OECD Global Forum on Sustainable DevelopmentOECD Global Forum on Sustainable Development2-3 December, 2004, Paris 2-3 December, 2004, Paris

Optimizing Compliance Optimizing Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement:Monitoring and Enforcement:Japanese Experience in Water Japanese Experience in Water

Pollution ControlPollution Control

Hidefumi IMURANagoya University

Japan

Water Environment in JapanWater Environment in Japan

•Pollution by Industrial Waste Water•Urbanization and Pollution by Domestic Waste Water•Agriculture and Pollution by Non-Point Sources

•Much rainfall: 1,700 mm / year•Many small rivers•Semi-closed water bodies such as Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay and Seto Inland Sea•Long Coastal lines•Many lakes and reservoirs

•Health Damage, e.g., Minamata Disease•Degradation of Living Environment and Amenities•Damage on Fisheries

Water Pollution in JapanWater Pollution in Japan

Minamata Disease

Water Pollution Control in JapanWater Pollution Control in Japan

1. Environmental Quality Standards EQS for Protecting Human Health ・・・ 26 substanc

es (heavy metals, PCBs and other toxic chemicals) EQS for Protecting the Living Environment ・・・ p

H, BOD (COD), SS, DO, total coliform; Classification of rivers, lakes, and seas according to the type of water use.

2. Effluent Regulation and Standards National Uniform Effluent Standards More Stringent Prefectural Effluent Standards3. Total Pollutant Load Control Eg. Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay, Seto Inland Sea, Designated

Lakes

Monitoring of Water Quality Monitoring of Water Quality

Automated water quality monitoring 125 points operated by prefectures and

designated cities199 points in 93 major waterways

operated by River Management Office of MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport)

Compliance Rate of EQS (1)Compliance Rate of EQS (1)

Compliance Rate of EQS (2)Compliance Rate of EQS (2)

Effluent RegulationsEffluent Regulations1. Laws Water Pollution Control Law Special Law for Environmental Preservation of Seto Inland Sea Law of Special Measures for Lake Water Quality Prefectural and municipal ordinances [Sewerage Law]

2. Designation of “specified facilities” 300, 000 factories and other commercial facilities (hotels, stock raisi

ng, cleaning, night soil treatment, etc.) Large facilities (more than 50 m3/day) 13% Small facilities (less than 50 m3/day) 87%

3. Role of prefectures and designated cities Request reports from specified facilities On-site inspections to monitor compliance Take administrative action such as “improvement order”

Total Pollution Load Control (1)Total Pollution Load Control (1)

Total Pollution Load Control (2) Total Pollution Load Control (2) Source of Pollution LoadSource of Pollution Load

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Hou

seho

ld

Indu

stry

Oth

ers

Hou

seho

ld

Indu

stry

Oth

ers

Hou

seho

ld

Indu

stry

Oth

ers

Tokyo Bay Ise Bay Seto Inland sea

CO

D lo

adin

g (t

/day

)

19791984198919941999

Total Pollution Load Control (3)Total Pollution Load Control (3)EnforcementEnforcement

Minister of the EnvironmentBasic Policy for Areawide Total Pollution Load Control

for Each Designated Water Body

Prefectural GovernorsAreawide Total Pollution Load Control Plan

Reduction Target and Measures to Achieve the Target

Control Measures• Regulation• Guidance• Project Implementation, e.g., improvement of Sewerage systems

Water Pollution Control of Water Pollution Control of Lakes and Reservoirs (1)Lakes and Reservoirs (1)

Minister of the EnvironmentDesignation of Lakes and Reservoirs

Prefectural GovernorsWater Quality Conservation Plan

Control Measures1. Projects for water quality improvement, e.g., construction of sewerage treatment plants2. Regulations, e.g., control of new building or expansion of factories and other commercial facilities3. Guidance, advice and recommendations to non-compliance facilities

Water Pollution Control of Water Pollution Control of Lakes and Reservoirs (2)Lakes and Reservoirs (2)

