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Hifab International TaTEDO

Tanzania Rural Energy Study

Final Report

September 1998

Hifab/TaTEDO Tanzania Rural Energy Study i

Acknowledgements The project consultant would like to sincerely thank Sida for providing the financial support which enabled this study to be conducted. The cooperation and logistical support from the Swedish Embassy in Dar es Salaam, particularly by Dr. C. McNabb, and from Sida/INEC in Stockholm, particularly Ms. A.-C. Malm, is deeply appreciated. We are especially grateful to the staff of the Energy Department in the Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM), particularly Mr. B. Mrindoko, the Acting Commissioner for Energy and Petro-leum Affairs, for his willingness to assist and provide advice whenever he was contacted. Con-tributions of Mr. H. Mbise and Mr. N. Mwihava both in the field and from the MEM office are honestly appreciated. The success of this study is greatly attributed to the many institutions, companies, individuals and above all villagers who patiently rendered their invaluable support and time to the study team. We are greatly indebted to all. September, 1998 Hifab /TaTEDO Consultant Consortium Anders Ellegård Estomih N. Sawe Kassim Kulindwa Bariki K. Kaale Anja Koerhuis Lennart Bångens Geoffrey J. John, Joy Clancy Mats Andersson Ola Carlson Hans Sjö Kaija Hallin Lars Reutersvärd Cover picture: Demonstration of renewable energy technologies in Mashewa village, Muheza District, Tanga at the village meeting on 3rd July 1998. A villager is holding the PV lantern.

Hifab/TaTEDO Tanzania Rural Energy Study ii

Contents 1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 1 2 Summary and conclusions from the study............................................................................... 3

2.1 Objective ............................................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Approach ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Findings ............................................................................................................................. 3 2.4 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 5

3 Renewable energy technologies............................................................................................... 8 3.1.1 Improved stoves ............................................................................................................. 8 3.1.2 Solar PV......................................................................................................................... 9 3.1.3 Solar heating ................................................................................................................ 10 3.1.4 Biogas........................................................................................................................... 10 3.1.5 Wind power.................................................................................................................. 11 3.1.6 Hydro power ................................................................................................................ 11

4 Energy policy......................................................................................................................... 12 4.1 Petroleum products .......................................................................................................... 12 4.2 Electricity sector .............................................................................................................. 15 4.3 Subsidy of modern renewables....................................................................................... 16 4.4 Forest Management Issues .............................................................................................. 16

4.4.1 On timber the fee is on volume felled; the woodcutter pays ....................................... 16 4.4.2 On charcoal the fee is per bag and is paid by the dealer .............................................. 16 4.4.3 On fuelwood, the fee is by the load; sometimes paid by the woodcutter, more often by the dealer. ............................................................................................................................... 17

4.5 Land demarcation and privatization plans....................................................................... 17 5 Proposals ................................................................................................................................ 18

5.1 Proposed structure for implementation ........................................................................... 18 5.1.1 Facilitator group ........................................................................................................... 19 5.1.2 Selection committee, SELCOM................................................................................... 19

5.2 Awareness and information dissemination...................................................................... 20 5.2.1 Establish a RET:s Information Services and Network. ............................................... 21 5.2.2 Production and distribution of RET brochure.............................................................. 24 5.2.3 Awareness creation through public campaigns............................................................ 26

5.3 Demonstration of renewable energy technologies .......................................................... 29 5.3.1 Support Institutions to Establish Demonstrations ........................................................ 30 5.3.2 Demonstration of improved stoves at health stations .................................................. 32 5.3.3 Light at dispensaries..................................................................................................... 34 5.3.4 Wind turbine for electric power production and demonstration.................................. 37

5.4 Credit and financing ........................................................................................................ 42 5.4.1 Credit Provision. .......................................................................................................... 43

5.5 Market enhancement – new business initiatives ............................................................. 48 5.5.1 Energy Services Enterprises......................................................................................... 48

Hifab/TaTEDO Tanzania Rural Energy Study iii

5.5.2 Battery charging business using solar PV.................................................................... 51 5.5.3 Mini utility for providing light energy services in a village ........................................ 54

5.6 Institutional capacity building, research and development ............................................. 57 5.6.1 Support to the Renewable Energy Division at MEM .................................................. 57 5.6.2 Support to R&D and innovation capacity for RET...................................................... 59 5.6.3 Standardization and quality control for RET:s ............................................................ 62

5.7 Training ........................................................................................................................... 63 5.7.1 Institutional Support for Undertaking Training in RET:s. ........................................... 64 5.7.2 Scholarship for RET training ....................................................................................... 66

6 Combined budgets.................................................................................................................. 69 6.1 Summary budgets ............................................................................................................ 69 6.2 Budget annual breakdown ............................................................................................... 70

7 Additional proposal outlines .................................................................................................. 71 7.1 Information and awareness .............................................................................................. 71

7.1.1 Solar Coca-Cola and Pepsi........................................................................................... 71 7.1.2 Create specific programme aimed at policy makers .................................................... 72

7.2 Energy technologies development................................................................................... 74 7.2.1 Solar Drying................................................................................................................. 74 7.2.2 Animal Power .............................................................................................................. 75

7.3 TANESCO proposals ...................................................................................................... 76 7.3.1 Solar TANESCO.......................................................................................................... 76 7.3.2 Suggestions for TANESCO Rural Power Programme ................................................ 77

7.4 Better management of biomass energy resources ........................................................... 78 7.4.1 Participatory management (conservation) of village natural forests ........................... 78 7.4.2 Intensify tree growing through agro-forestry............................................................... 79

8 NGO:s and private companies with renewable energy related activities............................... 81 8.1 Non-government organizations ....................................................................................... 81 8.2 Private companies............................................................................................................ 82

9 References .............................................................................................................................. 84 10 Bibliography........................................................................................................................... 85

10.1 Bioenergy ........................................................................................................................ 85 10.2 Non-Biomass Renewable Energies ................................................................................. 87 10.3 Networking, Socioeconomic And Gender Issues ............................................................ 88 10.4 Environment Initiatives ................................................................................................... 89

11 Team members ....................................................................................................................... 91

Hifab/TaTEDO Tanzania Rural Energy Study iv

List of abbreviations CAMARTEC Center for Agricultural Mechanization and Rural Technology CBO Community Based Organization

COSTECH Commission for Science and Technology CRDB (1996) The Cooperative and Rural Development Bank was liquidated, and CRDB (1996) was formed.

But it does not use the long form anymore. DSM Dar es Salaam

EIA Environmental impact assessment EPI Extended Programme of Immunization. ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (UNDP/World Bank) FEC Farmers Extensions Services (Village programme, financed by GoT and the Netherlands)

FINESSE FINancing Energy Services for Small Scale Energy users. A SADC-UNDP programme to stimulate market development on energy initiatives.

fundi Skilled person, artisan (Kiswahili)

GoT Government of Tanzania IRA Institute of Resource Assessment at UDSM jiko Stove (Kiswahili) KARADEA Karagwe Development Association

kuni Wood, nowadays biomass fuel in general, at least in some regions (Kiswahili) MEM Ministry of Energy and Minerals, previously MWEM MLNT Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism. MWEM Ministry of Water, Energy and Minerals, subsequently split into Ministry of Water and Ministry

of Energy and Minerals (MEM) NATIS National Appropriate Technology Information Services NBC(1997) The successor of the National Bank of Commerce NGO Non-government (and not for profit) organizations

NMB National Microfinance Bank PIA Project implementing agency, proposed in this project PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal, a methodology used to gather data PV Photovoltaic. Creation of an electric current by passing light through a semiconductor material

structure. RET(s) Renewable energy technology(ies) SACCO Savings and Credit Cooperatives, meta-formal credit organizations

SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference (predecessor of SADC) SADC Southern African Development Community (before 1992: SADCC) SEI Stockholm Environment Institute SEK Swedish Kronor, currency of Sweden. Currently 1 USD = 7.90 SEK

SELCOM Selection committee, proposed in this project SUA Sokoine Unieversity of Agriculture, Morogoro TANESCO Tanzania Electricity Supply Company TaTEDO Tanzania Traditional Energy And Environment Development Organization

TBS Tanzania Bureau of Standards TIRDO Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization TIPER Tanzania and Italian Petroleum Refinery TNSRC Tanzania National Scientific Research Council. Predecessor of COSTECH.

TPDC Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation TSH Tanzanian Shillings, currency of Tanzania. Currently 1 USD = 680 TSH UDSM University of Dar es Salaam

Hifab/TaTEDO Tanzania Rural Energy Study 1 Introduction Page 1

1 Introduction The present project has been carried out jointly by Hifab International (Stockholm) and Tanzania Traditional Energy and Environment Development Organization (TaTEDO, Dar es Salaam). A joint team of experts participated in the implementation of the study (page 91). The Swedish international Development Agency (Sida) commissioned the study in order to identify feasible projects that could improve the energy situation for people in rural Tanzania. The study was un-dertaken with the assistance of the Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM) in Dar es Salaam. The overall objective of the study was to identify projects that could improve the energy situa-tion for rural people. In addition the proposed projects should be environmentally benign, gender sensitive and contribute to address the situation of the poor. Lastly, renewable energy sources should be favoured. This is not the first study on renewable energy use in rural areas that has been carried out in Tan-zania. The World Bank with its household energy unit and the Energy Sector Management As-sistance Programme (ESMAP) addressed similar issues in the eighties (e.g. World Bank, 1988; ESMAP, 1989, 1990a,b), and similarly the SADCC (SADCC, 1990). The Tropical Forest Action Plan (MLNRT 1989) had several components of rural energy. Rural electrification was studied by TANESCO and SEI (Kjellström et al., 1992). Proposals for renewable energy projects have been launched, some of them prematurely (TNSRC, 1978), some more timely (GoT, 1996). A common denominator of the earlier studies was that they addressed energy as a problem or a “crisis”, often without assessing the perceptions of the people who were supposed to suffer from this crisis. The starting point of the current study was to assess the situation and perception in the rural areas, with a view of providing better energy utilization, so as to improve the living conditions of people in rural areas, whether or not energy use was considered a problem. The most recent study was carried out on behalf of MEM with support from UNDP/UNIDO (MEM, 1998; “Framework Document”). In many respects, the conclusions from that study and the present one are similar, although where the Framework study addresses issues on a higher level, the present study goes into detail and practical suggestions. It has not been the mandate of the present study to address the coordination of renewable energy issues, nor have several as-pects of the legal framework or policy governing them been addressed in great depth. One rea-son for not going into these aspects is that there are currently proposals to undertake a thorough revision of the energy policy of Tanzania. Another difference between the framework study and the present one, is that data gathering in the present study has had a large emphasis on the conditions and views of people in the rural ar-eas themselves. Thus, a large part of the field work was spent in visiting villages, in an attempt to address energy issues in a participatory way. In this respect, the project owes much to the pioneer work carried out at the Institute of Resource Assessment in their project Bioenergy Op-tions (Kauzeni et al., 1998), and the adaptation of methods to suit energy issues in rural areas. We have approached the task at hand, not by proposing more studies, coordination and planning, but by proposing practical projects for implementation. However, some of the initiatives pro-posed here have similarities with the SADC/UNDP FINESSE Programme (e.g. SADC-Finesse, 1997), and commonalities could well be exploited. Most of the proposals presented here aim at creating an enabling environment for people’s initiative and the market forces that will eventu-ally make renewable energy technologies useful and sustainable in providing better energy ser-vices to the rural people of Tanzania. The results of the present project are hereby presented in a very condensed form. Most of it con-sists of project proposals to be considered for funding, both more elaborated (section 5), and proposal outlines (section 7). In addition to the final report, there are five volumes of unedited


field impressions, literature review findings, presentations, comments and discussion minutes. These have been made available to both Sida and MEM.

Figure 1 Map of Tanzania highlighting the regions studied.

(Map extracted from http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/africa)


2 Summary and conclusions from the study

2.1 Objective The main objective of the work was to provide background information for formulation of pro-ject proposals to improve energy services for people in rural Tanzania in a sustainable way. Conditions to the energy projects were that they should be environmentally acceptable, gender sensitive and favour renewable energy sources.

2.2 Approach The approach was to start by gathering information on various aspect of rural energy service provision from secondary sources (literature, reports, experience). This was followed by infor-mation collection in Dar es Salaam with interviews and discussions with government officials, representatives of institutions, NGO:s and businesses etc. During these visits we made attempts to identify locations for visit while in four regions. Field work ensued in four regions of Tanza-nia (see map in Figure 1) with a similar approach at regional centres, and finally a rural district was selected for further study. In each district, at least two villages were the focus of more in-depth study, while others were visited more briefly. The following table gives an account of the location of the field work. In addition, a number of installations, businesses and other locations of interest for the study were visited in the regions.

Table 1 Study regions, districts and villages

Region District Villages Morogoro Morogoro Rural Mikese, Kidudwe , Madizini, Diguzi, Lungo,

Mkambarani, Kiroka, Mgeta Tanga Muheza Mashewa, Kigombe , Mlesa, Moa Shinyanga Shinyanga Rural Igaga A, Isela, Ukenyenge Kagera Bukoba Rural Kyema, Ibosa, Lukindo

Boldface: Locations of in-depth study

The in-depth village studies consisted of an initial meeting with the village council to present the projects and gather initial information about the village, its possibilities and peculiarities. This was followed by interviews with individual villagers of various income groups, male and female headed households, and owners or operators of businesses and establishments. Usually 5-15 household interviews were completed in each village, depending on the number of other in-stances and availability of team members. Discussion were also held with village groups, which were often women groups. Sites and installations of interest to the study were visited. Finally, a village meeting was held, where energy issues where discussed against the background of infor-mation gathered, village plans and priorities, and the objectives of the project. The in-depth study took two full working days. All aspects of field work were recorded in written form and compiled into five volumes of re-port, which forms the background data material of the study. Project proposals are being com-piled on the basis of the findings and through the conclusions drawn from the study.

2.3 Findings It was no great surprise to find that biomass and human energy were the overwhelmingly domi-nating sources of energy in all the rural regions studied. The major use of this biomass energy was for cooking, while human labour was used in agriculture and transport. Light was provided


by kerosene in most cases, and in a few cases by candles or sticks of wood. In most areas people used dry cell batteries for torches and radios, and in a few cases lead/acid (car) batteries were used for radio and video equipment. In villages that had access to the TANESCO electric grid it was found that only few households (1-5% of the households) were generally connected even decades after electricity was introduced, and that these never used electricity for cooking. How-ever, in such villages there were usually more milling machines, and milling was cheaper than in other villages where diesel machines were used. Improved wood stoves were found to be in use in some villages, although it appeared that the spread of this use was limited. Advanced renewable energy technologies such as biogas, solar and wind technologies were very rarely found in the villages, as indeed awareness and knowl-edge about them. A few examples were found, and unfortunately in a large percentage of the cases the technologies were abandoned or inoperational for various reasons. In most cases where successful examples of renewable energy technologies were found, an NGO (for instance SURUDE , KARADEA or ELCT) working on these technologies had been active in the area. In general, energy issues were comparatively low on the agenda for village efforts. In the cases where they figured at all, it was generally because access to firewood was becoming difficult or costly. The types of biomass used varied in different areas. In areas where wood resources were still abundantly available, wood was the preferred fuel. In areas with wood scarcity a number of other biomass resources were used for cooking.1 For instance, dry stalks of coconut palm leaves were used near the coast in Tanga, and in Shinyanga and Morogoro agricultural residues, Eu-phorbia (a cactus-like plant used for fencing) stems and sisal leaves were used. It was interest-ing to find that even in these wood scarce areas, the household energy problem had little promi-nence. In Shinyanga people even said that this was not a problem to them. It was also noted that access to firewood should not be confused with the actual existence of trees in an area. Such trees may be part of a gazetted forest or a tree plantation, and hence unavailable for energy pur-poses. In one instance people could not even cut the trees that they had planted themselves on their own land, because this was part of an agroforestry project and permission had to be sought from the village chairman. Community efforts at development were often limited, and there were several illustrations to the difficulties to make villagers contribute to solve common issues. In some cases this was attrib-uted to the obsolete view that government was going to provide for them, in others there was disenchantment based on previous experiences, where villagers had contributed their share (for instance digging, clearing land), while higher authorities (e.g. district) failed to provide theirs (technical advice, spares, service). One of the most striking findings from the field work was that when a certain energy technology was found not to be operational, the tendency was for higher officials responsible for their opera-tion to quote technical reasons, or blaming operators for negligence or ignorance. When check-ing with the actual conditions, it was universally found that the reasons were not merely techni-cal, but a combination of lack of appropriate structure for service and maintenance, mixed re-sponsibilities and lack of funds for the upkeep. In locations where village initiatives had been taken, they had often been started by external agencies who had carried out various forms of mobilization campaigns. It was noted that when such external agencies had specified goals to their project, such as environment conservation, villagers often adopted these goals as their own.

1 It was found that the meaning of the Kiswahili word for wood (kuni) had been expanded to include all biomass fuels used for cooking in some areas.


Villagers often expressed great interest in learning about renewable energy technologies, and they were in many cases eager even to purchase at least improved stoves. It was generally found that willingness to pay exceeded ability to pay, and credit was often singled out as an important solution to this. Still, in many cases credit was seen as another form of grant, and there existed little intention to repay it. It was found that in areas where people were subsisting on agriculture only, recurrent payments throughout the year would be no great help, since income only oc-curred once per year, during harvest time. In most villages there were at least a few household who would be able to afford to purchase advanced RET:s, like a solar lantern at a cost of about TSH 100,000 - and pay up front. In most cases, they were not aware of such technologies, or where they could be purchased. The business community in the regions was not seen to respond eagerly to the challenge of sup-plying renewable energy technologies. Although improved (charcoal) stoves were found to be marketed in Morogoro and Bukoba towns, the marketing efforts were limited, and the quality of the stoves was low. For small-scale advanced RET:s, such as solar PV systems, there was even less activity. The only supplier with a presence in all the regions, (a large oil company) did not have local staff conversant with the technology, but directed inquiries to its main office in Dar es Salaam. With such a scarce presence it is not surprising that solar PV systems are not coming on more strongly even in areas where they are not only appropriate, but where they have a high potential. While this is a problem at the supply level, it may be an even larger problem at the level of service of the systems. If systems are brought from Dar es Salaam and installed in re-mote areas where there is no capacity for service, then a promising beginning to development may be turned into a false start. Sometimes rural energy is equated with rural electrification through extension of the national grid. This is not the position of the study team. Our findings with respect to TANESCO electri-fication indicate that this type of electrification is costly and there is a lack of capacity to extend it, even if people have applied. One of the reasons is the poor revenue gathered from rural areas, due to limited load, inefficient meter reading, late billing and payment defaulting. Another rea-son, pointed out by TANESCO people, is the tendency for politicians to intervene with com-pany management and demand power to villages where there is clearly no viability, in order to gain votes. When electricity was yet to be brought to the village, electrification tended to be seen as the panacea to many rural development problems, and not least as a possibility to acquire light cheaper than the present kerosene. This was opposed to the situation in villages with elec-tricity, where it was found that electricity was expensive, and often unreliable so that back-up sources were needed anyway. There is no doubt, however, that electricity contributes to better milling services in the villages.

