret-value', 33 read_message) 34 computed_signature = digest_maker.hexdigest() 35 print 'Computed signature:', signature
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hmac
26 # "Receive" the message 27 read_signature = buffer.readline().rstrip() 28 message_len = int(buffer.readline()) 29 read_message = buffer.read(message_len) 30 31 # Check the signature of the incoming data 32 digest_maker = hmac.new('shared-secret-value', 33 read_message) 34 computed_signature = digest_maker.hexdigest() 35 print 'Computed signature:', signature
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hmac
37 if computed_signature == read_signature: 38 print '\nValid message, processed' 39 safe_message = pickle.loads(read_message) 40 print 'Message:', safe_message 41 else: 42 raise ValueError('Invalid message, discarded')
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hmac
37 if computed_signature == read_signature: 38 print '\nValid message, processed' 39 safe_message = pickle.loads(read_message) 40 print 'Message:', safe_message 41 else: 42 raise ValueError('Invalid message, discarded')
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hmac
$ python hidden_stdlib/hmac_message_signing.py
Outgoing signature: 3498b6fa42a75dc4603da6f4c67505a2
Computed signature: 3498b6fa42a75dc4603da6f4c67505a2
Valid message, processed
Message: The message
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Serializing Objects json
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json
10 def convert_to_builtin_type(obj): 11 """object->dictionary""" 12 print 'convert_to_builtin_type(%r)' % obj 13 class_name = obj.__class__.__name__ 14 module_name = obj.__module__ 15 digest_maker = hmac.new('PyCon2011', 16 module_name + class_name) 17 signature = digest_maker.hexdigest() 18 d = { '__class__':class_name, 19 '__module__':module_name, 20 '__signature__':signature, 21 } 22 d.update(obj.__dict__) 23 return d 24 25 obj = json_myobj.MyObj('instance value goes here') 26 print json.dumps(obj, default=convert_to_builtin_type)
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json
10 def convert_to_builtin_type(obj): 11 """object->dictionary""" 12 print 'convert_to_builtin_type(%r)' % obj 13 class_name = obj.__class__.__name__ 14 module_name = obj.__module__ 15 digest_maker = hmac.new('PyCon2011', 16 module_name + class_name) 17 signature = digest_maker.hexdigest() 18 d = { '__class__':class_name, 19 '__module__':module_name, 20 '__signature__':signature, 21 } 22 d.update(obj.__dict__) 23 return d 24 25 obj = json_myobj.MyObj('instance value goes here') 26 print json.dumps(obj, default=convert_to_builtin_type)
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json
10 def convert_to_builtin_type(obj): 11 """object->dictionary""" 12 print 'convert_to_builtin_type(%r)' % obj 13 class_name = obj.__class__.__name__ 14 module_name = obj.__module__ 15 digest_maker = hmac.new('PyCon2011', 16 module_name + class_name) 17 signature = digest_maker.hexdigest() 18 d = { '__class__':class_name, 19 '__module__':module_name, 20 '__signature__':signature, 21 } 22 d.update(obj.__dict__) 23 return d 24 25 obj = json_myobj.MyObj('instance value goes here') 26 print json.dumps(obj, default=convert_to_builtin_type)
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json
10 def convert_to_builtin_type(obj): 11 """object->dictionary""" 12 print 'convert_to_builtin_type(%r)' % obj 13 class_name = obj.__class__.__name__ 14 module_name = obj.__module__ 15 digest_maker = hmac.new('PyCon2011', 16 module_name + class_name) 17 signature = digest_maker.hexdigest() 18 d = { '__class__':class_name, 19 '__module__':module_name, 20 '__signature__':signature, 21 } 22 d.update(obj.__dict__) 23 return d 24 25 obj = json_myobj.MyObj('instance value goes here') 26 print json.dumps(obj, default=convert_to_builtin_type)
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json
$ python hidden_stdlib/json_dump_default.py
convert_to_builtin_type(<MyObj(instance value goes here)>)
{"s": "instance value goes here", "__module__": "json_myobj",
"__signature__": "426f662f9fe3b3533d9ce7f9dcf8af77",
"__class__": "MyObj"}
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json
$ python hidden_stdlib/json_dump_default.py
convert_to_builtin_type(<MyObj(instance value goes here)>)
{"s": "instance value goes here", "__module__": "json_myobj",
"__signature__": "426f662f9fe3b3533d9ce7f9dcf8af77",
"__class__": "MyObj"}
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json