Designated Lakes and Reservoirs

Japanese Approach (1)Japanese Approach (1)Reporting Reporting

Submit a plan prior to new installation or modification of specified facility

Inspect submitted document

Order to change the plan or take prior measures

Compliance

Specified facilities

Environmental Offices of Prefectures and Municipalities

Japanese Approach (2)Japanese Approach (2)Inspection and MonitoringInspection and Monitoring

Specified Facilities Environmental Office ofPrefectures and Municipalities

On-site InspectionEffluent

Public WatersEnvironmental

Monitoring

Non-Compliance Order remedy Penalty

National Compliance Monitoring National Compliance Monitoring in 2002in 2002

300,000 specified facilities40 issues of improvement order 8,434 issues of administrative

guidance55,332 visits for on-site inspection (daytime 54,672, nighttime 660)

Number of Persons in Charge of Environmental Management• National (Ministry of the Environment) 1,000• Local (Prefectures and Large Cities) 6,400 * Including Air, Water, and Others

Compliance Monitoring Compliance Monitoring Case of Kitakyushu CityCase of Kitakyushu City

Industrial City with a population of 1 million people

Monitoring and Inspection based on two systems

(1) Water Pollution Control Law and Seto Inland Special Law

(2) Sewerage LawOperated by a small unit (about 5 offici

als)

Monitoring and InspectionMonitoring and Inspectionby Water Pollution Control Lawby Water Pollution Control Law

Case of Kitakyushu City, 2002242 specified facilities0 issues of improvement order4 issues of administrative guidance91 visits for on-site inspection (daytime 83, nighttime 8)Operated by a small unit (about 5

officials)

Monitoring and Inspection Monitoring and Inspection by Sewerage Lawby Sewerage Law

Case of Kitakyushu City, 20031,071 facilities releasing effluent to urban

sewerage system (average waste water volume 62.1m3 / day)

515 facilities under monitoring434 visits for on-site inspection3,791 measurement samples, 21 non-

compliance samples (0.6%)1,078 self-measurement samples, 17 non-

compliance

Japanese Approach (1)Japanese Approach (1)GovernmentGovernment

Basic Policy formulated by National Government Decentralized enforcement system operated by p

refectural and municipal governments Technical expertise accumulated in prefectures a

nd municipalities Environmental Research and Monitoring Centers Automated monitoring Financial assistance to SMEs Policy-based financing Tax incentives Public investment in urban sewerage systems

Industrial Response (1)Industrial Response (1)

Large Factories Specified facilities with a volume of effluent more than 10,000 m3/da

y must have pollution control managers who are qualified by the relevant law

SMEs Reporting and guidance by local environmental authorities Subject to monitoring and inspection by prefectures and municipalit

ies Financial assistance by JEC (Japan Environmental Corporation) an

d local governments Relocation to industrial parks with collective treatment systems

Industrial Response (2) Industrial Response (2)

Local government

company

Plan

Inspection

National government

Sewage tariff

Tax incentive

Self monitoring

Effluent standard

Tax incentive

Low interest loan

Loan for Pollution Control Loan for Pollution Control investmentinvestment

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

1965

1967

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

(millio

n U

S$

cons

tant

val

ue 1

995)

NFCJ ASMEJ DBJ EC

Domestic Waste WaterDomestic Waste Water

Improvement of urban sewerage systems

Improvement of decentralized treatment systems (“Jokaso”) in rural areas

Urban Sewerage System in Urban Sewerage System in Kitakyushu cityKitakyushu city

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

BOD sampled nearKatsuyama BridgeDiffusion rate of sewagesystem

(%) (BOD mg/ l)

Diffusion ratio of UrbanDiffusion ratio of UrbanSewerage systemSewerage system

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

Osaka

Tokyo 23 Wards

Yokohama

Sapporo

Kyoto

Fukuoka

Kitakyushu

Kobe

Kwasaki

Nagoya

Sendai

Hiroshima

Chiba

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Major cities (2002) Japan total (1961-2003)

Optimization According to Optimization According to Japanese ExperienceJapanese Experience

Local, decentralized system Preparation of an inventory of sources

including a large number of small sources Reporting prior to new construction and

modification of existing facilities Document inspection by local environmental

authorities and guidance and advice Financial assistance for technical measures On-site inspection and monitoring Self-monitoring by facilities Need of urban sewerage systems

Thank you!