2.4 Conclusions The conclusions of field work are that there are several obstacles to a more widespread utiliza-tion of energy, or use of energy in a better way in rural areas. These include:

Lack of awareness and information Lack of awareness of energy sources and services was identified as one of the major obstacles to dissemination of improved energy services in rural areas. This was apparent on many levels, from the lack of knowledge on improved stoves among the villagers, over the lack of awareness of solar water heating among owners of establishments (who stood to make considerable gains if these were employed) to the lack of knowledge among suppliers on different energy implements that could be feasibly marketed. An effect of the lack of awareness and knowledge on energy technologies is that these have a tendency to become mystified. There is a contention even among well educated persons that many of these technologies require a university degree to be put in operation. While this could be the case for the most complicated wind electric turbines,


there is in practice no reason why the local auto repair shop should not also be fully appropriate to service a PV system. Increased awareness and better supply of information could contribute to increasing the self-confidence of exactly those people that are needed for a more wide-spread application of renewable energy technologies.

Unavailability of examples A specific aspect of awareness creation is the possibility for people to see energy technologies actually working. This step feasibly comes in when someone has become aware of a new im-plement and needs to gather further reference to it before making a judgement on the feasibility in his or her own case. The demonstration part of the village meetings in the project was a high-point in most of the village meetings, and it was amazing to view the enthusiasm people would show over improved stoves and solar lanterns, as well as the critical and to the point questions asked. But many technologies can not be simply demonstrated in such a way, and even the ones actually demonstrated could feasibly warrant more in-depth demonstrations. It is not so easy to bring a biogas plant or a wind turbine to a village just for demonstration, these have to be located somewhere.

Lack of training possibilities In order to promote, disseminate, manufacture and maintain energy technologies there is a need for persons skilled in all the aspects of these technologies available. One of the most common questions during field work was ”Where can we go to be trained in making these stoves?”. It is then disappointing to have to say that, for training on how to produce an improved charcoal stove, you must go to DSM, where you need to pay 300,000 TSH for a training course taking three months. In some cases even the users need to be trained (e.g. in biogas technology, or commercial scale power systems). In most cases, however, the end-user will require only brief and informal training. An important aspect of the training is the selection of appropriate persons to train. In one village we met women potters who bitterly complained that they were aware of an offer for training on how to produce stoves, but the chairman selected a relative who went for the training but had not produced a single stove since.

Poor infrastructure and framework for energy services Ministries, institutions, organizations and private companies all have activities in energy related areas. It has been noted, however, that there is no clear framework governing energy services. Also some identifiable (and sometimes identified) institutions operating in the area are doing so either below capacity or in ways that could be improved or extended. Institutions that are pres-ently working in the area may have difficulty responding to massive demand for their services.

Lack of capital/credit possibilities In the field it was observed in many cases that un-availability of credit was identified as one of the reasons for lack of initiative and development. While this is obviously not unique to the en-ergy sector, specific credit facilities might be instituted to target certain areas for renewable en-ergy expansion.

Immature market behaviour It was observed that in addition to the lack of awareness among end-users and potential suppliers of energy technology, there was also a hesitance among those already dealing in advanced RET:s, such as solar PV. Marketing effort were seen to be very limited, and those that were un-dertaken were abandoned on unclear grounds in spite of being successful. It is, however, not easy to gain a handle on assistance in this area, since it is really the realm of free actors. In some instances information and awareness campaigns might put a pressure on the actors to supply, but it is not clear that the response will be adequate. Linked to the limited interest among commer-cial actors for energy service supply is the issue of quality control, service and maintenance ac-


tually provided - supplying energy implements of low quality or without possibilities for after-sales services might be worse than not supplying them at all.

Poor management of biomass energy resources In some areas it was found that natural forests could not supply sufficient resources for the en-ergy needs of the local people. In these areas people were using other biomass types for their energy needs. It was also in these areas where the strongest restrictions on wood biomass use were found. While we do not see biomass management as a priority area for the energy sector, there are suggestions in this area that could well be taken up in collaboration with other sectors of government and donors.

Hifab/TaTEDO Tanzania Rural Energy Study 3 Renewable energy technologies Page 8

3 Renewable energy technologies This study has not been driven by the perceived need to investigate or promote specific renew-able energy technologies. Different technologies have been considered related to their existence, applicability and the experiences of the study team. The present section is a summary of the views of the study team on a number of renewable energy technologies. Here, an attempt is made to outline their advantages and drawbacks. During the study, most of the attention has been paid to the issue of providing better and more convenient energy services to people in the rural areas. This has induced a household-level fo-cus on the project. Although many rural industries are operated with the household as a base, issues pertaining to industries have gained relatively limited specific attention in the proposals. It is the contention of the team that operators of these industries would stand to gain from the enabling environment created by increased information and awareness that should result from the proposals outlined here. This should for instance be the case in such industries that could make use of improved drying techniques or heated water, or those (like beer brewing) which could apply improved stoves. Industries should also be in a better position than mere households to translate their needs into an economic demand for supply of such technologies, for the busi-ness community to respond to. In some cases, important energy-using rural industries have not been specifically addressed. This is for instance the case with the brick-burning industry, where we are aware that the MEM together with SEI has carried out extensive research. We did not find it warranted to preclude the conclusions from this research by making less well founded assumptions here. Furthermore, we have not specifically addressed charcoal making, or proposed to introduce improved kilns in this respect. This is partly because charcoal is not really a rural energy issue, but rather an in-come generating activity. In addition we are not convinced that those improved kilns that have been tested can actually offer much in terms of increased efficiency. Finally, it is not clear that improving productivity among charcoal makers would necessarily result in reduced demand for wood. In terms of improving the efficiency, it is likely that adaptation of the traditional earth kiln is the most reasonable way to go forward. A manual to address this issue is being com-pleted by TaTEDO. The use of human energy in agriculture was identified as an important area for change and im-provement. Acknowledging the general development level in the rural areas, however, the most feasible and immediate substitute for human energy would be animal power. Very few farmers would be able to shift directly from hoe to tractor. However, introducing animal power in agri-culture is linked to so many non-energy aspects, such as animal husbandry, soil characteristics and topography, that it is seen as essentially an issue for the agricultural rather than the energy sector per se. A list of NGO:s and private companies active in the field of renewable energy in Tanzania was compiled and is presented in section 8 on page 81 of this report.

3.1.1 Improved stoves Improved stoves must be considered to represent a technology with a large degree of maturity in Tanzania. In rural areas especially wood stoves are relevant, while most of the dissemination success has been with improved charcoal stoves in urban areas. There are examples of wood stoves that are said to be more efficient, convenient and less polluting. The team found several instances of groups (usually women groups) who tried to produce and disseminate stoves of various designs with variable success.


Improved stoves are seen as a technology with apparent advantages, which is on a technological level that is immediately applicable to the conditions in the villages. Cost is not prohibitive, but a reluctance to pay anything at all was found in some places. However, improved stoves should be marketed on their merits and usefulness in specific situations, different types of stoves are applicable in different situations. Improved wood stoves could feasibly be produced and marketed in areas where wood is avail-able, both on the merit of fuel saving and on the merit of convenience. In areas where other types of biomass are used there is a need to identify specific stove types relevant to those fuels (husks, stalks, leaves, straw, cow dung etc.) and to introduce them there. This would almost cer-tainly be successful provided adequate designs are found. Related implements, like charcoal (or wood fired) baking ovens are also available, but their pro-duction requires more specialized skills and their use is mainly in the commercial sector. Such appliances would certainly have market and income-earning possibilities, at least in settlements and district centers.

3.1.2 Solar PV Solar PV is considered a mature technology which offers possibilities to use low-load electrical appliances such as lamps, radios, TV:s, refrigerators, music equipment etc. Already in 1977 proposals were made to electrify villages in rural Tanzania using PV (TNSRC, 1978). Village schemes were elaborated, but although technologically sound the proposals were, to our knowl-edge nothing came to pass from these initiatives Solar PV is now a fully commercial technology, and several companies are involved in its mar-keting in Tanzania (Ultimate Energy, Intertech, BP Solar, Dynamic Control Systems). In terms of cost, the technology is still out of reach of the majority of households in rural areas, but it is the contention of the team that in almost all villages there would be at least some households who could afford one of the simplest systems available already today. An important impediment for wider dissemination of PV systems is the lack of suppliers in re-gional and district towns, and the relatively limited marketing effort put in by the existing actors. Although signs are already showing that this is beginning to change, PV is still unavailable to the majority of the rural people simply because it is not there for them to see, not shown anywhere that they know of, and so most do not know it is an option. In the future, an even larger problem may be the availability of service. There has to be someone to call when the system breaks down, and somewhere to buy spares for the systems. If it is nec-essary to go to DSM to acquire this, then PV development will not be sustainable. In other parts of the world it has been found that disseminating PV systems without service opportunities can create a very bad reputation for the technology. A limited version of this was indeed seen in a village in Kagera, where a man had spent all his savings to buy a solar lantern. In spite of a gold-brimmed guarantee the lantern broke down after little more than a year of operation, and of course the supplier was no where to be found. He was now bitter and ashamed, and was being made fun over by the other villagers for being such a fool. Such instances may well be detrimental to providing better energy in rural villages. Maybe the most important contribution of this study could be to start demystifying solar PV. Essentially this is a type of system that is used in automobiles, the only difference being that in-stead of a generator there is a solar panel. The control box essentially contains a charge regula-tor, and the batteries can be identical. Service for auto-electric systems is available anywhere in the country, and it is obvious that it is these and similar artisans that should be targeted with training for PV service, rather than white collar people. A local fundi who was repairing transis-tor radios under a large tree in a village would probably be able even to construct a useful control


unit for a PV system, even if the only components would be electronics from old radios and TV sets. There is call for innovative solutions both with respect to how PV services should be provided and how further dissemination should take place.

3.1.3 Solar heating Solar heating is used all over the country to dry agricultural and fish produce. This is use of the sun in its primal form, without interference of any technology. It is probable that productivity and quality could be increased by using dryers in some form, although it is not known if their price would be attractive under current circumstances. Solar water heating is clearly feasible in Tanzania, and it is surprising that this has not become an important energy use in urban areas. Isolated systems were found in urban centers in the re-gions, though either in bad repair or abandoned completely. This is in spite of the apparent gains that could be made with the technology for instance in hotels. There appears to be no real rea-sons why solar water heating should not be used, other than lack of initiative and knowledge from local businessmen or producers. In rural areas solar water heater were not identified as fea-sible applications in most occasions. This is mostly because there is currently limited use of heated water, and there is also lack of pressurized water in most locations. An additional aspect of solar water heating is that it would probably be a relatively cheap (to TANESCO extremely cheap) way to economize on electricity use, since quite some warm water used in urban areas is presently being heated with electric geysers.

3.1.4 Biogas Biogas production from cow dung is a well known and investigated technology. Millions of biogas plants have been built in China and India during the past thirty years, and there are proba-bly a couple of thousand in Tanzania. At face value it is an attractive technology as it produces a clean and convenient cooking fuel and extracts energy from the manure while leaving the fertil-izer. It is also possible, although not extremely convenient, to supply light with biogas, and in one instance it was even observed in the field that ironing was done with biogas. In larger instal-lations it is possible to install a combustion engine for shaft power or electricity generation, but such installations are not common. There are several drawbacks with the technology, however. Primarily, the current state-of-the-art technology, in Tanzania called the CAMARTEC model, is very costly (a family unit costs more than TSH 1 million), and virtually out of reach without subsidy for the ordinary farmer. This is a local adaptation of the Chinese type of biogas plant, with a fixed brick dome over a ma-sonry well. Beyond the price, there are further obstacles to widespread and continued use of biogas. The cow dung used needs to be mixed with water in the current model, and the amount of water is often equal to, or larger than, the need for household water in the family. This obvi-ously increases the burden on women workload, and was seen to be the reason why at least some biogas plants had been abandoned. Furthermore, the dung and water need to be mixed into a slurry, and fed into the plant every day, which is another chore, maybe not as intensive or long drawn as collecting wood, but certainly smellier and more frequent. In India, it appears that mixing itself was a chore that caused women to stop feeding many plants. Thus the room for this type of energy technology is with relatively rich farmers, with access to capital and labour, and of course cattle. There are, however, developments of the technology which appear promising, if not yet quite mature. The NGO SURUDE (Sustainable Rural Development) in Morogoro region has devel-oped a digester with input from Vietnam, where a polythene tube is used as the digester. This has resulted in a very low cost digester (TSH 80,000), although the long-term durability of the


technology does not yet appear to be proven. There have also been experiments with plastic batch digesters in India (supported by Sida) where green biomass has been used either alone or together with cow dung with some success. Advantages of the latter are that the model is appli-cable even for farmers without cows, and that labour and water collection is concentrated to spe-cific periods when a batch is being changed.

3.1.5 Wind power The force of the wind can be harnessed to produce either shaft power or to produce electric power. Although both are essentially commercial technologies, water pumping has gained a bad reputation from a largely failed project in Singida in the seventies, and although wind pumps do exist, they are nowhere near as numerous as in neighbouring countries. However, wind installa-tions can only be considered where there is wind. There have been few attempts to produce electric power production from wind in Tanzania. One reason is the relatively scarce wind data available. A recent study by TaTEDO supported by Danida (TaTEDO, 1998) shows that fourteen of the regions of Tanzania have wind regimes that can support wind pumps. Tanga was found to have the average wind speed of the regions inves-tigated. It appears reasonable that the feasibility of this should be demonstrated. Meanwhile, Danida are said to be supporting a new project with a view of filling some of the gaps with re-spect to wind data. Two wind pump installations were visited in Tanga region. Both had fallen in disrepair which appeared mostly caused by an inappropriate management system, although those responsible for this claimed that lack of wind and saline water causing erosion were the actual reasons. We see no reason that wind pump technology should fail in Tanzania. The most important aspects are to assure that the user or users have responsibility and economic power to sustain the operation, and have access to technical backup and spares. Operating wind pumps were found in Shinyanga and in Kagera regions, showing that wind regimes were sufficient at least in those locations. The unnecessary bad reputation for wind pumps gained by the Singida experience appears to be largely due to political reasons, rather than lack of wind or inappropriateness of the technology per se.

3.1.6 Hydro power Using water flow to produce electricity is common practise in Tanzania. There are more than twenty small hydropower plants in the country, most of them located at mission stations. This should be sufficient to demonstrate that the technology is feasible. Installed capacities are be-tween 6.3 and 700 kW at the missions (Sawe 1987), while TANESCO had three stations of 340 – 1220 kW. Some of these plants have been decommissioned since, but probably a few have been added, at least in the smaller size range. Obviously, hydropower can only come in question where there is a reasonable flow of water. A recent survey has been carried out on potential sites for small hydro development (TANESCO, 1996). This study identified only one location in the study regions, Kaonjuba in Kagera. Since the technology is mature and available, it is not on this level that demonstration is re-quired. In order to produce power that would benefit the rural populations it is, however, neces-sary to solve a number of problems of ownership, capital, management and water rights in each specific instance. With the exception of the water rights, the problems are essentially similar to any scheme aiming to provide higher loads of power. Who is going to own the plant, how much should consumers be required to pay, how is maintenance and spares going to be made available.

Hifab/TaTEDO Tanzania Rural Energy Study 4 Energy policy Page 12

4 Energy policy The current official energy policy was developed in the early nineties by the Department of En-ergy (MWEM, 1992), and was approved by cabinet, but legal framework for enforcing its im-plementation was not put in place. In spite of this, it has served as a guideline for energy initia-tives during the past years. It is, however, clear from the findings of the field work that the cur-rent energy policy has resulted in little impact on the village level. One reason may be that the strategies and framework to achieve such goals were not clearly stipulated in the energy policy, and furthermore that the necessary resources in terms of manpower and finance were not availed. The top-down approach and the focus on energy technologies have been other major limitations towards implementation of a useful energy policy. In the end it has been the conditions of external actors such as the IMF, the World Bank and various bilateral donors that have dictated the energy policy practice in Tanzania. These actors have influenced initiatives in various areas related to energy policy such as promotion of stoves, biogas dissemination, afforestation programmes and rural electrification. The energy policy has also influenced many decisions regarding the “modern” energy sector, including the pricing of petroleum products, electricity and coal, although specific issues in these sectors are governed by sector specific control boards and utilities. However, external influence is large also in these bodies, both from market fluctuations and donors. Modern renewable energy sources, such as PV have been promoted by reducing the import du-ties and sales tax for solar panels. There are initiatives to expand this type of subsidy to include also appliances for use with PV panels, and also for solar thermal equipment. However, with respect to energy based on wood and other types of biomass, the energy policy has had little inroad. To an extent this is because the sector in itself does not easily offer any policy “handles”, where interventions could be feasible. Most of the biomass energy sector is in the realm of the informal economy, if it is not altogether in the non-monetized sector. In such cases interventions, no matter how well-meaning, or reasonable they may be, are often seen as restrictions and not well accepted by the people affected.

4.1 Petroleum products Since the energy policy as implemented is restricted to the modern energy sector, virtually the only aspect that most rural inhabitants come to face is the cost of kerosene, which is the ubiqui-tous lighting fuel in Tanzania. There is a strict price control of petroleum fuels in Tanzania, governed by the TPDC, which is a parastatal under the MEM. The policy is based on various considerations regarding supply and the industrial policy in the country. Petroleum products are not generally subsidized, with the exception of fuel oil which is mainly used by the heavy indus-try. An illustration to the various costs building up the consumer price of various petroleum products is given in Figure 2. It can be seen that the final price of kerosene (in Dar es Salaam) is slightly lower than that of diesel due to the road tax and delivery charges on diesel. While this at face value is not a disadvantage to low-income households, it may create a risk that diesel is be-ing substituted for kerosene, and that the relatively well-off (those who can demand automobile fuels) benefit from the type of relative subsidy that this difference in excises constitute. As seen in Figure 3 illumination kerosene is the second most important petroleum product in the country, the daily consumption of which is surpassed only by diesel oil which propels most of the trans-portation fleet.


Figure 2 Components of the final consumer price for petroleum products in Tanzania

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Figure 3 Daily requirement of petroleum products in Tanzania.

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There is a price difference not only between different petroleum products, but also between dif-ferent parts of the country. The maximum allowed prices for petroleum products in the regional centres are shown in Figure 4, indicating the nominal price in the regions of Tanzania.


Figure 4 Maximum retail price of illumination kerosene in regional headquarters of Tan-zania

(Map extracted from http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/africa) However, even the nominal price shows people in remote regions to be at a disadvantage com-pared to the urban elite in Dar es Salaam. While this situation is regrettable, it is a reflection of the actual cost of bringing goods to remote areas. It is not suggested that subsidies should be put in place to change this situation, but it is clearly a reason to take initiatives that aim at supplying people with alternatives to petroleum products for their illumination needs. Such initiatives could well be started in remote areas.