$ python hidden_stdlib/json_dump_default.py
convert_to_builtin_type(<MyObj(instance value goes here)>)
{"s": "instance value goes here", "__module__": "json_myobj",
"__signature__": "426f662f9fe3b3533d9ce7f9dcf8af77",
"__class__": "MyObj"}
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json
$ python hidden_stdlib/json_dump_default.py
convert_to_builtin_type(<MyObj(instance value goes here)>)
{"s": "instance value goes here", "__module__": "json_myobj",
"__signature__": "426f662f9fe3b3533d9ce7f9dcf8af77",
"__class__": "MyObj"}
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json
$ python hidden_stdlib/json_dump_default.py
convert_to_builtin_type(<MyObj(instance value goes here)>)
{"s": "instance value goes here", "__module__": "json_myobj",
"__signature__": "426f662f9fe3b3533d9ce7f9dcf8af77",
"__class__": "MyObj"}
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json
9 def dict_to_object(d): 10 if '__class__' not in d: 11 return d 12 13 class_name = d.pop('__class__') 14 module_name = d.pop('__module__') 15 signature = d.pop('__signature__') 16 17 digest_maker = hmac.new('PyCon2011', 18 module_name + class_name) 19 expected_signature = digest_maker.hexdigest() 20 if signature != expected_signature: 21 raise ValueError('Invalid signature')
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json
9 def dict_to_object(d): 10 if '__class__' not in d: 11 return d 12 13 class_name = d.pop('__class__') 14 module_name = d.pop('__module__') 15 signature = d.pop('__signature__') 16 17 digest_maker = hmac.new('PyCon2011', 18 module_name + class_name) 19 expected_signature = digest_maker.hexdigest() 20 if signature != expected_signature: 21 raise ValueError('Invalid signature')
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json
9 def dict_to_object(d): 10 if '__class__' not in d: 11 return d 12 13 class_name = d.pop('__class__') 14 module_name = d.pop('__module__') 15 signature = d.pop('__signature__') 16 17 digest_maker = hmac.new('PyCon2011', 18 module_name + class_name) 19 expected_signature = digest_maker.hexdigest() 20 if signature != expected_signature: 21 raise ValueError('Invalid signature')
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json
23 print 'Loading "%s" from "%s"' % \ 24 (class_name, module_name) 25 module = __import__(module_name) 26 class_ = getattr(module, class_name) 27 28 args = dict( (key.encode('ascii'), value) 29 for key, value in d.items()) 30 print 'Instantiating with', args 31 32 inst = class_(**args) 33 return inst
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json
23 print 'Loading "%s" from "%s"' % \ 24 (class_name, module_name) 25 module = __import__(module_name) 26 class_ = getattr(module, class_name) 27 28 args = dict( (key.encode('ascii'), value) 29 for key, value in d.items()) 30 print 'Instantiating with', args 31 32 inst = class_(**args) 33 return inst
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json
23 print 'Loading "%s" from "%s"' % \ 24 (class_name, module_name) 25 module = __import__(module_name) 26 class_ = getattr(module, class_name) 27 28 args = dict( (key.encode('ascii'), value) 29 for key, value in d.items()) 30 print 'Instantiating with', args 31 32 inst = class_(**args) 33 return inst
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json
23 print 'Loading "%s" from "%s"' % \ 24 (class_name, module_name) 25 module = __import__(module_name) 26 class_ = getattr(module, class_name) 27 28 args = dict( (key.encode('ascii'), value) 29 for key, value in d.items()) 30 print 'Instantiating with', args 31 32 inst = class_(**args) 33 return inst
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json
35 for encoded_object in [ 36 ''' 37 [{"s": "instance value goes here", 38 "__signature__": "426f662f9fe3b3533d9ce7f9dcf8af77", 39 "__module__": "json_myobj", "__class__": "MyObj"}] 40 ''', 41 42 # careful! 43 ''' 44 [{"path": "/etc/passwd", 45 "__signature__": "426f662f9fe3b3533d9ce7f9dcf8af77", 46 "__module__": "os", "__class__": "unlink"}] 47 ''', 48 ]:
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json
35 for encoded_object in [ 36 ''' 37 [{"s": "instance value goes here", 38 "__signature__": "426f662f9fe3b3533d9ce7f9dcf8af77", 39 "__module__": "json_myobj", "__class__": "MyObj"}] 40 ''', 41 42 # careful! 43 ''' 44 [{"path": "/etc/passwd", 45 "__signature__": "426f662f9fe3b3533d9ce7f9dcf8af77", 46 "__module__": "os", "__class__": "unlink"}] 47 ''', 48 ]:
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json
49 try: 50 myobj_instance = json.loads( 51 encoded_object, 52 object_hook=dict_to_object, 53 ) 54 print myobj_instance 55 except Exception as err: 56 print 'ERROR:', err 57 print
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json
$ python hidden_stdlib/json_load_object_hook.py
Loading "MyObj" from "json_myobj"
Instantiating with {'s': u'instance value goes here'}
[<MyObj(instance value goes here)>]
ERROR: Invalid signature
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json
$ python hidden_stdlib/json_load_object_hook.py
Loading "MyObj" from "json_myobj"
Instantiating with {'s': u'instance value goes here'}
[<MyObj(instance value goes here)>]
ERROR: Invalid signature
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Error Handling sys.excepthook
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sys.excepthook
6 def main(): 7 # do some work 8 raise RuntimeError('Helpful error message') 9 10 if __name__ == '__main__': 11 main()
$ python hidden_stdlib/sys_excepthook_no_handler.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File ".../hidden_stdlib/sys_excepthook_no_handler.py", line 11, in <module>
main()
File ".../hidden_stdlib/sys_excepthook_no_handler.py", line 8, in main
raise RuntimeError('Helpful error message')
RuntimeError: Helpful error message
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sys.excepthook
6 import sys 7 8 def main(): 9 try: 10 # do some work 11 raise RuntimeError('Helpful error message') 12 except Exception as err: 13 sys.stderr.write('ERROR: %s\n' % err) 14 15 if __name__ == '__main__': 16 main()
$ python hidden_stdlib/sys_excepthook_big_block.py
ERROR: Helpful error message
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sys.excepthook
6 import sys 7 8 def quiet_errors(exc_type, exc_value, traceback): 9 sys.stderr.write('ERROR: %s\n' % exc_value) 10 11 sys.excepthook = quiet_errors 12 13 def main(): 14 # do some work 15 raise RuntimeError('Helpful error message') 16 17 if __name__ == '__main__': 18 main()
$ python hidden_stdlib/sys_excepthook.py
ERROR: Helpful error message
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sys.excepthook
6 import sys 7 8 def quiet_errors(exc_type, exc_value, traceback): 9 sys.stderr.write('ERROR: %s\n' % exc_value) 10 11 sys.excepthook = quiet_errors 12 13 def main(): 14 # do some work 15 raise RuntimeError('Helpful error message') 16 17 if __name__ == '__main__': 18 main()
$ python hidden_stdlib/sys_excepthook.py
ERROR: Helpful error message
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Communicatingwith Users
logging
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logging loggers
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logging loggers
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logging
10 # Log verbosely 11 root_logger = logging.getLogger('') 12 root_logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) 13 14 # Set up console output to stderr 15 console = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stderr) 16 console_format = '%(message)s' 17 console.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(console_format)) 18 console.setLevel(logging.INFO) # TODO: command line switch 19 root_logger.addHandler(console)
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logging
10 # Log verbosely 11 root_logger = logging.getLogger('') 12 root_logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) 13 14 # Set up console output to stderr 15 console = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stderr) 16 console_format = '%(message)s' 17 console.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(console_format)) 18 console.setLevel(logging.INFO) # TODO: command line switch 19 root_logger.addHandler(console)
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logging
10 # Log verbosely 11 root_logger = logging.getLogger('') 12 root_logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) 13 14 # Set up console output to stderr 15 console = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stderr) 16 console_format = '%(message)s' 17 console.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(console_format)) 18 console.setLevel(logging.INFO) # TODO: command line switch 19 root_logger.addHandler(console)
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logging