4.2 Electricity sector The electricity sector is currently undergoing large changes in Tanzania. According to informa-tion with well situated informers, there are plans to privatize the power utility, TANESCO. Cur-rent discussions range around dividing the utility in a Northern and a Southern half, where the, more profitable Northern part would inherit the responsibility for rural electrification. It is, how-ever, by no means certain that this will be the final solution. Regardless of the final outcome, it appears obvious that rural electrification will require public support for the foreseeable future. This is so especially in view of the tariff structure and the low income and consumption levels expected from most rural consumers. The tariff structure applied for electricity is as shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Power consumption tariffs in Tanzania Consumption

level TSH

/kWh Service charge 1

Demand charge 2

USC /kWh

SEK /kWh

Domestic <= 100 24.00 200 3.5 0.28 101 - 500 38.75 750 5.7 0.45

501 - 2500 88.50 2000 13.0 1.02

> 2500 165.50 2000 24.3 1.91 Low voltage > 7500 70.35 4000 7660 10.3 0.81

High voltage 67.50 4000 5950 9.9 0.78 1: Per billing period 2: Tsh. per KVA of Billing Demand (B.D.) per meter reading period

Source: TANESCO, 1998

Judging from the tariff structure, the current policy in the power sector is to let the larger domes-tic consumers subsidize the power consumption by the smaller consumers, especially in the do-mestic sector. The tariff for larger consumers probably reflects the long-term marginal cost of power. It could be noted that power imported from Zambia is paid in bulk at about 4-5 USC per kWh, and power from Uganda comes at 8 USC. The problem from the development point of view is that in rural areas the vast majority of clients will be small consumers, while the cost of supply in these areas is far higher than the LMRC. Thus expansion (and indeed operation) of the rural electricity grid is likely to be a net loss affair, and thus unattractive for economic reasons. In this context we find it reasonable to consider al-ternatives to grid expansion in remote areas, and that there is indeed a good reason for TANESCO or its successor(s) to take up serious consideration of especially PV applications, but also local power production using other renewables, such as small hydropower and wind wher-ever feasible. The current standard way of supplying isolated small grids is by diesel power. In these installa-tions the operational costs are very high, which is further compounded by the difficulty to supply fuel over bad roads, especially in the rainy season. Although the Urambo local power coopera-tive has showed that rural people are prepared to pay very high charges for reliable supply (up to 400 TSH/kWh!), even charges at this level only pay for the operation costs and do not contribute to the capital costs. Thus renewable local sources would be a preferred solution in places where they are applicable. It was found during field work that PV lighting systems could have a market even in areas cov-ered by the grid, because of the low quality of supply in remote areas. Of course PV would be even more attractive in places where the grid will not reach in the foreseeable future. A possible role that a utility could play in the promotion of PV systems is to create a service ca-pacity for solar systems. With trained engineers available relatively locally, this could strongly enhance the reliability of solar systems operation in remote areas.


4.3 Subsidy of modern renewables The government of Tanzania has already made efforts to promote the expansion of solar PV ap-plications by reducing the import duties and tax on solar panels. According to the import duty tariff that is being used to date, solar modules enjoy a partial exemption; 5% Import Duty + 0% Sales Tax. The Ministry is now liasing with the Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) to ensure that other components of the solar PV systems like batteries, solar lanterns, refrigerators, associ-ated lights package and spares are also covered as expected. It is being proposed to have solar thermal and wind equipment be considered for the partial exemption. Since July 1998, it is now evident that VAT (which is 20% [CIF value + Dutiable amount]) has to be paid on top of the prices.

4.4 Forest Management Issues Since more than 90% of the energy used in Tanzania is based on biomass, and most of this comes from wood, energy policy with relation to these types of energy comes in close contact with the policy on natural resources and especially forestry. By tradition, it is the forestry sector that sets the rules here, issued more with a view of forest production than energy provision. Ironically, the Ministry of Energy has little influence on the policy governing the major energy source. Although stipulated in the forest policy and ordinance that sound forest management should be practised for sustainable availability of forest products, in reality actual management of both public forest and forest reserve is poorly enforced due to lack of necessary resources. Hence the policy with respect to forest products is largely devoted to the issue of fees and duties, which are not necessarily viewed as beneficial by the local stakeholders. Although The Forest (Amendment) rules lay out the fees payable for different forest products, the total fees charged for some products is most often greater than the amount stipulated in the ordinance. This is a result of the power of district and Village Councils to levy their own sepa-rate fees (Silviconsult, 1991).

4.4.1 On timber the fee is on volume felled; the woodcutter pays In the case of timber, fees are charged in conjunction with the insurance and execution of the li-cense to fell (F D License No. 1). No separate fee is charged for the license itself, but payment is usually (but not always) made in two stages, on application and on completion. The license is issued to the person wishing to fell the tree(s) and the licensee pays the forest fee due on the timber actually felled. The fee is per m3 of timber, with the rate set categorized in The Forest (Amendment )rules. However, although all Districts apply the rates fixed by FBD, not all are applying the latest rates, but some still apply the old ones. As noted above, districts do not impose any additional fees on timber, but some villages do, usually on the licensee but sometimes on the person transporting the timber away, (who need not, of course, be the licensee himself.

4.4.2 On charcoal the fee is per bag and is paid by the dealer There are often multiple fees charged on charcoal, although all are charged on the same basis, namely per bag. Although The Forest (Amendment) Rules stipulate an assumption that a bag carries 28 kg of charcoal. In practice no distinction is made between bags of different sizes; however, it is apparently rare to find a bag weighing more than 32 kg. In theory, the licensing system is applicable to the felling of trees for all purposes, including charcoal production. Similarly, in theory the fee set by FBD (under the Forest Amendment Rules) should be charged to the licensee. In practice the fee is always charged on the person transporting the charcoal, who is very rarely the charcoal producer him/herself. Usually the fee


is charged for a permit to collect a certain number of bags as specified by the transporter, with the fee payable at the time of issue. At the point of collection, which is not necessarily the same as the point of production, but is usually nearby, other fees may be charged by local District and/or village officials. These are straightforward fees per bag, not associated with permits and are, again, always levied on the transporter. The rate set for the permit fee is nearly always the rate fixed per bag under The Forest (Amend-ment) Rules; although, again, some (District) authorities are still applying the old, rate. The add-on fees charged by Districts and/or Villages usually are somewhat lower but sometimes are at the same rate. In a very few instances, business licenses to make charcoal are issued, not by the DFO or any other forester, but by the District Trading Officer. Usually these licenses are not charged for the conditions are minimal and enforcement zero.

4.4.3 On fuelwood, the fee is by the load; sometimes paid by the woodcutter, more often by the dealer.

The licensing system is also meant to apply to people cutting wood for firewood, but this is rarely enforced (at least not much in the natural forests). In practice, usually only big-scale users of firewood pay any fee at all and do so according to the same system as applied for charcoal, i.e. the fee is paid for a permit to collect and bring a given load to the point of consumption. The fee is charged on the basis of the size of truck collecting the load. Small-scale collectors of firewood are in some (few) places charged for bringing out wood from a Forest Reserve and, in those instances the basis of charge is usually per head load. If the col-lector wishes to make a habit of firewood collecting, he/she may pay for a “Quantity License” which is usually in the form of a “fuel ticket”, which is not the same as the usual license (F D License N. 1) but is a sort of chit, usually valid for a given calendar month. The fee for this fuel ticket or time-license, is set by The Forest (Amendment) Rules.

4.5 Land demarcation and privatization plans. The Ministry of Lands, through support by the World Bank, has initiated a programme to demar-cate village boundaries, produce maps and issue land title deeds to village governments. The programme started in 1995 and is continuing. After issuing village land titles, individual villag-ers in the rural areas will be issued with private land titles. It is expected that this process will lead to fundamental changes in the development of rural ar-eas. Not only will individuals be able to take the full responsibility for their agricultural produc-tion and development, but they will also be able to take up formal credit with the title deed as a security.

Hifab/TaTEDO Tanzania Rural Energy Study 5 Proposals Page 18

5 Proposals This section contains the proposals for what is in fact a programme aimed at improving supply and enhancing the use of energy in rural areas of Tanzania. The proposals presented here are those considered most viable and useful by the study team, based on the field work and the team member’s previous experiences. The proposals will, however, still need appreciable refinement, budgets are only meant to be indicative, places and actors must yet be selected. The structure of the programme reflects the thinking and conclusions of the team, so that projects are grouped according to the aspect which it is seen to best reflect. This does not mean that a specific project will not address several aspects, such as demonstration and market enhance-ment, or information and training. However, the structure we have been using is the one we feel is best reflecting our conclusions. In order for the projects to be implementable, we are proposing a management structure, which is independent of the actual projects. This structure is meant to ascertain a timely implementa-tion of projects under the programme, and is headed by Sida and MEM, with participation of stakeholders from various areas of concern. It is proposed that the Division of Renewable En-ergy of the Department of Energy at the Ministry of Energy and Minerals should be the proprie-tor of the projects and owner of the outcome on behalf of the people of Tanzania. In the programme as a whole, there are several possible interlinkages and cross-fertilization op-portunities. In most cases we have refrained from exploiting these, with the experience that a whole structure is rarely accepted in full, in order to avoid the risk of creating a structure that would collapse if one component is removed. Thus, the programme as it stands could be appre-ciably enhanced if these interlinkages were utilized, such as providing training in one part of the programme to a project in another, the credit component serving several projects, etc. In addition to the more elaborated proposals in this section, there are a number of other proposals which were considered, but which were only outlined. These are presented in section 7, page 71.

5.1 Proposed structure for implementation In order to make implementation of the programme feasible and workable it is necessary that there is an organizational framework in place to deal with the management of the projects, which is independent of project implementation and yet close to the core of the project. We are propos-ing a structure for facilitating the programme and coordinating the activities consisting of a steer-ing committee headed by a two-person facilitation group, with one person representing Sida and the other from the Ministry of Energy and Minerals, representing the government of Tanzania. The facilitation group will have the operative responsibility for programme implementation, pro-ject assessment and accounts. Further participants to the steering committee will be representatives of various stakeholder groups in the energy sector, including the business community, consumers, and research and de-velopment community. Care should be taken in selecting the steering committee so that an ap-propriate gender balance is acquired in order to safeguard especially women’s interests and op-portunities in the energy sector. The steering committee should, furthermore, form a body for certain central selection tasks in the programme management, especially selection of the Project Implementation Agencies (PIA:s) which are required in the proposed projects. This body, the selection committee (SELCOM) is proposed to consist of an odd number of persons from the steering committee, with a chairperson independent of the facilitation group.


In order for programme management to be independent of individual projects, and able to work autonomously, a specific budget is proposed for the facilitating group and the selection commit-tee.

5.1.1 Facilitator group The facilitation group is proposed to consist of two persons. One is to be appointed by Sida, and the other by MEM. The tasks for the two facilitators in common would be to: • Co-Sign the project account; • Prepare selection candidates for the SELCOM; • Review progress in ongoing projects of the programme; Specific tasks for the Sida member would be to: • Keep accounts for the overall disbursements; • Assure of liquidity and economic performance of the programme; • Report to Sida on the performance of the programme;

5.1.2 Selection committee, SELCOM A selection committee should be formed from among the members of the Steering Committee, as part of the general organizational framework for running the Sida/MEM Renewable Energy projects. There are several instances where it has not been possible to pinpoint specific actors and procedures, in part due to time constraints, but also due to the nature of our task. We can, for instance, not propose that participants of the current study team should be selected to imple-ment certain projects, although this seems feasible enough in many cases. The selection commit-tee should select implementing organizations for several of the projects, as laid down by the re-quirements for each project in specification. The chairman should be selected from a body with good knowledge of rural development issues and also have some experience matters related to renewable energy issues (e.g. IRA at the UDSM fills both these criteria). The facilitating group should undertake the preparatory work, and decisions should be taken by the committee of all three. The selection committee should convene on a monthly basis if there are issues on the agenda, otherwise to be called at need. The tasks marked for SELCOM in the project proposals can not be undertaken by any other organization or institution. Tasks of the SELCOM include: • Development of tender procedures to select PIA:s for the specific projects; • Advertising the projects or contacting eligible organizations; • Development of selection criteria for certain activities (PIA:s, grants, fellowships, etc.); • Selecting the PIA:s bidding for the projects;

Tentative budget for programme management Facilitator group and selec-tion committee

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5

MEM support 100 000 100 000 100 000 100 000 100 000 500 000

Sida 100 000 100 000 100 000 100 000 100 000 500 000

Selection committee 100 000 100 000 100 000 100 000 100 000 500 000

300 000 300 000 300 000 300 000 300 000

1 500 000

sNote: In the initial proposal the Sida person was thought of as an independent consultant, however Sida informed us that this should be a Sida employee, which is why the budget only covers costs related to implementation of the work at hand.


Figure 5 Programme implementation structure

5.2 Awareness and information dissemination During field work for this study, it was noted that lack of awareness and information on issues related to modern rural energy technologies for the villagers and other stakeholders was ad-versely affecting provision of improved energy services in rural areas. In order to create an ena-bling environment for RET development and increased use in rural areas, creation of aware-ness, provision of information, skills and resources are important components. It is not possible for the rural people or other stakeholders to adopt or even consider RET:s options if they are not aware of them. On the basis of this observation, it is clear that the proposal to increase awareness and make in-formation available to the villagers and other stakeholders is of crucial importance. Since RE needs and technologies are area and application specific, the RET:s information to be dissemi-nated must be: • Well planned and applicable to specific situation and technology. • Timely, thus getting to the stakeholders at the right time. • Feasible so that it is relevant to the stakeholders. • Simple and clear so that it is well understood. • Creative and flexible so that different messages are available for different stakeholders. • Sensitive to the specific needs and requirements of women. • Technically correct. It is therefore very important that the information needed by RET stakeholders is available, ap-propriate and shared since they are the ones who have the power to turn ideas into actions. In-formation in the proposed programme is seen as an important resource, and like land, capital and entrepreneurship, it is a vital ingredient to the development of rural energy. It is in this case im-perative that if rural people are to be mobilised for development in general and rural energy in particular, relevant quality information must be made available at the right time and in appropri-ate quantity.

Sida MEM

Project 1

ProjectImplementing

Agency 1(PIA)

Project 2 Project 3

ProjectImplementing

Agency 2(PIA)

Project X

ProjectImplementing

Agency X(PIA)

Steering Committee:Facilitation group (Sida/MEM)

Selection committeeStakeholders


It was found during the literature search and review, that in some institutions there is substantial RET information. For this information to be useful, it needs to be collected processed and well managed so that it is easily retrieved and availed at any time to those who need to use it. In-formation dissemination will involve sharing of knowledge, experiences and materials in and through different forms. The proposed information dissemination services will essentially target three levels: • The first is that of national policy makers, energy planners, researchers etc. At this level ag-

gregate types of information is required, such as reviews of applicable energy technologies, information on geographical, ecological, agricultural, meteorological and economic condi-tions in various parts of the country.

• The second is that of the extension staff, rural development agents, NGO:s, entrepreneurs, manufacturers, educators and specifically interested individuals. Here more detailed infor-mation on the practical aspects of energy technologies is required. How do they work, what are the resources required, what do they cost and where can they be found and purchased are among the questions on this level.

• The third is that of the general public with a focus on people in rural areas. At this level the issue is merely to convey the message that there are energy aspects to many walks in life, and to inform about the existence of new and renewable energy sources so that they can be de-manded.

Although there is a certain amount of overlapping between these groups, each one forms a dis-tinct market, but also differences in presentation and packaging of RET information.

5.2.1 Establish a RET:s Information Services and Network.

Introduction and Justification In this study it has been found that information on RET:s of different quantity and quality is available in some RET:s related institutions. In some, there is considerable effort that has been made to develop and promote the hardware product part of the RET:s, but often with little em-phasis on the documentation. Like in any other sector, availability and management of up to date information on RET:s is of major importance to the rural energy sector. Experience from this study shows that RET:s information is not readily accessible by the majority of those who could benefit most from it. This is true at the local and national level. As a result of this weak-ness of RET:s information accessibility, the awareness creation and diffusion of information about potentials and limitations RET:s is greatly constrained. In this project efforts will be made to integrate available communication tools to deliver the in-formation that RET:s users want, in the format they can receive and use.

Objectives. • To bridge the information gap and encourage information exchange among RET:s institu-

tions particularly NGO:s • To prepare and continuously update information on proven and available RET:s. • To establish a mechanism responsible for collecting, processing, storing and disseminating

information on a continuous basis about current research findings, development and promo-tion of RET:s efforts.

• Create an inventory of active institutions and personnel involved in the development and use of RET:s in the country.

• Establish database of major completed and ongoing projects related to the development and use of RET:s.


• Provide selective dissemination of information on RET:s according to the needs of the users. • Assist with the publication of articles and newsletters in RET:s.

Project Description. This project is about providing potential users with RET:s information that is expected to create and stimulate RET:s demand. Market for RET:s depend to a large extent upon the knowledge that such technologies are available. A potential user i.e. farmer will not think of buying or con-structing a biogas plant, unless he knows that such equipment can be made available reliably. The role of this project is to create awareness and provide information of alternative economic and energy technological options.

Organisation Structure

Activities • Creation of various databases relating to the planning, designing, construction and use of

RET:s in Tanzania will be one of the important activities of this project. • Identification of potential information users and needs assessment. • Relevant information collection, information processing, restructuring, storage (library,

server) and dissemination. • Training of database users and managers this will involve workshops and short term training

for potential users of RET:s database. • Provide outreach services, selective dissemination of information, lending and posting

documents.

Target actors. The target actors are all RET:s related institutions, NGO:s, MEM, and users.

Problem Areas and Unsolved Issues. Getting access to locally proven RET:s information from different parts of the country. Dis-seminating information to potential users in rural areas.

Monitoring and Control, Risks Monitoring of progress is through checking compiled material and assessing the distribution mechanisms. Number of enquiries for information made to MEM and NGO as PIA. A risk is that useful information will end up at the district level and not penetrate to areas which are not easily accessible.

Environment, Gender and Equity Aspects of the Project. Increased availability of RET:s information to potential users will accelerate greater use of RET:s in the country. The use of RET:s is widely believed to be environmentally benign. It is

PIAGovt. Inst.

Institutions NGO:s Individuals

PIANGO

SteeringCommitteeSELCOM


important that the needs of women and role of women be addressed in the organization of the data bases, both with respect to contents and to retrieval and application possibilities. Creation of future employment and income opportunities will be important contributions from this pro-ject.

Required inputs YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3

Project Implementing Agency

Personnel

Documentation specialist Person months 12 12 12

Local Person months 4 3 1

International Information system specialist Person weeks 8 4 2

Information creation costs

Travel (10 trips) data collection Days 30 15 10

Preparation of documentary materials Sets of 50 pages 100 200 300

Training

Information managers/users 5 2 1 0.5

Documentation persons 3 2 1 0.5

Hardware and software

Computers 3

Photocopier 2

Scanner 1

Newsletters (6 issues) 2 2 2

Database management software (number) 1

Stationery, office material annual use 1 1 1

Budget Establish a RET:s Information Services and Network. YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3


Personnel Rate SEK

Documentation specialist Person months 240000 240000 240000 20000

Local Person months 80000 60000 20000 20000

International Information system special-ist

Person weeks 200000 100000 50000 25000

Information creation costs

Travel (10 trips) data collection Days 37500 18750 12500 1250

Preparation of documentary materials Sets of 50 pages 50000 100000 150000 500

Training

Information managers/users 5 20000 10000 5000 10000

Documentation persons 3 10000 5000 2500 5000

Hardware and software

Computers 75000 25000

Photocopier 70000 35000

Scanner 1000 1000

Newsletters (6 issues) 20000 20000 20000 10000

Database management number 10000 10000

Stationery, office material 10000 10000

Annual total 823500 553750 500000

Grand total 1877250


Sustainability. The activities of this project could be sustained by incorporating information fees to some cate-gories of RET:s information users. The project is expected to contribute to a sustainable devel-opment of RET:s in the country.

Output and Means of Verification Expected output are RET:s directories, lists of proven and available RET:s, catalogues, manuals. RET:s resources, available in the country and RET:s computer information system. RET:s in-formation is effectively disseminated through different media radios, newsletters, documented and printed materials, e-mail, etc.

5.2.2 Production and distribution of RET brochure

Introduction and Justification If a person in the village has become aware of renewable energy technologies, through friends or relatives, or through listening to the radio etc., it is not altogether clear where she should turn to in order to get to know more. In the first place she might approach the Village Executive Offi-cer, the local agriculture or water extension officer (if, indeed they are around), or a local NGO. But it is far from obvious that these would be able to help her. Also, going to town might not be practical, or if it is, it is anyway not clear where she should go once she had reached it. In order to address this situation it is proposed that a brochure or booklet should be produced, giving an overview of renewable energy technologies together with information on organizations and companies supplying knowledge, training and hardware. The booklet should be produced in a large edition, and distributed all over the country, to district headquarters, VEO:s in the vil-lages, NGO:s and missions. A similar booklet, but on appropriate technologies was prepared by the Ministry of Community Development, Women and Children Affairs in the early nineties (MCD, 1991). It is not known how widely distributed this was, nor whether any impact assess-ment was made. This should be addressed as a preliminary to the proposed project.

Objectives • To increase the availability of updated information about RET:s • To produce a booklet with information in Kiswahili, amply illustrated and up to date • To provide information on where suppliers and practitioners are available • To distribute the booklet in the rural areas of Tanzania

Project description

Organization structure A Project Implementing Agency should be selected by the SELCOM. This PIA should compile the booklet and arrange for it to be printed and distributed. Approval of the contents should be by circulation to key stakeholders, and a workshop held in a central location. The NATIS facil-ity could be incorporated in the process.

Activities The PIA should gather recent and high quality information on RET:s. This should then be di-gested, condensed and translated into Swahili. A qualified artist should be employed to illustrate the technologies, based on first-hand impressions. He should actually have to visit the various sites to gain an insight into what the technologies look like, and how they are operated. Quantity and quality specifications should be included for technologies that could be self-made, such as mud stoves, while costs and lists of suppliers should be given for those that are only available as finished items. Great effort should be put down into compiling updated information on where


the technologies can be found, where purchased, and what various NGO:s and private business are offering in terms of service and training. The draft booklet should be circulated to key stakeholders (including villagers, teachers, district extension staff) for review and comments, and a workshop should be called in order to gain fur-ther input. When the booklet is finalized, it should be printed in at least 20,000 copies, and these should be distributed to all district officers, VEO:s and chairmen of all villages of Tanzania. The procedure should be repeated after four years.

Target actors Project implementing agency, probably an NGO with wide experience in RET:s, artist, graphic designer.

Problem areas and unsolved issues The main problem is to achieve a high exposure of the booklet, once it has been distributed. The chairman might decide that it belongs in his private library, and take it home. Advertising on radio campaigns might cause people to ask for it from their leaders in the village or from district staff.

Monitoring and control, risks Monitoring can easily be by the facilitation group. The major risk is that the PIA selected does not perform to expectation.

Environment, gender and equity aspects of the project These issues should be addressed while compiling the booklet, so that advantages and drawbacks are amply clear. It is specifically important in an outreach project such as this one that informa-tion and products are produced in order to specifically interest and attract women to the issues at hand. This is emphasized since information often has a tendency to be male-oriented, with a lot of technical information and little outreach to women.

Required inputs Project implementing agency

Compilation work

Artist

Travel

Material, communications

Workshop

Venue, refereshments

Travel support for participants

Production costs

Printing

Distribution

Sustainability The project is by nature unsustainable, and further inputs need to be made in the future, since some of the information is going to be dated. This information channel will, on the other hand, contribute to a sustainable development of renewable energy technologies in Tanzania.

Output and Means of Verification Expected output is a booklet with information on RET:s. Verification of distribution success can be done through random visits to villages.


Budget Production and distribution of RET brochure No. @ SEK

Project implementing agency

Compilation work Person-months

8 20000 160,000

Artist Person-months

4 10000 40,000

Travel Days 50 1250 62,500

Material, communications 50,000

Workshop

Venue, refreshments 10,000

Travel support for participants 50,000

Production costs

Printing 20000 20 400,000

Distribution 20000 10 200,000

Grand total 972,500

5.2.3 Awareness creation through public campaigns

Introduction and Justification During field work it was amply illustrated that energy as a concept was not very active in the minds of the general public. Even the Kiswahili word for energy (nishati) was not known by many people. If this is the case, then other aspects of energy use, such as different types avail-able, different uses and services that can be obtained from energy, energy saving, etc., will take even longer to be considered. Especially in the rural areas, communication is a personal matter. What you see and experience is what matters, not what is written on a piece of paper. (This should be so in other places as well!). In order to break through with energy information it might be necessary to cause a stir. One possibility is to utilize theatre groups, touring with an energy show, other options is to pro-duce songs that become popular, or to make advertisment jingles on the radio. In many instances, however, simple printed material in the form of posters can help to increase awareness on a very general level. A poster at the wall of the village office, at the school or bus stop is sure to be noticed by many. On a slightly less general level, posters should be placed in locations where there is an installation of RET, at least to the extent to let people know that there is something there.

Objectives The objectives are to reach the general public with general, low-level messages on energy to make a room for energy thinking in their minds.

Project description

Organization structure A consultant with local experience and knowledge about RET:s should be at the hub of this pro-ject. This could be an individual or a private company experienced in marketing. Selection should be by SELCOM. It will be up to the consultant to design the specific campaigns and co-ordinate the project. He/she shall in turn consult specialists in the different fields of energy and the arts for correct technical information and palatable presentation of the different aspects. He/she should further coordinate with the RET business community , NGO:s, and donors for support, views and information that needs to be disseminated. An international consultant will be called to review results of the activities. The project is expected to last for one year, with continued funding incumbent upon results.


Activities

Poster production Posters should be produced for two arenas. One is the poster(s) describing generally certain RET technologies, such as the improved stoves, a solar system etc., with information on where to learn more and a white space to write in the nearest location of demonstration. The other is the type of poster that describes a RET system. This should contain a clear drawing of the most common type of system, such as a solar PV, with indications about the different components, cost, dealers and where to learn more. This type of poster should be put up wherever a renew-able energy technology is in use, such as at dispensaries and health stations using PV light (see p. 34) or refrigeration, or at the bars supplied with the Pepsi Coca-Cola solar PV refrigerators (see p. 71). Poster production should be by artists, preferably linked to commercial copywriters, so that the message is clear, attractive and does not appear “corny”.

Radio Energy Producing radio jingles for broadcast by popular radio stations is a good way of making people aware of a specific issue, if not to go into great depth. A commercial copy-writer should be em-ployed to come up with snappy and fitting jingles, in a format similar to other jingles broadcast, and if possible also alluding to the most popular ones. Jingles should cover different aspects of RET:s, information on various technologies, and if possible information to locate someone who knows more. If this is a private business, or if a private business wants to be mentioned, they should contribute to the production costs. Information relevant to the operation of other (hopefully) funded projects should be informed about in this way, such as the possibility to apply for training scholarships, credits for RET busi-ness, location of demonstration facilities, etc.

Theatre Energy Similar to the radio project, this involves a new group of actors for the energy arena. In the first place it is probably necessary to have a contest for writers, in order to identify a good basic script for a show. Alternatively, a number of theatre groups should be contacted and asked to make a proposal for how they can participate. In the simplest case a theatre group could be employed to make demonstrations of simple energy equipment and aspects in the form of improvizations, in conjunction with the presentation of an unrelated show. Selection should be on a combination of skill, popularity and cost. When a manuscript is put in place, the cost for producing the show will have to be covered by the project, and a tour designed to cover specific rural areas. Touring and presenting should be in the villages, preferably linked to local market days, festivals or holi-days. There is probably an opportunity to earn some income in the rural areas, as people may be paying to see the shows.

Energy Song It should be possible to create a contest for the best energy song, where the winner would be as-sisted to produce a music cassette featuring the song. The song contest should be advertised on the radio and be held in a public place in DSM. Audience could be the arbiters of the most popular song. Alternatively to contact one of the most popular music groups and make a contract to produce and disseminate the song. The song contest could be advertised in the Radio Energy project, and the song could be featured there.


Target actors The project is thought to be organized by one organization or consultant, making use of special-ists on different levels and in different areas. Thus commercial companies should be involved in designing radio jingles, and writers should be invited to prepare manuscripts for energy shows. Posters should be prepared by professional graphic artists, not by engineers. The final target audience is the general public, and if possible especially the people residing in rural areas.

Problem areas and unsolved issues This project contains uncertainties only in the budgeting. All features are being governed by professionals in respective areas.

Monitoring and control, risks Monitoring of success should be carried out independently.

Environment, gender and equity aspects of the project From the activities point of view the project is not considered to have any harmful environmental components. To the contrary, increasing the use of RET:s may be environmentally attractive. Specific care should be taken in the project to address the specific situation of both women and men, so that several aspects of the RET:s are covered.

Sustainability The project in itself is not sustainable, maybe with the exception of the theatre which, if success-ful, might be running commercially. In order to continue the project new input from donors or the business community active in RET:s is required.

Expected Output and Means of verification The tangible output from this project is public information in various forms. The effect of this information should be to increase public awareness. Verification of the success of the project is when a (relatively large) portion of the general public in the rural areas is able to recall either posters, radio slogans or having seen a theatre show arising from it.

Required inputs

Project Implementing Agency Work 0.5 person-year

Travel Limited to DSM

Material Communication, stationery

Extra Entertainment account

International consultant Work 2 person-weeks

Travel 1 international

Other Local costs

Poster production Artist(s)

Copywriter

Printing

Distribution

Radio Energy Copywriter

Radio time 160 minutes

Theatre energy Manuscript production

Play production

Touring costs

Energy song Song contest

CD/MC production


Budget Awareness creation through public campaigns SEK

Project Implementing Agency 180,000

Work 0.5 person-year 120,000

Travel Limited to DSM 20,000

Material Communication, stationery 20,000

Extra Entertainment account 20,000

International consultant 75,000

Work 2 person-weeks 50,000

Travel 1 international 15,000

Other Local costs 10,000

Poster production 240,000

Artist(s) 20,000

Copywriter 20,000

Printing 100,000

Distribution 100,000

Radio Energy 520,000

Copywriter 20,000

Radio time 160 min @ 3125 500,000

Theatre energy 125,000

Manuscript production 5,000

Play production 20,000

Touring costs 100,000

Energy song 20,000

Song contest 50,000

CD/MC production 20,000

Grand total 1,210,000

5.3 Demonstration of renewable energy technologies To see is to believe, and in order to make people believe in renewable energy technologies these must be demonstrated to work. During field work the demonstrations of improved stoves and solar lamps were highly appreciated, and questions raised about them where both critical and to the point. But demonstration is necessary not only to the end consumers. Authorities, donors, researchers and disseminators may also need to know that a new technology they want to use is feasible. While ”demonstration project” often brings to mind the hardware aspects of a project, it may be as important to demonstrate other aspects. An entrepreneur can get a demonstration of a certain product or service that he or she could provide, an organization or authority might want a certain organizational or financial set-up to be demonstrated before it is implemented on a larger scale. Thus, demonstration projects as they are being considered here should be seen to cover both these aspects - the hardware and the software. While demonstration in the actual operation in its real environment - the biogas plant in the farm, the mini-hydro at its stream - would give the highest value to the visitor, this is not always a fea-sible. Furthermore, the operators of installations in their actual settings may be inconvenienced by visitors who want information, while the operator, whether a farmer, a businessperson or and industrialist, is trying go about his/her daily affairs. Large number of visitors can virtually block the work in such instances. (This has been happening in other countries). Installations of RET:s are widely dispersed and often located in remote areas, which makes ac-cess very difficult to those who do not have access to a 4wd vehicle. Thus, it could be argued


that from the demonstration point of view, demonstration projects should be located so that peo-ple can reach them, i.e. not in remote rural villages, but relatively near to local centers, be acces-sible and be made well known. Demonstration projects should be available on different levels. There is room for demonstration of technologies and practices in the real location, and there is need for demonstration in more central locations, accessible to more people. The latter could feasibly be at NGO:s, which in many cases already have aspects of demonstration on their agenda. These could be strengthened and expanded, and a number of NGO:s apart from those visited should be assessed for this capa-bility. But there is also need for demonstration of technologies in actual work, in their natural setting. This is important for technologies that have not yet been proven to a great extent in Tanzania, but also to new organization solutions and business opportunities.

5.3.1 Support Institutions to Establish Demonstrations

Introduction and Justification Lack of awareness of the existence and operation is among the major problems observed in the field. The modalities to effect demonstration without establishing new institutions for this activ-ity is the motive force behind supporting existing institutions to carry on this task. Some of these NGO:s already do stage demonstration for the RET:s products they make. However, these insti-tutions need a little push in order to take this activity further to the targeted rural population. In order to have a significant impact on a wider area, the NGO:s need to expand their exhibitions in terms of size and coverage.

Objectives The main objective of this proposal is to try and reach as many people as possible in terms of making them aware of the available alternatives to energy and how these technologies work. The aim is to equip people with the practical knowledge of various RET:s relevant to their localities. By doing so, it is hoped that people will now have a wider choice among RET:s and hence pro-vide them with more convenient energy options. With better energy utilisation technologies, people will be able to operate more efficiently, save time and money and improve their produc-tivity.

Project Description

Organisational Framework The identification of NGO:s to get support has to be done by a PIA or consultant. These NGO:s may be obtained through asking them to apply for the necessary assistance required. The selec-tion process will then follow to determine the ones to support, using the SELCOM. When this is done, it remains the work of the facilitator group to manage the funds for demonstration. Funds should e given in phases, whereby one gets evaluated on progress made before another dis-bursement is effected. The main actors will include NGO:s already working in this field, com-mercial enterprises and other public institutions.

Activities The proposed areas of activity will include demonstration of different RET:s such as Biogas Plants, Solar PV and thermal, wind turbines, improved charcoal stoves and related technologies. The mode of demonstration will be of mixed nature. There are those demonstrations which are fixed at one particular place, and there are those which are movable. The fixed ones would be at the NGO premises of work such as Biogas plants, wind turbines and large solar PV:s. The mo-bile ones could be taken to exhibition grounds like trade fairs, market places and villages. These


will include improved charcoal and wood stoves, solar cookers, heaters, dryers, lanterns among others.

Target Actors and Beneficiaries The proposed target actors include NGO:s in energy field such as TaTEDO, SURUDE, SONET, training institutions such as the University, Technical training institutions such as VETA, techni-cal colleges. The second level beneficiaries would be the traders in these technologies who stand to gain from the awareness created by the demonstrations. The third level will be the consumers who would now have a wider range of technology to choose from for meeting their energy needs.

Environment, gender and equity aspects of the project This project has environmental impacts only in terms of its future implications, and these would generally be seen to be positive. The demonstrations will need to be organized in a gender sensi-tive way, taking into consideration that women in general display less confidence than men when confronted with technologies, especially in mixed groups.

Monitoring, Control and Risks. The existing organisational structures in specific institutions and the facilitator group should ca-ter for the proposed intervention. The donor, through a consultant should take the responsibility of monitoring and evaluating performance of the project. There are risks involved in undertaking this project, mainly lying in the failure of the project to attract many people either due to location or lack of interest.

Sustainability As long as the assistance is plugged into the existing activities of the recipient institution, the sustainability of the demonstrations will be assured. It is to the interest of the organisations in-volved to see to it that the demonstrations are sustainable because they are there for promoting the technologies. The more people are exposed to these technologies the better the chance of these people to buy or make them and hence use them.

Required inputs Project Implementing Agency YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3

RET networking specialist Person months 6 0 0

Travel for establishing contacts & network Days 60 0 0

Monitoring and evaluation

Local expert Person months 1 1 1

International expert Person weeks 2 2 2

Local travel Days 15 15 15

International travel Trips 1 1 1

Local costs for expert Days 14 14 14

Support to demonstration

This budget is subject to specific project develop-ment, and should be approved by Facilitation group as projects are elaborated

10 10 10

Expected Output and Means of Verification The output expected from this project includes the increased awareness of existing and available RET:s among rural and urban dwellers alike. This will then trigger a chain reaction of acquisi-tion and utilisation of better technologies and hence increased efficiency and productivity on the part of final consumers and producers. Increased activity in trading will also facilitate improve-ment of earnings on the part of traders.


As demonstration centres grow and people are attracted to them and demand for these items rise. Thus an increase in the demand for RET:s among other things, will be a good indicator of the impact of demonstration of these technologies.

Budget for Support Institutions to Establish Demonstrations Project Implementing Agency YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 Rate SEK

RET networking specialist Person months 120000 0 0 20000

Travel for establishing contacts & network Days 75000 0 0 1250

Monitoring and evaluation

Local expert Person months 20000 20000 20000 20000

International expert Person weeks 50000 50000 50000 25000

Local travel Days 18750 18750 18750 1250

International travel Trips 15000 15000 15000 15000

Local costs for expert Days 14000 14000 14000 1000

Support to demonstration

This budget is subject to specific project develop-ment, and should be approved by Facilitation group as projects are elaborated

200000 200000 200000 20000

Annual total 512750 317750 317750

Grand total 1148250

5.3.2 Demonstration of improved stoves at health stations

Introduction and Justification One reason that improved stoves have not become more widespread, even in areas where condi-tions would make them clearly justified, is the lack of awareness among people regarding how they are working, how they look, where they can be acquired, etc. At the same time, providing food for in-patients at health stations (and indeed hospitals) is a problem. It is difficult for relatives to find a spot to cook, fuel has to be obtained, sometimes from far away, the area is not neat and tidy to the chagrin of health authorities. It was thought that combining these two would solve some of the problems of each. Many peo-ple have to cook for sick relatives at the health station, so the demonstration effect would be good. The hygienic and environmental conditions in these places are often substandard and would be improved. This project gives the opportunity to demonstrate stoves appropriate to the fuel types available in different regions.

Objectives • To demonstrate improved stoves at 5 health stations in each of two regions, e.g. Morogoro

and Shinyanga; • To provide a small income opportunity for mildly disabled persons willing to take up such

business; • To improve the environment and hygienic standards in those places where people cook for

relatives;

Project description

Organization structure The project should be initiated by an NGO that is experienced in improved stoves production and training, in cooperation with relevant health authorities. Selection of the NGO is by SEL-COM. A number of health stations should be selected for launching the initiative, and some various organization structures could be tested, e.g. including the health institution in various degrees.