10 # Log verbosely 11 root_logger = logging.getLogger('') 12 root_logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) 13 14 # Set up console output to stderr 15 console = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stderr) 16 console_format = '%(message)s' 17 console.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(console_format)) 18 console.setLevel(logging.INFO) # TODO: command line switch 19 root_logger.addHandler(console)
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logging
10 # Log verbosely 11 root_logger = logging.getLogger('') 12 root_logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) 13 14 # Set up console output to stderr 15 console = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stderr) 16 console_format = '%(message)s' 17 console.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(console_format)) 18 console.setLevel(logging.INFO) # TODO: command line switch 19 root_logger.addHandler(console)
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logging
21 # Include debug messages when logging to a file 22 file_handler = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler( 23 'logging_example.log', # use a full path 24 ) 25 file_format = '%(asctime)s %(levelname)6s %(name)s %(message)s' 26 file_handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(file_format)) 27 file_handler.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) 28 root_logger.addHandler(file_handler)
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logging
21 # Include debug messages when logging to a file 22 file_handler = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler( 23 'logging_example.log', # use a full path 24 ) 25 file_format = '%(asctime)s %(levelname)6s %(name)s %(message)s' 26 file_handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(file_format)) 27 file_handler.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) 28 root_logger.addHandler(file_handler)
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logging
21 # Include debug messages when logging to a file 22 file_handler = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler( 23 'logging_example.log', # use a full path 24 ) 25 file_format = '%(asctime)s %(levelname)6s %(name)s %(message)s' 26 file_handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(file_format)) 27 file_handler.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) 28 root_logger.addHandler(file_handler)
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logging
30 # Log sample messages with different levels 31 log = logging.getLogger(__name__) 32 log.info('on the console and in the file') 33 log.debug('only in the file') 34 log.error('simple error message') 35 36 # Replace excepthook with logger 37 def log_exception(exc_type, exc_value, traceback): 38 logging.getLogger(__name__).error(exc_value) 39 sys.excepthook = log_exception 40 41 # Send exceptions to the logger automatically 42 raise RuntimeError('failure message')
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logging
30 # Log sample messages with different levels 31 log = logging.getLogger(__name__) 32 log.info('on the console and in the file') 33 log.debug('only in the file') 34 log.error('simple error message') 35 36 # Replace excepthook with logger 37 def log_exception(exc_type, exc_value, traceback): 38 logging.getLogger(__name__).error(exc_value) 39 sys.excepthook = log_exception 40 41 # Send exceptions to the logger automatically 42 raise RuntimeError('failure message')
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logging
30 # Log sample messages with different levels 31 log = logging.getLogger(__name__) 32 log.info('on the console and in the file') 33 log.debug('only in the file') 34 log.error('simple error message') 35 36 # Replace excepthook with logger 37 def log_exception(exc_type, exc_value, traceback): 38 logging.getLogger(__name__).error(exc_value) 39 sys.excepthook = log_exception 40 41 # Send exceptions to the logger automatically 42 raise RuntimeError('failure message')
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logging
$ python hidden_stdlib/logging_example.py
on the console and in the file
simple error message
failure message
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logging
$ python hidden_stdlib/logging_example.py
on the console and in the file
simple error message
failure message
$ cat logging_example.log
2011-02-13 11:28:30,036 INFO __main__ on the console and in
the file
2011-02-13 11:28:30,036 DEBUG __main__ only in the file
2011-02-13 11:28:30,036 ERROR __main__ simple error message