Activities The project should initially target two regions, e.g. Morogoro and Shinyanga. One reason to se-lect these is that it may be beneficial to demonstrate not only wood and charcoal stoves, but also stoves using agricultural wastes and other biomass which are used in the region. A critical component is to select a person willing to take on the task of demonstrating and rent-ing stoves. It is thought that this would be appropriate for a disabled person with few other in-come opportunities except begging. The disability should not be so large that the person could not go about the demonstration. Initial training must probably be given locally and individually, since different disabilities will need different solutions. Depending on the type of fuels available in the area, both charcoal and wood stoves could be used. If stationary wood stoves are used, then it is important that information is given to the us-ers on where they can find a fundi who produces them, or where they can be trained themselves to produce. Mobile stoves could be sold on location, maybe on a commission basis with a local dealer or producer. The person who is selected to run the business should be instructed on the rules that apply in the location. (If feasible, the cooking project could be expanded to a private “cooking and sanita-tion” business, since sanitary facilities are also lacking for the relatives. In such a case, a biogas plant could be installed, and cooking could be done with locally produced biogas from latrine. This is, however, not part of the current proposal.) The business opportunity would consist in renting stoves for cooking, and possibly selling fuel and eventually stoves. While income would depend on the number of patients and might in some cases not be very large, it would serve as a contribution to family income from someone otherwise completely dependant. If the proposed activity works well, it is fully possible to replicate and continue the activity without outside assistance.

Target actors Target actors should be persons willing to take up a small-scale business on the health station or hospital grounds, possibly a mildly disabled person. In addition stove retailers and producers should be incorporated in the project, which must be carried out with the approval of health au-thorities. The project should be coordinated by an NGO.

Problem areas and unsolved issues The most important aspect is to attract a dedicated person to undertake the activity. It may be difficult to foresee the size of possible income that could be generated.

Monitoring and control, risks Monitoring of the activity could be either by the organizing NGO or by health authorities. There may be a risk that mobile stoves are stolen, or that damage is greater than could be feasibly cov-ered by the income generated.

Environment, gender and equity aspects of the project Overall the project is expected to result in positive environmental effects, both locally at the demonstration site, and in extension when people buy stoves and start using them in their home areas. Since cooking is mostly the task of women in Tanzanian households, it is likely that there will be a female gender bias to this project, although this might be less the case than if house-holds were the direct target group. With the location at the health centers and hospitals it is likely that especially the low and middle income classes of people would benefit from the pro-ject. The target group of operators is likely to be very poor.


Sustainability There is every reason to believe that this project could become sustainable over time. Indeed, the range of services offered could be expanded, if successful.

Expected output and Means of verification The expected output of the project is that several health stations and hospitals should enjoy the services of a stove rental/supply facility. If the project is successful, some form of improved stove demonstration should continue to be present even relatively long after the completion of the project.

Required inputs Project Implementing Agency No

Work Person-months 6

Travel Days 50

Reporting

Material

Charcoal stoves Jiko Bora 50

Wood stoves Kuni Chache 50

Fixed wood stoves 25

Agr. Residue stoves 25

Communications, printing costs, stationery

Budget Demonstration of improved stoves at health stations Project Implementing Agency No @ SEK

Work Person-months 6 20000 120000

Travel Days 90 1250 112500

Reporting 10000

Material

Charcoal stoves Jiko Bora 50 50 2500

Wood stoves Kuni Chache 50 50 2500

Fixed wood stoves 25 25 625

Agr. Residue stoves 25 100 2500

Communications, printing costs, stationery 10000

Grand total 260625

5.3.3 Light at dispensaries

Introduction and Justification One of the issues that the study team kept close at heart was how to provide renewable energy services in such a way that even the poor people would have some benefit. Since they have lim-ited purchasing power they are invisible by the market forces, and it was thought inappropriate to suggest outright give-aways to these people. We also noted that while successful community initiatives were scarce, those that did occur were generally aimed at the school or the dispensary. The villagers contributed either with labour or money to school desks, new roofs etc. In this proposal it is proposed to combine an effort to draw on successful community initiatives in these areas, while providing an energy service that would benefit all, including the poor, at the same time as important demonstration aspects were being gained.

Objectives • To provide improved light at rural dispensaries in at least five villages in three regions • To demonstrate solar PV technology • To gather experience from this kind of community based project


Project description

Organization structure The project requires a project implementing agency (PIA), which could supply hardware, train-ing and service. This could either be a private business or an NGO. SELCOM should be used to select the PIA. In future it might be necessary to work with district level organizations to select villages for further expansion. The present proposal refers only to five initial villages where the concept shall be tested.

Activities It is proposed that pilot areas for this activity should be carried out in five villages each in three regions of the country. Regions should be selected in agreement with the Facilitating Group, while villages should be enlisted as and when they decide to commit funds. The PIA should decide on a type of commercially available system that could be appropriate for the project, and organize supply from a commercial dealer. The system should be simple and low-cost, in order for the village to be able to meet the cost of the hardware, and to induce a demonstration effect of systems at a level which probably some villagers could also afford. The implementing organization should be responsible for training the manager of the system, and for monitoring progress. The system should contain: • One 12 W panel • Two light sockets, one to be mounted inside the dispensary, one outside. • Control unit • Battery The local cost for such a system is currently around TSH 240,000 which should be contributed by the village. A number of villages with suitable conditions should be approached by the im-plementing organization, and the following proposal put forward: “If you want to improve the working conditions in your village dispensary, by providing a light source in the dis-pensary and an outdoor light outside, you should do the following. You should ask villagers to contribute (sum) and go about to collect it. Furthermore, you shall identify a fundi who is currently working with auto repairs, radio ser-vicing or bicycle repairs, who is honest and dependable and willing to undergo training for servicing such a system and maybe more to come in the future. Once the money is collected and the person is assigned, you shall send an application to (implementing organization) containing the information required together with validation that the money is in the bank account. You shall then be contacted by (implementing organization) within a months’ time.”

This offer probably needs to be made to a number of villages2, since it was found that the time to organize village initiatives may be long, and the willingness to contribute from those who can may be limited. Once an application has been received, the implementing organization shall go about installing the system at the village dispensary. It should be made amply clear that the village as a unit will be the owner and caretaker of the system, and to impress on them the necessity to find a person that could be trained in its maintenance and repair. Any costs associated with this service must be borne out of the village coffer, for all the future.

Target actors Implementing organization, village fundi, village leadership and community. Especially women can be expected to see the importance of this project, and hence be willing to contribute funds.

Problem areas and unsolved issues It is not clear how attractive the offer will be in relation to its cost. Will the village be able to meet the full cost of even this small type of system? 2 In villages where PRA activities have been carried out, these should be used to assess the priority of improving the dispensary.


Monitoring and control, risks The implementing organization shall monitor the operation, and indeed guarantee the perform-ance, for the duration of the project which is proposed to be one year in duration, starting from the selection of the implementing organization. Risks in the project include risk for theft, vandalization and other damage of the equipment, low performance of caretaker and lack of commitment from the village.

Required inputs No


Fees 6 person-months

Travel costs 90 days

Stationery and communication costs

Caretakers training

Persons in DSM 15 persons

Material

Battery-tester 15 items

Tool-kits for fundis 15 items

Spare sets 15 c

Budget Light at dispensaries N.B. All costs for the hardware are expected to be covered by the village itself.

No @ SEK


Fees 6 20000 120,000

Travel costs 90 1000 90,000

Stationery and communication costs 4500

Caretakers training

Persons in DSM for one week.

15 5000 75,000

Material

Battery-tester 15 200 3,000

Tool-kits for fundis 15 500 7,500

Spare sets 15 500 7,500

Grand total 307,500

Environment, gender and equity aspects of the project The project is environmentally benign, in that it reduces the need to use kerosene for light at the dispensary. It is a service that will benefit all groups in the village, including men, women, chil-dren, rich and poor. It should be appreciated, however, that health services were found to be of very high priority among women. Light in the night will dramatically improve the quality of service especially for women giving birth at night.3

Sustainability The possibilities for a sustainable operation appear to be good. There are even possibilities to expand the business starting with the local fundi, who could become a retailer for PV systems for both the private and public sector.

3 We were told that people who needed attention at night were required to bring their own kerosene.


Output and Means of Verification Expected output consists of PV light installations in the dispensaries of fifteen villages, and their sustained operation over time. This could be verified by visiting the villages at any time after the project has been completed.

5.3.4 Wind turbine for electric power production and demonstration

Introduction and Justification There are many places in the Tanzania without an electrical connection to a central utility net-work. Many of these will probably not get a main grid connection in the foreseeable future, due to the remote location. The most common way to supply electricity to these remote areas is to use diesel generator sets. The main disadvantage of diesel grids is the cost of fuel which tends to be high, often many times higher than that of larger capacity networks. The major advantages of diesel systems are that they are well tested and have a high reliability. However, in remote rural areas, this reliability may not be realized due to poor access especially during the rain season. Many places which require remote power are regions of high wind energy potential. One prob-lem when producing electric power from a wind turbine is the great variations in wind power which occur seasonally, diurnally, and even minute to minute and indeed momentarily. Ideally the diesel could be used to provide power when the wind is insufficient, and the wind turbine could be used to save diesel fuel when the wind is blowing. Unfortunately, things are not quite so simple and, a combination of dump load, short term stor-age, and load control are needed to improve system stability, system performance and system economics. Electricity production from wind turbines could be a feasible undertaking in parts of Tanzania, but has never been demonstrated on any scale. The present project aims to demonstrate the fea-sibility of the technology both under laboratory conditions, and in actual operation of a wind sys-tem on commercial scale at a salt production facility in Tanga.

Objectives • To demonstrate the feasibility of using wind for electric power production in Tanzania; • To erect a test site with training opportunities for operators; • To install a full-scale system at a salt production facility by the coast under commercial

conditions;

Project description

Organization structure A project implementation agency will be selected by SELCOM. This PIA will undertake to or-ganize the various inputs required, make arrangements for the supply of hardware and technical expertise, and negotiate terms with the company and arrange and select set-up for the testing fa-cility. All activities have to be undertaken in close collaboration with the programme facilitation group.

Activities The main issues to consider during the design of a wind/diesel system are as follows: • Power from a wind energy converter • How to control the power • What is the influence on the grid • The diesel generator set fuel consumption The diesel generator set minimum load.


Figure 6 Annual accumulated wind speed at Tanga airport

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40

60

80

100

0 2 4 6 8 10 12Wind speed (m/s)

% o

f a

year

According to the “Study of potential wind sites for electricity generation pilot projects Tanzania” (TaTEDO, 1998) the wind speed distribution is as shown in Figure 6. As can be seen in the fig-ure, the wind speed exceeds 4 m/s 53 % of the time of a year. The wind speed exceeds 8 m/s dur-ing 12 % of a year. By experience of the inhabitants in the Tanga coastal areas, there is low wind (around 5 m/s) in the morning, the wind increases during the day, to about 8 m/s. If the wind distribution at Tanga Airport is assumed, one wind turbine, with a power curve shown in Figure 7, will be able to produce 60,000 kWh per year.

Wind turbines The wind distribution at Tanga airport shows that the rated wind speed of the wind turbine at Burhani should not be expected to be higher than 8 m/s. The load of a small local grid changes a lot during a normal day. The electrical power production has to be exactly the same as the load. Due to this fact it is necessary that the power of the wind turbine can be controlled thoroughly. If the power of wind exceeds the demand, the turbine has to pitch or the extra power has to be dumped. Due to the above mentioned reasons a wind turbine with the following data is recom-mended; pitch control, variable speed, rated power of 25 kW and a rotor diameter of 14 m. The power curve of such a wind turbine is shown in Figure 7.


Figure 7 Power Curve of the Wind Turbine

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Wind Speed (m/s)

Po

wer

(kW

)

Supply of wind energy to the Burhani Salt Mine The electrical load at Burhani Salt Mines are : • Several submersible pumps of 5-10 kW (estimated total 30 kW) • Salt crushing equipment (estimated total 40 kW) • Packing line (estimated total 30 kW) Altogether the maximum power is about 100 kW. One important question is; Is it necessary to operate all the equipment at full load at the same time ? If it is assumed that : • The number of wind turbines are five • The load is 50 kW • The wind turbines produce 10 kW each It can be seen in the power curve that the wind speed has to be more than 6.5 m/s for a power of 10 kW. As the wind speed always goes up and down a little bit, the average speed has at least to be 7-7.5 m/s. This results in a total production time of 20 % of a year with the power exceeding 50 kW. If the load demand is 24 hours a day the whole year, the diesel generator will be in op-eration a large part of the year. The goals for a wind/diesel system on Burhani are good fuel saving, stable operation and high availability. The electric power consumption varies between 40 and 140 kW. A rise in electric-ity power use is expected. The possibility to transport large and heavy components to Burhani is limited. Therefore, it is a great advantage if a wind turbine can be erected without any cranes. The electrical energy at the factory is used for mainly three purpose; Pumping sea water; process the salt by a crusher and a packing machine. The maximum load is determining the electrical system, therefore is it important to limit the maximum load if the cost per produced kWh should not be too high. When designing the wind/diesel system for Burhani it is assumed that just one of the main loads are in operation at the same time.


If the fuel savings are going to be significant it is important that the load can be controlled. For example the water pumps should be operated when the wind is strong.

The wind/diesel system suggested for Burhani consists of five wind turbines, a diesel/generator set, a synchronous condenser, some controllable loads and a control unit, see Figure 8. The wind turbines have to operate with variable speed and pitch control to achieve the capability to control the maximum output power of the wind turbine and to smooth out the power fluctuations due short wind speed drops. The rated power of the wind turbines is 20-30 kW. The turbine has a diameter between 12 and 17 m. The controllable loads are activated by frequency levels from 51 to 52 Hz. The wind turbines operate autonomously with a frequency variation between 50 and 52 Hz. To prevent the load to be active when the diesel engine is in operation, the diesel engine has a frequency operation of 49 to 51 Hz. The wind turbine power control is integrated with the system control. The system control unit controls the frequency of the grid during autonomous wind turbine operation and controls the maximum wind power output during parallel operation of the diesel engine and wind turbines. The control unit has to measure the speed of the turbines to predict when it is possible to shut off/on the diesel engine. The voltage control is carried out by the synchronous condenser which is always in operation. The diesel generator set and the condenser have to be able to work in parallel operation. The reason for choosing five small wind

Figure 8 Sketch of Burhani salt wind turbine system

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SG

Grid

Load

Cont rol unit

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Powercontrol

Gridfrequency

Diesel engine andconnection to thegrid on/off

SC I M

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turbines instead of one large is the possibility to transport and erect the wind turbines at Burhani. The system can operate just as a stand alone wind farm or in parallel operation with a diesel-generator set or connected to the main utility grid.

Project tasks The implementation of a wind/diesel system at Burhani can be divided into the following tasks: • Pre-feasibility study with measurements of the wind speed at Burhani and technical, eco-

nomic and social investigation of the benefits of a wind/diesel system. If the study shows good result the following steps can be taken: • Simulations of the electrical system and control to achieve a stable operation of the grid. • Due to the fact that the system will be set in operation in a rural area, the fuel size laboratory

test of the system is of great importance. In the laboratory tests the minimum set-up is two wind turbine generators, the synchronous condenser, a synchronous generator with the same type of control unit as the one on the diesel generator set, a control unit, and two controllable loads.

• During the system operation in the laboratory it is important to inform and train the operation personal from Burhani.

• To be sure of good availability of the operation at Burhani it may be a good experience to erect one wind turbine and install the laboratory set-up at a test station for wind turbines. This will also be a good test of the erection of the wind turbine without any cranes and a final test of the electricity stability as well as the control of the wind turbine. This is also a good opportunity to train the operation and maintenance personal from Burhani. This point should be carried out in close co-operation and nearby the manufacture of the wind turbines.

• The erection of wind turbines and installation of electrical and control systems can be done by personnel from Burhani in collaboration with personal from the wind turbine manufac-turer and the company responsible for the electrical and control systems.

Technical specifications Wind Turbine : Rated power: 25 kW Hub height: 30 m Turbine diameter: 14 m Variable speed electrical system Pitch control

Target actors PIA knowledgeable in project management, logistics and economics. Wind energy expertise for training and detailed design. Commercial company with need and possibility to operate the wind installation.

Problem areas and unsolved issues To erect the wind turbine a crane is required, that can lift 1.5 tons to a height of 36 meters. It is also possible to design the turbine tower itself to be used as a crane during the erection of the wind turbine.


Monitoring and control, risks Monitoring could be either by the facilitator group or independent consultants. There may be commercial risks in the project, since the technology has not been tried on a larger scale in this setup in Tanzania previously.

Environment, gender and equity aspects of the project The application of the technology is considered to be environmentally acceptable. There may be some aspects on noise from the turbines that needs to be addressed during design of the project. Gender issues could be addressed during the feasibility study, and in the training component. This appears to be a possibility to widen the gender base for renewable technologies in Tanzania.

Sustainability Given that the project may be commercially viable, it is likely to be sustainable. The project may also have positive effects in terms of training and demonstration at the testing facility.

Output and Means of Verification Output is a testing facility and a full-scale wind farm at the salt mine in Tanga. Verification can be by visiting and reviewing the operation data from the facility.

Budget Wind turbine for electric power production and demonstration Rate Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

PIA 20000 120000 120000 60000

Consultant 25000 100000 100000 50000

Simulations 200000

Full size lab test 400000

Training personnel 50000 100000 50000

470000 720000 160000

Five wind turbines 480000 1920000

Annual 470000 1200000 2080000

Total for project 3750000

Additional information from Burhani Salt Company After the initial contacts were taken, and the draft report presented in DSM, some additional in-formation from the company has been acquired. This is, in brief, their position: • They are in principle willing to take a credit for erecting a wind power system. Final decision

must be incumbent upon the terms of the credit, total costs, interest levels and repayment pe-riod.

• They are operating all year round, but harvesting season is in September-December and Janu-ary- March.

• The power shall be used for pumping, the iodizing plant, security lights, offices and a residen-tial block at the site. In addition they can distribute excess power to a local mosque, a church, a school and a hospital.

• They are willing to demonstrate the site when in operation, and also to undertake training. Expenses for trainees will have to be borne by their sponsors.

5.4 Credit and financing Credit and financing appear to be among the major constraints for a more widespread application of renewable energy technologies. While there are credit institutions operating even in rural ar-eas, a major constraint for rural people to achieve formal credits is that they have no acceptable collateral. This in turn is largely due to the traditional system of land ownership, where indi-viduals do not hold title deeds to the land they are working. Currently there are changes being


made to the land laws, and if these reach out all the way to providing individual land titles this is likely something that would have an enormous impact on economic activity in the country and on agricultural productivity and income in the rural areas in particular. As a first step in this process, villages are being demarcated, and village title deeds are being is-sued. However, this gives collateral only to the village as a unit, and requires the community to act as the initiator of activities. History has shown that this is a slow way to development. In the meanwhile, rural people have to resort to the informal credit systems that do exist, and to the innovative capacity of formal systems to bypass the collateral needs. Such ways of reducing the lending risks in the absence of collateral, which have been exploited more or less success-fully include peer pressure (group lending schemes), saving and credit clubs, training in credit management and close control of borrowers. A common feature is that these activities make the service component of the credit very costly and labour intensive. In several cases there are good reasons to provide capital as a loan rather than as a grant, and it is proposed that the programme should include such a feature. Rather than proposing for the en-ergy sector to go into banking, the proposal here is to utilise already existing actors in the field, such as the CRDB (1996), or NGO:s with good experience in the sector. While CRDB has rep-resentation in all regional centers except two (Tabora and Kigoma), its outreach into the sur-rounding rural areas is limited (a radius of 50 km was reported as the limit for efficient services).

5.4.1 Credit Provision.

Introduction and Justification Lack of credit in the rural areas for carrying out income generating activities, has been seen to be one of the major constraints to development. This is because most people in the rural areas do own landed property which lack title deeds, which therefore does not qualify for collateral re-quired as security for funds borrowed from existing credit facilities. This fact has been observed and supported by evidence in selected areas visited during the field survey. It is important to create favourable conditions to facilitate activities related to spreading the pro-duction, distribution and utilisation of RET:s in the rural areas. Since the existing formal credit facilities can not cater for this category of people, it is important then to devise schemes to cater for the development of RET:s and related activities. It is an established fact that credit delivery to the rural hinterland is extremely costly. The moni-toring cost of small loans widely spread in the rural hinterland can easily eat up the profit margin and cause irrecoverable financial losses. Furthermore, formal financial institutions are not al-lowed to lend without collateral, the lack of which is the major constraint to rural credit. Alterna-tive measures need to therefore be taken, to support and strengthen the development of micro-finance institutions such as Savings and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) in the rural areas. Such institutions have the advantage of working close to their clients and they handle the loan security problem by employing the "peer pressure" concept for loan repayment security, instead of titled landed assets for collateral. For the small through relatively large-scale investments, existing formal financial institutions could be used to operate a revolving fund to deliver credit on agreed terms and conditions. This scheme should be aimed at consumers, traders and producers of RET:s. Funds should be made available for such activities as the marketing and sales, production and acquisition of RET:s such as improved stoves, Solar PV and thermal, Biogas plants and wind. Specifically credit should benefit the small-scale to large businesses, artisans, unemployed youth, NGO:s, among others.


Objectives • The general objective of this proposal is to create an enabling environment for credit delivery

to the rural and various actors to facilitate activities related to spreading the production, dis-tribution and utilisation of RET:s in the rural areas. Specifically the proposal aims at

• Promoting SACCOs in the rural areas to cater for small scale trading and production of RET:s, through providing training in credit and business management skills and necessary equipment includ-ing 'safes', accounting materials and calculators. The promotion of SACCOs is aimed at improving the credit availability at the local levels in areas where formal financial institutions fail to provide this ser-vice. SACCOs will therefore cater not only for RET:s but also other needs requiring financial input beyond an individual's capability.

• Establishing credit lines for specific small to large sized business ventures in RET:s. This credit line will cater for such projects/investments, which will include production and trading in improved char-coal and wood stoves, trading in solar lanterns and similar technologies for small-scale loans. Estab-lishment of energy services business, energy supply centres, loans for procuring RET:s such as wind turbines, mini or micro hydro, larger number of solar PV equipment for medium to large-scale pro-jects. These credits may be given in the form of equipment or facilities or in monetary terms.

• Conduct training in credit and business management as a pre-condition for loan provision for the credit lines.

Project Description

Organisational Framework This project is aimed at four different categories of institutions including donors' supplying seed money for the credit schemes, government for co-ordination, financial institutions for managing the funds, (which may be determined prior to project implementation by a consultant). NGO:s found in specific areas will be selected by the institution managing the fund to facilitate the or-ganisation and training of the targeted borrowers namely consumers, traders and producers of RET:s. The provision of this vital service will entail a well thought out organisational structure for suc-cessfully carrying out this task. Thus the selection of Project Implementation Agency and moni-toring and evaluation groups by SELCOM are central tasks. The PIA will be entrusted with elaborating and negotiating the details of the credit provision schemes. Thus, a structure involv-ing formal financial institutions capable of managing the credit funds such as CRDB has to be established. Other institutions such as NGO:s with credible track records should be involved in carrying out complementary activities such as credit and business management skills training and organising the clients.

Activities It is proposed that a credit provision project is implemented, with a revolving fund for RET credit as the main feature. Costs pertaining to the project include training, support to the credit institution and costs for credit servicing. The project is proposed to last for five years, after which the project facility should no longer be required. Areas proposed include the marketing and sales, production and acquisition of RET:s such as improved stoves, Solar PV and thermal, Biogas plants, wind and mini-hydro.

Promotion of SACCOs This activity will involve supporting the establishment of savings and credit schemes in the rural areas to assist in mobilising and organising micro-finance services. The project's role will be to supply the needed expertise for credit and business management skills training, provide station-ary like ledgers, office equipment including calculators and also safes for safekeeping of funds. These activities will have to be undertaken by a financial institution working with relevant NGO:s located in the targeted areas.


Revolving Fund This fund shall be created with the donor assistance by making available seed money to the tune of the estimated amounts from the credit lines below. Ownership and management of the fund will have to be detailed in discussions with Sida and the credit institution. This fund shall be managed by a financial institution selected from the existing institutions after a thorough as-sessment and consultations. Qualities of this institution should include • Its experience and competence in managing special funds for development projects • Having branches in as many regional and district centres as possible so as to reach many peo-

ple. • Should be able to work with NGO:s in providing the training component of the project • Should have the capacity and competitive terms for managing the fund • Should manage the fund diligently as stakeholders to ensure sustainability of the fund So far findings from the study identified CRDB (1996) to be the institution having most of the qualifications and ready to take up the task subject to negotiations. The other financial institu-tions namely NBC (1997) and National Micro-finance Bank (NMB) are in a transitional stage from public institutions to private and therefore, not yet settled for business. A consultant should be engaged by the donor to work out the modalities of credit provision, agree on fees, commis-sion, interest rate to be charged, the collateral aspects and all the necessary details on require-ments for running a special fund. Finally draw up a management contract for the selected finan-cial institution. Furthermore, mechanism for control of operations and rules for changes should be clearly stipulated.

Loan Provision Conditions

Credit line for small to large sized business ventures in RET:s Borrowers from this category have to fulfil the following conditions to qualify for a loan • Having a viable project (feasibility study) such as Solar battery charging, Energy service cen-

tre, Renewable Energy supply centres for Biogas or Solar among others. • Operate an account at the bank managing the funds • Having at least 2 guarantors and other forms of security (to be agreed upon for medium and

large-scale borrowers). • Having at least 3 guarantors for small scale borrowers (for villagers these could be village

committees for finance and planning, security affairs and the village chairperson) • Undertake credit and business management skills training • Have EIA or Environmental Statement for the project (where applicable) • Agree to conditions set for loan repayment.(e.g. payment of stipulated interest after a certain

interval of grace period) • Pay a down payment of at least 10% of the loan sought for small scale borrowers and 25% for

medium to large scale borrowers

Target Actors and Beneficiaries. Apart from the facilitation group, the other targeted actors in ensuring the success of various ar-rangements or schemes are expected to be financial institutions such as CRDB, and a number of NGO:s in different places within the country. Suppliers of RET:s (mainly the business commu-nity and NGO:s). The target population are the private businesspersons, artisans, unemployed youth, street hawkers, NGO:s, among others.

Monitoring, Control and Risks. Monitoring of the project will be undertaken by the facilitator group. Further to this, evaluation of the project will be carried by a consultant also appointed by the financier. Risks related to this project is mainly related to loan repayment failure due to


• Low demand for goods produced or sold due to low quality of the goods • Low demand due to bad weather conditions affecting consumers income generation • Deliberate default in loan repayment due to various reasons such as cheating, treating the loan

as a grant as in old days if not sensitised and monitored.

Environment and Gender aspects The environmental dimension of this project involves making sure borrowers of funds for pro-duction purposes meet the required EIA or Environmental Statement conditions (depending on the type of project proposed) before they can be considered for loans. Gender aspects of the project involve its neutrality to applicants. .Loans will be given to active members of the society regardless of their gender affiliation. The necessary condition for par-ticipation in the loan facility will be based on ability and the conditions for loans as stipulated in the loan conditions section. In several aspects it is however necessary to consider the situation of women specifically. Such aspects should be that women are known to honour their debts to a higher degree than men, but also that they tend to have less access to the information about for-mal loans, and also less opportunity to take them, since for instance land title deeds (when they exist) end to be the property of men.

Sustainability Given a well prepared and implemented scheme, the fund which will be a revolving one, is ex-pected to provide the opportunity for many individuals, organisations and businesses to benefit. The key to the success of these schemes lies with the loan repayment rate. So it is important to pay the necessary attention to the requirements of this project in terms of providing the necessary conditions for making it successful. As it was hinted by several respondents during the field-work, monitoring and follow up of loans is among the major secrets for high loan repayment rates. This exercise requires mobility. This may mean strengthening the institutions in question by providing transportation support, for example motorcycles.

Expected Output and Means of Verification Increased activity in RET:s production, sales and use are but some of the results expected from this initiative. The far reaching impact is to improve people's welfare and standard of life by pro-viding them with the needed capital for engaging in RET:s business and enabling them to effi-ciently utilise the existing energy source or even making possible the move to better energy sources. The rate of loan repayment would be a good indicator that the scheme is working and more people will get the benefit.

Summary budget for Credit Provision.

Project component SEK

PIA and monitoring costs 916,250

Revolving fund 9,093,750

SACCO and service costs 735,000

Grand total for project 10,745,000 A detailed breakdown of the credit provisions costs is shown on the following page.


Required Inputs and Detailed tentative Budget for Credit Provision. Credit provision inputs Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5

Unit rate Extents Extents Extents Extents Extents


Work Person-months 20000 6

Travel Days 1250 60

Evaluation and monitoring

Local Work Person-months 20000 1 1 1 1 2

Travel Days 1250 15 15 15 15 30

International Work Person-weeks 25000 2 2 2 2 4

Int. travel Trips 15000 1 1 1 1 1

Lcal costs Days 1000 10 10 10 10 20

local travel Days 1250 7 7 7 7 15

Credit provision budget Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5

Project implementing agency Unit rate Costs Costs Costs Costs Costs

Work Person-months 20000 120000 0 0 0 0

Travel Days 1250 75000 0 0 0 0


Local Work Person-months 20000 20000 20000 20000 20000 40000

Travel Days 1250 18750 18750 18750 18750 37500

International Work Person-weeks 25000 50000 50000 50000 50000 100000

Int. travel Trips 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000

Lcal costs Days 1000 10000 10000 10000 10000 20000

local travel Days 1250 8750 8750 8750 8750 18750

Annual 317500 122500 122500 122500 231250

Project subtotal 916250

Revolving Fund requirements

Units No. @ Total Amount

Small-scale loans Borrowers 100 6,250 625,000

Commission (to be negotiated) 25% 156,250

Medium scale loans Borrowers 100 12,500 1,250,000


Large-scale loans Borrowers 100 62,500 6,250,000


Project subtotal 9,093,750

SACCOS Specific credit service inputs

Unit No Unit No Rate

Motorcycles Motorbike 2 Locations 5 1000

Running costs SEK/year 5000 Locations 5 1

Allowances Per.days 30 Locations 5 200

Credit training Persons 300 Trained per year 0.2 1500

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5

SACCOS Specific credit service costs SEK SEK SEK SEK SEK

Motorcycles 10000 0 0 0 0

Running costs 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000

Allowances 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000

Credit training 90,000 90,000 90,000 90,000 90,000

Annual 155,000 145,000 145,000 145,000 145,000

Project subtotal 735,000


Problem Areas and Unsolved Issues Areas that need further elaboration include the statutes and ownership of the fund, how the fund should be designed to grow, etc. Further issues on rural credit provision needs to be followed in detail. Loan repayment in monetary terms for rural dwellers has been a problem tied with availability and access to markets for their products. One way to go around this problem is to introduce loan repayment in kind. In some of the villages we visited this appeared to be a favourable means of loan repayment. One of the major snags of this approach is in its quality control and manage-ment. However, it may be worthwhile to consider this as an option to improve loan repayment for rural dwellers.

5.5 Market enhancement – new business initiatives In the villages, and while visiting the business community, it was observed that the initiative and innovative capacity of those working in the Renewable Energy Technology area was sometimes lacking. Marketing efforts were seen to be very limited, and those that were observed were sometimes abandoned on unclear grounds in spite of being successful. It was also observed that renewable energy technologies, were being marketed (in the case of PV systems), or dissemi-nated (e.g. biogas, stoves) in areas where service, replacements and spares were not easily avail-able or where the location of such facilities was not known to the consumers. To some extent these are probably indicators of a market sector in its initial stages. The climate for business and private initiatives was difficult in the past, and it appears that many actors in the sector still maintain an essentially risk-minimising strategy. Such a strategy is not conducive to strong initiatives in new areas. While the business climate is rapidly changing, it is likely that initiative in the first place will be on safer sectors, such as food and beverages, construction ma-terial, etc. Marketing biogas plants or solar PV:s is not for someone who just wants to get rich quickly. Yet. This is why we feel that a support in terms of reducing the risks in the renewable energy tech-nology sector might be feasible. We feel that it is warranted to address the supply of services for the RET:s, as well as exploring and demonstrating new business opportunities and ways of sup-plying rural people with energy, that would not immediately occur to those actors who would be the most suitable. In this way it might be possible to create new movements in the market, and build on local initia-tives and Energy Services Linked to Industry and Business

5.5.1 Energy Services Enterprises

Introduction and justification From the literature search and field study findings, it is clear that the country lacks RET support infrastructure and institutional framework. The few existing RET NGO:s and companies are lo-cated mostly in major urban areas (see section 8 p.81). In the case of PV industry there are a number of companies which essentially import PV equipment and provide installation services. These companies are also urban-based. There is a lack of outlets based in small towns or rural settlements. Such outlets are essential for servicing the rural markets and linking the end-users with the urban based companies. This infrastructure and institutional framework weakness is a major constraint to RET:s adop-tion. Rural RET end-users are unable to access RET hardware and software from the major ur-ban based companies. In areas where some of these technologies have been installed, a number of technologies were found inoperative due to lack of maintenance and spare parts. Local based energy services enterprises are being proposed to provide the necessary link and services in rural


areas. The energy services enterprises will be the local focus of RET:s services and other activi-ties. The enterprises will operate as much as possible on commercial basis. Existing skills in the rural setting should be used to a greater extent than previously. There is great potential for increased local participation in the RET:s development and promo-tion. Current participation in the RET development and promotion is hindered by the lack of effective local institutions offering necessary supportive services i.e. general RET information, installation, maintenance and provision of spare parts which are crucial for ensuring sustainabil-ity of RET utilization in the rural areas. To date most of the RET installation and construction services in rural areas are provided in a non-sustainable manner with unreliable support from ur-ban based institutions. Support to the establishment of local energy services enterprises (ESE) is considered an important project aimed at addressing the rural energy problems.

Target Actors. It was found during the study in most villages there are skilled personnel in bicycle, vehicles and radio maintenance whose skills and trades could be upgraded to include provision of RET:s ser-vices. Such skilled people could be provided with additional training and credit support to ex-pand their services into RET:s.

Objectives. • To assist with the establishment of 10 RET:s services enterprises in selected villages, where

RET:s activities are being promoted. • To improve availability and provision of required RET:s services in rural areas. • To increase reliability and sustainability of RET:s utilization in rural areas. • To demonstrate commercial viability of RET:s among rural based entrepreneurs.

Project Description and Activities

Organization structure. The project should be initiated by SELCOM identifying a project implementing agency. The PIA should identify local based NGO:s that have the knowledge and experience in RET:s pro-duction, installation and training, as well as appropriate private RET supply companies. Selec-tion of the NGO:s for the project shall then be carried out by SELCOM. Area specific NGO:s who have knowledge is local conditions should be considered as project implementing agencies. The target is to establish a total of ten enterprises in selected regions during a three year project.

Project Activities Ten suitable rural areas with potential RET:s activities will be identified by the PIA. Local busi-nesspersons will be selected, offered training, documentary information, and other support to enable them to start activities in RET:s. Locally based Energy Services Enterprises will be operational at the rural level linking the RET end users and outside RET:s institutions. The Energy services enterprises will install, provide information, advice and maintenance services to RET:s end users at a cost. The energy services enterprises are expected to sustain their activities on commercial basis. The activities will be sustainable when many rural population are demanding RET:s services. • Identification of potential energy services enterprises from the selected villages. This will be

carried out by the PIA in conjunction with the district and the village authorities. • Selection of 10 qualified local persons based on predetermined criteria, business or skilled

artisans. • Conducting needs assessment for each 10 qualified energy services enterprises. • Conducting training for the energy services enterprises. • Providing credit support as shall be determined by the needs assessment results.


• Monitor and evaluate the activities of the energy services enterprises.

Problems areas and unsolved issues One challenge for this project is in the identification and selection of the energy Services Enter-prises candidates. Another is the selection of personnel for training. Marketing of RET:s ser-vices in the rural areas.

Monitoring and control, risks Monitoring of the project will be undertaken by the project implementing agency. After the ini-tiation of the energy services enterprises, this is expected to be the main task of the project im-plementing agency. Risks of this project include: • Lack of commercially /viable RET:s markets in the rural areas • Lack of effective links with urban institutions • Informal nature of the rural business operations.

Environment, gender equity aspects of the project: Increased use of RET:s by the rural people resulting from better energy services from ESE is ex-pected to contribute to improving the rural environment. Rural people are expected to adopt im-proved cook stoves and solar lighting systems among others. The RET:s are believed to contrib-ute to improving the environment. Increased activities in RET:s at the village level will contrib-ute to several socio-economic benefits for both men and women. Reduction of women work load and job creation and income generation are expected to benefit both men and women. It may be desirable to require a certain fraction of ESE to be operated by women.

Sustainability The project has every opportunity of becoming sustainable and to grow as it is based on a com-mercial approach. This is true if sound business management is observed. Donor support is jus-tified at the beginning of the project to provide training and initial credit.

Required inputs Year 1 Year 2 Year 3



Travel Short visits 20 10 10

5-day visits to villages 4 8 4

Reporting 2 1 1

International consultant

Evaluation Person-weeks 2 1 1

Int. travel 1 1 1

Per diems + lodging 15 7 7

Design and training institution

Manuals Technicfal 1

Business 1

Training 10 pers in DSM and Karagwe

Incl. Trp, acc., etc 1 1

Material

Bicycles 10

RET materials 100

Stock 10

Communications, printing costs, stationery


Expected Output • 10 energy Services (ESE) in operation. • RET:s services to rural population is improved. • Increase business in RET:s. • Improved provision of energy Services to rural people.

Budget Energy Services Enterprises Project Implementing Agency

Work Person-months 200,000 80,000 80,000

Travel Short visits 50,000 25,000 25,000

5-day visits to villages 25,000 50,000 25,000

Reporting


Evaluation Person-weeks 50,000 25,000 25,000

Int. travel 15,000 15,000 15,000

Per diems + lodging 15,000 7,000 7,000


Manuals Technicfal 40,000

Business 10,000

Training 10 pers in DSM and Karagwe

Including transport, ac-commodation etc.