2011-02-13 11:28:30,036 ERROR __main__ failure message
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logging
$ python hidden_stdlib/logging_example.py
on the console and in the file
simple error message
failure message
$ cat logging_example.log
2011-02-13 11:28:30,036 INFO __main__ on the console and in
the file
2011-02-13 11:28:30,036 DEBUG __main__ only in the file
2011-02-13 11:28:30,036 ERROR __main__ simple error message
2011-02-13 11:28:30,036 ERROR __main__ failure message
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logging
$ python hidden_stdlib/logging_example.py
on the console and in the file
simple error message
failure message
$ cat logging_example.log
2011-02-13 11:28:30,036 INFO __main__ on the console and in
the file
2011-02-13 11:28:30,036 DEBUG __main__ only in the file
2011-02-13 11:28:30,036 ERROR __main__ simple error message
2011-02-13 11:28:30,036 ERROR __main__ failure message
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logging
$ python hidden_stdlib/logging_example.py
on the console and in the file
simple error message
failure message
$ cat logging_example.log
2011-02-13 11:28:30,036 INFO __main__ on the console and in
the file
2011-02-13 11:28:30,036 DEBUG __main__ only in the file
2011-02-13 11:28:30,036 ERROR __main__ simple error message
2011-02-13 11:28:30,036 ERROR __main__ failure message
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logging Traceback Handler
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logging
36 # Tracebacks should only go to the file 37 traceback_log = logging.getLogger('traceback') 38 traceback_log.propagate = False 39 traceback_log.setLevel(logging.ERROR) 40 traceback_log.addHandler(file_handler) 41 42 # Replace excepthook with logger 43 def log_exception(exc_type, exc_value, traceback): 44 logging.getLogger(__name__).error(exc_value) 45 logging.getLogger('traceback').error( 46 exc_value, 47 exc_info=(exc_type, exc_value, traceback), 48 ) 49 sys.excepthook = log_exception 50 51 # Send exceptions to the logger automatically 52 raise RuntimeError('failure message')
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logging
36 # Tracebacks should only go to the file 37 traceback_log = logging.getLogger('traceback') 38 traceback_log.propagate = False 39 traceback_log.setLevel(logging.ERROR) 40 traceback_log.addHandler(file_handler) 41 42 # Replace excepthook with logger 43 def log_exception(exc_type, exc_value, traceback): 44 logging.getLogger(__name__).error(exc_value) 45 logging.getLogger('traceback').error( 46 exc_value, 47 exc_info=(exc_type, exc_value, traceback), 48 ) 49 sys.excepthook = log_exception 50 51 # Send exceptions to the logger automatically 52 raise RuntimeError('failure message')
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logging
$ python hidden_stdlib/logging_example_tracebacks.py
on the console and in the file
simple error message
failure message
$ cat logging_example.log
2011-02-13 11:33:22,592 INFO __main__ on the console and in the file
2011-02-13 11:33:22,592 DEBUG __main__ only in the file
2011-02-13 11:33:22,592 ERROR __main__ simple error message
2011-02-13 11:33:22,592 ERROR __main__ failure message
2011-02-13 11:33:22,593 ERROR traceback failure message
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "hidden_stdlib/logging_example_tracebacks.py", line 52, in <module>
raise RuntimeError('failure message')
RuntimeError: failure message
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More Information
• http://docs.python.org/
• http://www.doughellmann.com/PyMOTW/
• https://bitbucket.org/dhellmann/hidden_stdlib/
• The Python Standard Library By Example, Doug Hellmann
• Python Essential Reference, David Beazley
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Image Credits
2. http://www.uottawa.ca.libguides.com/content.php?pid=14825&sid=1176584. http://www.flickr.com/photos/seditiouscanary/1279041211/5. http://www.flickr.com/photos/elrentaplats/4902419885/in/photostream/6. http://www.flickr.com/photos/elrentaplats/4903005444/in/photostream/18. http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/58000/58063/58063_column_types.htm34. http://www.flickr.com/photos/akeg/3077866744/44. http://www.flickr.com/photos/yum9me/2807475045/64. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zeichen_trissturis_error101.png72. http://www.flickr.com/photos/myklroventine/3545127104/in/faves-40068198@N04/
Sunday, March 20, 2011