100,000 100,000 0

Material

Bicycles 10 @ 800 8,000

RET materials 50,000

Stock 25,000 0 0

Communications, printing costs, station-ery

20,000 10,000 20,000

Annual total 608,000 312,000 197,000


5.5.2 Battery charging business using solar PV

Introduction and Justification In rural areas people are sometimes using car batteries for light, radio and music. In remote ar-eas it is cumbersome and heavy to transport such batteries long distances to where they can be charged. It is proposed to establish battery charging business opportunities in some rural vil-lages. Charging batteries in the village setting is proposed to be a sideline business opportunity to fun-dis already acquainted with some of the practical aspects of battery charging. In this way it could initially create a small income, which could later be increased depending on the initiative and drive of the fundi. This is also a way to start demystification of solar PV. The systems es-sentially contain the same components as an auto electric system, and these are no problem to the fundis. Providing decentralized solar charging stations would also have a demonstration effect and could feasibly be a starting point for rural solar PV companies.

Objectives • To establish five battery charging centers using PV to be established in selected villages,

where grid power is not easily accessible, and where no plans are afoot for electrification. • To demonstrate solar PV in the rural situation. • To establish rural PV knowledge and service possibility • To establish “seedling” PV centers


• To improve energy supply and use for rural people.

Project description

Organization framework A project implementation agency should be identified for the selection of the fundis, handling of contacts and communications with suppliers, reporting on the performance and follow-up of the project. This could be an NGO with experience in rural work or a private PV business. An eli-gible agency will be selected by the proposed Selection Committee (SELCOM). The agency selected will be responsible for implementing the project and reporting results. A three-year pro-ject is proposed in order to give reasonable time for follow-up and amendments. Evaluation is proposed to be carried out by an international consultant. There is also need for training and imparting the necessary skills in the selected artisans. For this, either the solar business community, EPI (see Project Raw Data Vol. 1 and 5) or KARADEA (see Project Raw Data Vol. 4) could be used.

Activities Sizing and design of an appropriate system could be done by the local PV business community on a tender basis, or by appointing an international consultant. Conditions for design should be that the system should be small and simple, and the design should be transparent and easily ser-viced even at the local level. It may be feasible to test several designs. Systems should start small and expand in due time. Instead of over-sizing the charging capacity, the business should be supplied with a number of batteries to form a battery “pool”. Business should start by servic-ing the existing battery-user market, but could eventually be extended to provide simple battery-light systems, and even solar home systems. Design of the business set-up should be done by the organizing institution. This institution should have great liberty in the design, and could test several designs. It should, however, be required that the process of selecting the entrepreneur and the amount and type of commitment required by him/her should be carefully considered. Essentially the battery charging operations should be seen as a business opportunity, and any resources put to its use should be seen as for-warded on credit. It is important to identify specific means of control/collateral, such as peer pressure, village or family pressure. Repayment of the credit should be channelled into the Re-volving fund (see section 5.4.1). If a local investor is interested to go into the project as a fun-der, this should be considered. Important for the sustainability of the process is the success in calculating a feasible turnover in the business. This may, in fact, not be possible in advance, and should not necessarily lead to great problems.

Target Actors It was found during the field study that in many villages there exist artisans skilled in trades that employ the type of knowledge required for operating and service PV systems. These could be radio repair shops, auto repair shops or even bicycle repair shops. Typically, the target persons would be individuals without high–level education.

Problem areas and unsolved issues A major opportunity area is the identification and selection of the would-be entrepreneurs. Another interesting area is the design of a pay-back system, so that operation profit is allowed while not making repayment conditions unduly lenient. The experience of KARADEA in establishing similar businesses (and failing) should be re-viewed in order to identify specific problem areas (see Project Raw Data Vol. 4, p. 24).


Monitoring and control, risks Monitoring of the project is undertaken by the organizing institution. After initialization, this is the major task of that institution. Risks in this project: • the local fundis do not repay the cost of the systems according to plan; • the fundis get injured by battery acid; • equipment gets stolen or damaged; • the market for battery charging is smaller than expected – no profit; • other actors do not perform to expectation and create uninspired work.

Environment, gender and equity aspects of the project Using solar photo-voltaic systems is not considered as an environmentally unfriendly activity, in spite of wider spread of rare earth elements included in the panels. It is mainly the lead of de-commissioned batteries that is a cause for concern, and this system offers possibilities to create a better control for this type of energy use in rural areas. From the point of view of using the energy from batteries it is likely that men and women will benefit similarly, although it is not expected that very many women fundis in the villages will be found in businesses suited for battery charging as a side-line. This could warrant an effort to in-volve women in such businesses, especially given that women are expected to honour their obli-gations to a greater extent than men. At village level it is probably clear that those benefiting will belong to the middle or higher socio-economic levels. The business is probably not for the poorest, and neither is the use of batteries for video or TV. On a national scale, however, it is a matter of equity that rural people get access to improved energy sources, even if it starts at the higher strata.

Sustainability The project has every opportunity of becoming sustainable and even to grow, if sound principles of repayment of costs and market pricing is adhered to. Donor support is justified only because of the demonstration effect and the risks involved in the initial business set-up.

Required inputs Year 1 Year 2 Year 3



Travel 7-day trips to villages 5 0 5

2-day visits to villages 5 10 5


Evaluation Person-weeks 2 1 1

Int. travel 1 1 1

Per diems + lodging 15 7 7


Work Design-month 0.5

Training Central course 0.5

Local support 1.25 0.5 0.5

Training in DSM 5

Material

PV systems 50 W 10

Batteries 60 Ah 25

Spares and replacements 1 2 2

Communications, printing costs, stationery 2 1 2


Expected output and means of verification The project output is expected to be five operating battery-charging businesses in rural areas of Tanzania, and reports on their organization and performance. The result of the project is verifi-able through the existence of the battery charging station in five villages in selected locations, that their operation is on-going, and equipment is functioning. The operation of the project should be evaluated by a two-person team consisting of a local and an international consultant.

BudgetBattery charging business using solar PV Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Rates

Project implementing agency SEK SEK SEK

Work Person-months 120,000 40,000 60,000 20,000

Travel 7-day trips to villages 45,500 0 45,500 9,100

2-day visits to villages 13,000 26,000 13,000 2,600


Evaluation Person-weeks 50,000 25,000 25,000 25,000

Int. travel 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000

Per diems + lodging 15,000 7,000 7,000 1,000


Work Design-month 10,000

Training Central course 10,000

Local support 25,000 10,000 10,000

Training DSM 5 persons 25,000 5,000

Material

PV systems 10 @ 50 W 80,000 8,000

Batteries 25 @ 60 Ah 12,500 500

Spares and replacements 2,500 5,000 5,000 2,500

Communications, printing costs, stationery 20,000 10,000 20,000

Year total 443,500 138,000 200,500

Grand total 782,000

5.5.3 Mini utility for providing light energy services in a village

Introduction and Justification With the legal framework in place to produce and sell electric energy, the field is now free for anyone to investigate why it is so difficult for TANESCO. TANESCO has already had some experiences where they have supported cooperatives to create small utilities (Urambo and Mbinga). These experiences have shown both that people in some particular rural areas are will-ing and indeed able to pay very high prices for energy that essentially consists in electricity for lighting. A village in Zanzibar (Umbuji) is using a solar PV system to provide power in what could be a mini-utility. It is not clear, however, that the cost of the installation is linked in any meaningful way to the revenue earned from it (see Project Raw Data Vol. 5). Building on these experiences it is proposed here to venture into another area, with solar PV providing the power for a mini-utility, organized as a private company, and selling energy rather than production capacity. The power sold should contribute to pay for the installations and, if possible, to make a profit for the utility.

Objectives • To test a private business structure for providing light energy in rural areas • To investigate the use of modern developments in the PV sector, such as “smart chips” • To assess the viability of this as a business proposal in order to stimulate the market


Project description

Organization structure A project implementing agency, probably and NGO with experience in business management and creation, will be at the center of the project. This will be selected by SELCOM. An interna-tional consultant to serve as backstopper and monitoring resource is also needed.

Activities The critical project component is to identify an entrepreneur who is willing to go into the project with some risks of his/her own. Judging from the experiences in the villages, such persons do exist in some villages (see e.g. Project Raw Data Vol.1, p.100), with capital and interest to invest in business opportunity. This person should be willing to enter into a scheme to establish a mini utility, based on solar PV. The business set-up will be to create the capacity to install and maintain a number of solar home systems of various sizes, where the systems will remain the property of the utility and only the power will be sold to the consumers. The utility will have to enter into a credit in order to ac-quire necessary funds for purchasing a number of systems. The terms of this credit shall have to be elaborated as part of the project. Repayment of credit should interface with the Revolving fund (see section 5.4.1). Technically, the systems shall include a newly developed system, where a data chip is needed to activate the system for a period of time. The data chip, in turn, needs to be reactivated. It is the reactivation of the chip that is charged for, so that consumers actually pay (in advance) for the power they are using. The activating device is the property of the utility. There are system solutions where the system, including the panel and control circuit include a “smart signal”, so that the panel will only work with “its own” control circuit. If this feature is made public it should be strongly discouraging for thieves. The panel will not work elsewhere, and attempting to break up the signal will result in irreparable damage. The utility will then be vested with the responsibility to service and maintain the systems, which is why training of a solar technician is necessary. Cost for the maintenance should be included when the power cost is charged for. The utility should be a suitable center for expanding solar PV use in the area, and could feasibly link up with a commercial supplier of systems.

Target actors A project implementing agency is to act as the designer of the project, a local business-man/woman with enough solidity to venture into this kind of business, a local fundi to be trained and employed as service technician. Input from the solar PV business community. Final target group is probably initially the wealthier households of the village, with the less wealthy to follow when the advantages are explicit. An international consultant will contribute with backstopping, advice and monitoring.

Problem areas and unsolved issues Identification of the businessman/woman. Calculation of credit conditions. Security of the sys-tem.

Monitoring and control, risks Monitoring should be done by the implementing agency. Risks include a mismatch in the level of revenue to credit servicing and equipment maintenance costs. These risks warrant the use of donor funds to create lenient credit terms in this initial test of the business opportunity.


Environment, gender and equity aspects of the project The project is deemed to be environmentally sound, and gender balanced. However, it is not ex-pected to address the needs and possibilities for the poorest groups, at least initially. These may enjoy only indirect benefits such as light and music in public establishments, occasional outdoor lights, etc.

Sustainability With good management this project is expected to be fully sustainable and clearly reproducible.

Output and Means of Verification Expected output is a private company operating as a local mini utility in a rural village or settle-ment. A number of households and establishments should enjoy the service of light and lighter electrical equipments, such as radios, videos, refrigerators etc. Means of verification is by local inspection and follow-up of credit records and accounts.

Required inputs Project implementing agency Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5

Work Person-months 6 2 2 2 2

Travel Days 30 15 15 15 15


Work Person-weeks 3 1 1 1 2

International travel 1 1 1 1 1

Allowances 21 7 7 7 14

Credit component

Credit to utility for hardware

Budget Mini utility for providing light energy services in a village Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Rates

Project implementing agency SEK

Work 120000 40000 40000 40000 40000 20000

Travel 36000 18000 18000 18000 18000 1200


Work 75000 25000 25000 25000 50000 25000

International travel 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000

Local travel costs 21000 7000 7000 7000 14000 1000

267000 105000 105000 105000 137000

Project costs 719000

Credit component

Credit to utility for hardware

10 2-light systems (20 W) 39250 3925

5 4-light systems (40 W) 32063 6413

5 4-light+TV systems (75 W) 47688 9538

2 6-light + TV systems (80 W) 29200 14600

Credit service costs 14820 11115 8336 6252 4689

Credit component 193413

Total for project 912413


5.6 Institutional capacity building, research and development In this area, some efforts are being proposed at the local level to develop appropriate technolo-gies which take into account the local resource endowment. These efforts are being hampered by poor working facilities and qualified personnel within the local institutions. In order to achieve higher success levels in this area, it is important that the capacity of these institutions and individuals should be strengthened. By doing so, we create the possibility of getting an in-creased and better quality of coordination, innovation, overview and awareness of RET:s within institutions already working in this area. These include government institutions, research and tuition institutions, NGO:s, and private enterprises. Activities which should be targeted for support should include existing R&D efforts in all the RET:s which are being worked upon at present and encourage exploration of new relevant areas. These will include development of efficient technologies for using the traditional energy sources such as biomass. Solar dryers, solar heaters, efficient kerosene wick lamps, biogas among oth-ers. Although aimed at the benefit of the rural dwellers, urban dwellers stand to benefit as well. With better capacity, better results will be forthcoming and hence a higher successes rate is ex-pected. This is reason enough to continue with the R&D effort in RET:s sustainably. Hence, the proposal is aimed at strengthening the already existing capacity for better results.

5.6.1 Support to the Renewable Energy Division at MEM

Introduction and Justification The Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM) has been charged with the coordination responsi-bility for all energy sectors in Tanzania. The Energy Department is located in Dar es Salaam, with no specific counterparts at regional or district levels. This is a problematic situation espe-cially with respect to renewable energy, because renewable energy sources and technologies are by nature spread all over the country. Due to the country’s financial constraints the Division for Renewable Energy has had insignifi-cant budget allocations from treasury since 1994, making it dependent on outside initiatives for information gathering and dissemination and leaving little room for intervention, should this be required. Against this background it is proposed that the RE Division at MEM is supported directly with a fund for such recurrent expenditures as travel and communication costs, expended in the line of duty by Division officials. This would at least make it possible for its officers to visit installa-tions, follow up projects independently, and in general fulfil the tasks currently denied it.

Objectives • To increase the capacity of Division for Renewable Energy at MEM to play a central role in

the area of renewable energy technologies. • To increase the possibility of Division for Renewable Energy at MEM to gather independent

information and form independent positions. • To increase the capacity of Division for Renewable Energy at MEM to produce and dissemi-

nate information on its own.

Project description A three-year funding for enhancing the outreach of the Renewable Energy Division is proposed. The project consists in direct funding for specific (though unspecified) activities in relation to renewable energy development in Tanzania.


Organization structure The fund should be allocated as a programme fund. Use of the fund should be at the discretion of the MEM, within the stipulated conditions laid down. Signatories to the fund should be both parties of the Facilitation group (Sida + MEM representatives together). No advance permis-sions should be required to use the fund, but its use should be according to the conditions laid down.

Activities Activities supported by the fund should include: • Travel costs within Tanzania, for travel by bus, train, automobile and air, including costs for

government allowance, board and lodging. All travel should be accounted for in brief travel reports (as is anyway customary) and receipts should indicate the report to which they pertain. Hiring of vehicles should be possible when visiting remote areas, but a least cost approach should be entertained. The fund could also be used for paying fuel and limited upkeep of Ministry vehicles, although only as much as could reasonably account for their use by the RE Division.

• Information collection, subscription to local and international journals, purchase of books and reports.

• Information dissemination: Production of printed material, brochures and books. To cover costs for distribution in the country and to a limited extent internationally.

• Information enhancement: To cover the costs of establishing email connection at the RE-MEM, including computer, modem and service subscription.

Activities not supported by the fund: • Purchase of vehicles, whether new or used. • Commuting or transport between residence and office • International travel • Travel costs for persons not employed by the MEM • Double payment of allowances from fund and other sources • Activities of the Programme Facilitation group, which have separate allocations

Target actors Officers of the Renewable Energy Division at MEM. Programme Facilitation Group.

Problem areas and unsolved issues There may be peer or superior pressure to use the fund for activities that are not clearly linked to the development of renewable energy, or the conditions of the fund. It may be tempting to use funds for day to day running costs of vehicles that do not benefit the development of RE in Tanzania directly.

Monitoring and control, risks Monitoring of the use of fund is through independent audit, which Sida can request at any time.

Environment, gender and equity aspects of the project The fund should be used to forward environmental aspects of RE use, gender sensitivity and eq-uity. It was especially noted that there were very few women professionals at MEM.

Sustainability The fund is not sustainable, but may contribute to a sustainable development of renewable en-ergy in Tanzania.


Output and Means of Verification The output of the activity will be a greater autonomy for the RE-MEM, increased number of work-related trips undertaken in the country, and output of Ministry material within the country. Verification is through the output from department, and through auditing the work of the fund using account ledgers and driving journals, inventory lists etc.

Required inputs Fund allocated to the Renewable Energy Department, Ministry of Energy and Minerals

Email package including computer, modem, communication programme (only), sub-scription to email service

Budget Support to the Renewable Energy Division at MEM (SEK)

1999 2000 2001

Fund 100,000 100,000 100,000

Email package 25,000 5,000 5,000 Annual totals 125,000 105,000 105,000

Grand total for project 335,000

5.6.2 Support to R&D and innovation capacity for RET

Introduction and Justification Existing structures for R&D and support of indigenous capacity for innovations in Tanzania is lacking. At universities, main-stream research and frontline development are favoured, and in-novations which do not appear scientifically promising go without support. There is also a gap between development and marketing of RET:s, so that even if implements are being developed, they will never go to be tested on the market. Finally, it is thought that the unspoilt enthusiasm and capacity of undergraduate students requires at least some mechanism for encouragement. This project addresses the issues of support to innovative thinking, and of bringing the fruits of that thinking to the benefit of people in Tanzania.

Objectives • To support R&D capacity for RET:s • To support pilot production of developed innovations • To encourage students to devote effort to RET development

Project description This project consists of four projects governing grants to support indigenous innovation in sev-eral ways.

Organization structure


Activities

Fellowship for indigenous RET development Interest among researchers to enter the field of RET is fairly low. One reason is the limited scientific value of practically applicable research, another is the difficulty of other than the highest ranking researchers to obtain funding for research. Here it is proposed that a fund for research is instituted. The selection of candidates should be managed by a committee consisting of representatives of various stakeholder group and headed by COSTECH. Applications should be selected from a set of criteria developed by the SELCOM of the programme. It is proposed that five grants of SEK 50,000 each be issued annually, to researcher wishing to conduct research relevant to renewable energy technologies.

Pilot production support Many innovations do not reach the market, which is where they are finally going to be put to the test. In order to be able to judge whether they are viable, it is often necessary to produce a rela-tively large number of copies, which is normally beyond the local innovator or fundi. This pro-ject aims at supplying a mechanism for bringing innovations a little nearer to the end users. Grants could be awarded to support pilot production of relatively complete innovations, so that market testing and interface with the end users will be feasible. It is proposed that TIRDO (Tan-zania Industrial Research Development Organization) should manage the funds according to cri-teria laid down by the SELCOM. A committee headed by TIRDO, and composed of representa-tives from UDSM, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), the business community, and NGO community should select applicants that are eligible. Applicants should be from the whole inno-vator community, and not restricted to academia.

Grant for testing implements required for RET testing There is a lack of capacity for testing many of the aspects of purportedly improved technologies in the country. Such testing could involve the calorific value of briquettes, the power output of a specific engine or the emissions from an improved stove or a new fuel. This is an important ca-pacity to have, especially if larger scale production takes place. A neutral ground is required for testing implements manufactured for the free market, in order to assure quality control, or to as-sign level of excellence for specific products. From the environmental point of view the lack of testing capacity is going to be a major bottleneck in development. A grant is proposed to support researchers active in the field, aiming at testing various aspects of RET. The same committee at TIRDO mentioned above should select applicants. The grant should only be used to cover equipment, i.e. it should not be used to cover any fees, labour or travel costs.

Students contest In order to encourage students to put some effort into RET R&D, it is proposed that each univer-sity should have a contest to this end. Undergraduate students should be encouraged to enter their practical or thesis work into the contest, the winners of which are awarded monetary prizes. Selection of winners is by an academic committee in the universities and technical colleges themselves. Each institution should award a first, a second and a third prize. First prize is the equivalent in TSH to SEK 8000, second is SEK 4000 and third is SEK 2000. Students from all faculties should be invited to participate, in order to stimulate an interdisciplinary development.

Target actors The target actors are COSTECH energy committee, TIRDO, TIRDO selection committee, the two universities and the four technical colleges in the coutnry. Target group is the innovative community of Tanzania.


Problem areas and unsolved issues The main problem is probably to operate the committee for selecting applicants for equipment testing under TIRDO, and to interest the universities’ administrations to take active part in the contest for students.

Monitoring and control, risks Monitoring of progress is through checking in the disbursement rate from the funds, and compar-ing to the sitting allowances for various committees. A risk is that selection will tend to favour applicants from similar areas or institutions as that of the committees.

Environment, gender and equity aspects of the project Each grant, fellowship or prize winning work should be evaluated from these aspects. It is im-portant that gender aspects are accounted for on several levels, both in the composition of the various committees, in the criteria for selecting supportable projects and in the implementation of selected projects and works.

Required inputs Grants and fellowships

Fellowship for indigenous RET development

5 Fellowships

Selection allowance Costech

Criteria development allowance SELCOM

Pilot production support

Fund for grants

Selection allowance TIRDO

Grant for testing implements required for RET testing

Fund for grants

Selection allowance TIRDO et al

Students contest

6 Universities

Budget Support to R&D and innovation capacity for RET Grants and fellowships Annual

Fellowship for indigenous RET development SEK

5 fellowships @ 50000 250,000

Selection allowance Costech 10,000

Criteria development allowance SELCOM 7,500

Pilot production support

Fund for grants 250,000

Selection allowance TIRDO 10,000

Grant for testing implements required for RET testing

Fund for grants 500,000

Selection allowance TIRDO et al 50,000

Students contest

6 Universities @ 14000 84,000


Note that the budget is annual, and the initiatives should be repeated for several years in order to yield tangible results.


Sustainability The activities are not sustainable, but should contribute to a sustainable development of RET:s in Tanzania.

Output and Means of Verification Expected output is a number of innovations to be researched, produced and tested, as well as fresh ideas from undergraduate levels.

5.6.3 Standardization and quality control for RET:s

Introduction and Justification Renewable Energy Technologies (RET:s) involve a number of technologies which are very dif-ferent, i.e. improved stoves, biogas, solar PV, small hydro, wind turbines, etc. Within these very different technologies, in each one type there are different models, sizes and a multitude of pro-ducers and users. In order to be able to offer quality technologies and services, it is important to agree on certain standards in RET:s and on professionals involved in RET:s promotion. Country standards for installing PV systems cannot be transferred completely from the outside. Such standards and specifications, even if they are available in other countries, will have to be adapted to the coun-try’s local situation. For the production of PV systems, the development of the Global Approval Programme currently developed by the producing companies should be followed up closely.

Objectives • To assist with the development of quality standards in RET:s. • To contribute to the maintenance of professional standards and specifications in RET:s. • To contribute in increased production and use of RET:s. • To create confidence in RET:s among producers and users. • To facilitate the importation and sale of good quality RET:s

Project Description The project will consist of assessing and developing local standards and specifications. It is an-ticipated that R&D institutions, the business community, NGO:s and Tanzania Bureau of Stan-dards (TBS) would cooperate to adapt existing standards pertaining to various technologies. Where necessary amendments shall be made to suit specific cases. Whenever these standards and specifications have been instituted, then energy experts, business community and consumers shall have to be informed through awareness creation and informa-tion campaigns on the existence of the standards. In this package the benefits will have to be spelt out clearly. In this way it is possible to protect the market and consumers from substandard products.

Organisation Structure The TBS, R&D institutions, business community and NGO:s will cooperate to create useful standards that are applicable and realistic under the conditions prevailing in Tanzania.

Activities • Assessment of viable and proven RET:s. • Adapt to Tanzanian situation. • Adapt existing standards/ develop new standards where applicable. • Organise meetings with key stakeholders to discuss and agree on acceptable standards. • Institute standards with TBS.


• Inform key RETS stakeholders on the acceptable standards and quality through awareness and information project.

Target Actors Several actors need to be involved for the project to be successful. TBS and potential producers and users are expected to be important actors of the project.

Monitoring and control, risks Monitoring should be done by TBS in collaboration with the selected project implementing agencies. Risks involve some institutions adopting substandards due to lack of appropriate measuring facilities.

Environment, Gender and equity aspects of the project. High standards and quality RETS have a higher opportunity to contribute to better environment. Women involvement in all stages of standards adaptation will contribute to more acceptability of RET:s. Such higher acceptability will increase RET:s demand leading to more jobs and income earning opportunities for the poor. The situation of women must be explicitly addressed when standards are being developed, especially for end-consumer appliances which are often operated by women.

Sustainability The activities are not expected to be sustainable, however they should contribute to sustainable development and higher acceptability of RET:s in the country.

Output and Means of Verification Expected output is better standards and quality of RET:s in the country. Higher acceptability of RET:s. Means of verification is to get the views of selected users and TBS to carry out random inspection of RET:s for the producers and suppliers

Problem Areas and Unsolved Issues. There is currently low capacity to adapt technologies to local situation. Some technologies are known to be patented. Some suppliers and producers continue to market substandard RET:s for short term profit maximisation despite knowing the required standards and specifications. The details of this project need to be further elaborated before plans and budgets can be speci-fied.

5.7 Training Lack of knowledge and skills on the production and installation of modern Renewable Energy Technologies (RET) to harness abundant local energy resources available in rural areas was ob-served to be a major constraint to the improvement of rural energy situation. In some few places in rural areas where RET:s have been introduced, continued availability of energy services from such RET have been hampered by lack of skilled personnel among others to maintain and oper-ate such technologies. The present limited training on RET:s that is being offered by NGO:s, private companies, some government institutions and programmes is considered to be grossly inadequate to meet the RET:s knowledge and skills requirements. Such training initiatives also lack organized efforts to train end-users about RET:s use, operations and maintenance. Projects proposed under this heading are intended to facilitate the provision of knowledge and skills on RET:s to potential producers and users in rural areas. The objectives are to increase availability of RET:s knowledge and sales in rural areas, and to facilitate provision of improved RET:s services.


The focus of the projects proposed would be on women groups, individuals, youth groups, pri-vate entrepreneurs etc. Different training opportunities need to be organised by various institu-tions, such as NGO:s, VETA and other vocational training schools, as well as in the business community. Training skills in improved stoves production, solar PV installation and mainte-nance, construction of biogas plants, wind turbine installations and maintenance, study tours to already operating RET:s should be included in the training arrangements.

5.7.1 Institutional Support for Undertaking Training in RET:s.

Introduction and Justification Support for training individuals in RET:s is seen as important to the existing institutions which are already undertaking the activity, if we want them to take on the challenge of increased de-mand as we envisage. Some of these institutions are not offering certain types of courses on the emerging technologies in our country such as solar PV, but are eager to enter into these new ar-eas. In order to be able to offer these new courses or even expand the existing capacity to take in the expected increased demand, a faster pace of training capacity building is needed. Increased capacity for training in terms of instructors and facilities will provide the needed ability to facili-tate faster growth of energy service enterprises or even energy supply centres among others. Within this project RET training possibilities to alleviate the problem will be offered for person-nel from Government Institutions, NGO:s, Private Companies and Individuals. Selection com-mittees will be instituted at different levels to assist in selecting the most suitable candidates from different groups and villages. Training will as much as possible be conducted through the existing related institutions i.e. NGO:s, Government and private. In order to design effective training component, thorough inventory of potential sources of training in the local and national contexts must be undertaken.

Objectives The main objective of this proposed support is to create an enabling environment for fostering RET:s diffusion and utilisation in rural and urban areas. Specifically the proposal aims at • Building capacity for training in various RET:s • Support the introduction of courses to cater for the emerging markets for RET:s

Project Description

Organisational Framework The organisation of this project requires a PIA to identify and draw concrete proposals of institu-tions which are already undertaking training albeit at a minimal level and who are ready to carry out training in their specific fields of specialisation. These will normally be NGO:s, VETA and some public Training institutions. These have to apply for the assistance. Their applications will then be scrutinised by the SELCOM as outlined elsewhere.

Activities The activities proposed will include training of trainers from the training institutions, training of individuals from NGO:s, village communities, and private persons engaged or aspiring to get involved in production, trading or servicing any one type of RET:s. Training activities will aim to cover the whole spectrum of RET:s but more specifically Solar PV and thermal, Improved Stoves, Biogas among others.

Target Actors Trainers in NGO:s and VETA, artisans, youth, women among others.


Monitoring, Control and Risks. The administration of this project will depend on the existing structures in the beneficiary institu-tions co-ordinated by the donor who may employ the services of a consultant to follow-up and evaluate performance. The facilitator group will be involved in follow up of the progress of the project where reports will be reviewed and verified. The major risk sits on the market response to RET:s in general. If the markets grow sluggishly so will the training needs.

Environment and Gender aspects The training support recognises the need to promote RETS because of their environmental friendly nature. Increased efficiency in biomass utilisation will slow down the rate at which bio-mass is being harvested and hence help conserve the environment. Moreover, the introduction of other energy alternatives through the use of other technologies such as Biogas and Solar PV and thermal, reduces pressure on the traditional energy source- woodfuel. Training will be Gender neutral. Those with the motivation be them male or female will be given an equal chance to par-ticipate in training as long as they have the ability and motive for doing so.

Sustainability Again this proposal will not be a separate activity from what the institutions are set to do. Since they are established to offer training, they will strive to make it sustainable as long as the de-mand is there. With the expected popularisation of the RET:s, the market for RET:s technicians for installation and servicing, and producers of RET:s will be expected to grow, and so is the demand for training.

Expected Output and Means of Verification

The expected output of this project includes an increased supply of more competent producers, advisors, trainers and traders. At the second level , this increased capacity is expected to trigger an increase in the production, utilisation and trading and utilisation of RET:s. Training institu-tions will continue to offer RET:s courses, more and better RET:s will be available in the market as an indicator of a positive outcome of the initiative. In order to verify the effect of the initia-tive, the activity of randomly selected trainees should be followed up individually.

Required input Year 1 Year 2 Year 3


Organization work

Person-months 8

Training of trainers

Person-months 4

Travel Days 50


Local Work Person-months 1 1 1

Travel Days 15 15 15

International Work Person-weeks 2 2 2

Int. travel trips 1 1 1

Lcal costs Days 10 10 10

local travel Days 7 7 7

Number of courses developed 5 2 2

Number of people trained 100 100 100


Budget Institutional Support for Undertaking Training in RET:s. SEK SEK SEK

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Rates Subtotals


Organization work

Person-months 160,000 0 0 20,000

Training of trainers

Person-months 40,000 0 0 10,000

Travel Days 62,500 0 0 1,250

Evaluation and monitoring 262,500

Local Work Person-months 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000

Travel Days 18,750 18,750 18,750 1,250

International Work Person-weeks 50,000 50,000 50,000 25,000

Int. travel trips 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000

Lcal costs Days 10,000 10,000 10,000 1,000

local travel Days 8,750 8,750 8,750 1,250

367,500

Course development 150,000 60,000 60,000 30,000

Trainees 375,000 375,000 375,000 3,750

1,395,000

Grand Total 2,025,000

5.7.2 Scholarship for RET training

Introduction and Justification There are few people skilled in producing or servicing renewable energy technologies in rural Tanzania. In order to increase the numbers, training in several aspects is important. A specific issue here is the selection process, which is currently arbitrary or top-down. In the field work it was sometimes found that people who had achieved training were not the ones most suitable. One problem that was found was when the selection was done by the village leader-ship, friends and relatives were selected, while other more suitable persons remained untrained. In addition, the training that exists today is not given on a regular basis. This is because training institutions have to organize specific funds, often from donors, in order to be able to carry out the activities. Usually the costs entail travel, accommodation and boarding for the participants, in addition to the tuition costs. With this project it is suggested that scholarships for RET training should be instituted. The scholarships should be widely advertised using channels that reach out in the rural areas, with information on where and how to apply. Individuals would then be able to apply for the scholar-ships, which would then give them the opportunity to create a demand for training at selected institutions. It is thought that this would expand and improve the selection of trainees, while also giving the training institutions a market outside the donor community. This would foster competition and improve quality.

Objectives • To institute scholarships for training in RE skills • To design a selection procedure that could cater for applicants from all over the country • To improve the availability and quality of training supplied


Project description

Organization structure A project implementing agency is to be selected by SELCOM. The agency will then set about to elaborate the structure according to given guidelines. A suitable regional, district or ward or-ganization should be identified for initial selection of candidates. SELCOM to approve training institutions, and the Facilitation group to approve payment of the scholarship to these.

Activities The PIA will make an inventory of training institutions that are currently providing RET training in various aspects. The PIA will identify the local selection organization, probably at district level. In collaboration with SELCOM, the PIA should define the criteria for selection of candi-dates for various types of scholarships, and propose the size and extent of these. Among training activities supported the following could be mentioned: • Training in improved stove production • Training in PV installation and servicing • Training in business management and credit • Training in biogas construction • Training in construction of solar heaters, dryers and cookers • Training of trainers for the above (specific qualifications needed) • Training in installation of windmills and wind turbines The scholarship should work as a voucher for training, that can be cashed with the Facilitation Group only by the training institutions who have agreed to take part in the scheme and been ap-proved by SELCOM. The only commitment required from the trainees is apply, and when se-lected to cough up the cost for travel to the location of training, which will then be reimbursed. Ways to disseminate information about the scholarships should be identified. This could be through the information and awareness campaigns proposed above, or through independent cam-paigns. The scholarships should then be launched and tested as part of the project. If successful, at-tempts should be made to make the scholarship programme permanent.

Target actors Persons in rural areas who want to undergo training, but who lack resources to pay the actual costs.

Problem areas and unsolved issues The selection procedure is incumbent on an organization close to the rural areas. This remains to be identified. District level officers already have their specific tasks, and might need compensa-tion for taking on additional ones.

Monitoring and control, risks Monitoring of the training activity should be done by the facilitation group. The PIA could be assigned to follow up randomly selected trainees in order to validate the use of the training.

Environment, gender and equity aspects of the project These aspects should be duly addressed in the selection criteria of candidates. They should also be addressed by SELCOM when perusing the curricula of the training institutions. The fact that men and women tend to have a different skills base needs to be accounted for in designing train-ing courses for women.


Sustainability The project is dependent on input of funds either from donors or government. It is likely to have a profound effect on the sustainability of utilizing renewable energy technologies in rural areas through better selection procedures resulting in training of a greater number of people who are suited to the training offered.

Output and Means of Verification The output expected is that large numbers of applicants will apply for training in renewable en-ergy technologies. This can be verified by reviewing the number of scholarships issued. Effect of the training could be assessed by random sampling.

Required inputs Project implementing agency

Work 12 p/m

Travel 30 days

Material, communication

Selection procedure

Advertisments, (press, radio)

Sitting allowances for local committes

Scholarships

Training in improved stove production

Training in PV servicing

Training in business management and credit

Training in biogas construction

Training in construction of solar heaters and dryers

Training of trainers for the above (specific qualifications needed)

Budget Scholarship for RET training No. @ SEK


Work p/m 12 20000 240000

Travel days 30 1250 37500

Material, communication

Selection procedure

Advertisments, (press, radio) 18 2000 36000

Sitting allowances for local committes 25 5000 125000

Scholarships

Training in improved stove production 30 3750 112500

Training in PV servicing 30 3750 112500

Training in business management and credit 30 3750 112500

Training in biogas construction 30 3750 112500

Training in construction of solar heaters and dryers

30 3750 112500

Training of trainers for the above (specific qualifications needed)

30 4000 120000

Grand total 1121000

Hifab/TaTEDO Tanzania Rural Energy Study 6 Combined budgets Page 69

6 Combined budgets

6.1 Summary budgets Sector Tentative

budgets

Project kSEK Duration years

Programme management

Facilitator group and selection committee 1 500 5

Awareness and information

RET information services 1 877 3

RET booklet production 1 945 1 Repeated once

Public awareness campaigns 2 420 1 Repeated once

Demonstration projects

Support to NGO:s for demonstration 1 148 3

Stove demo att health stations 261 1

Dispensary light project 308 1

Wind farm 3 750 3

Credit and financing

Credit provision 10 745 5

Market enhancement - new business initiatives

Energy services linked to Industry and business 1 117 3

Battery charging business 782 3

Mini Utility 912 5

Institutional capacity building, research and development

Support to RE Division, MEM 335 3

R&D Grants and fellowships 5 808 1 Annual for 5 years

Standardization and quality control Not deter-mined

Training

Support NGOs for organizing training 2 025 3

Scholarships for RET training 5 605 1 Annual for 5 years

Total for programme proposed 40 538 kSEK

5 067 250 USD

Hifab/TaTEDO Tanzania Rural Energy Study 6 Combined budgets Page 70

6.2 Budget annual breakdown Sector Tentative budgets SEK

Project Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5

Programme management

Facilitator group and selection committee 300 000 300 000 300 000 300 000 300 000

Awareness and information

RET information services 823,500 553,750 500,000

RET booklet production 972,500 972,500

Public awareness campaigns 1,210,000 1,210,000

Demonstration projects

Support to NGO:s for demonstration 512,750 317,750 317,750

Stove demo at health stations 260,625

Dispensary light project 307,500

Wind farm 470,000 1,200,000 2,080,000

Credit and financing

Credit provision 9,566,250 267,500 267,500 267,500 376,250

Market enhancement - new business initiatives

Energy services linked to Industry and business

608,000 312,000 197,000

Battery charging business 443,500 138,000 200,500

Mini Utility 460,413 105,000 105,000 105,000 137,000

Institutional capacity building, re-search and development

Support to RE Division, MEM 125,000 105,000 105,000

R&D Grants and fellowships 1,161,500 1,161,500 1,161,500 1,161,500 1,161,500

Standardization and quality control

Training

Support NGOs for organizing training 910,000 557,500 557,500

Scholarships for RET training 1,121,000 1,121,000 1,121,000 1,121,000 1,121,000

Annual SEK 19 252 538 6 139 000 6 912 750 3 927 500 4 305 750

Total 40 537 538

Hifab/TaTEDO Tanzania Rural Energy Study 7 Additional proposal outlines Page 71

7 Additional proposal outlines In this section, outlines of proposals that were not fully developed are being presented. They are in a uniform format, which is intended to give answers to the most important questions. While all ideas presented are considered to be important, in some cases they address issues slightly to the side of the energy field, such as in the case of forest management or animal power. We hereby submit also these thought proposals as food for thought and possible development.

7.1 Information and awareness

7.1.1 Solar Coca-Cola and Pepsi

What is the issue being addressed? Demonstration of solar PV in rural areas.

What is the main result being aimed for ? To show provide people with examples of the application of solar PV technology. (and cold drinks)

What are the proposed areas and activities? To interest Coca-Cola or Pepsi (or both) in installing solar PV refrigerators instead of kerosene. This would make it possible to include light sources for the establishment at the same time as the sign board could be illuminated. From the point of demonstration, the company should provide a poster (from the poster campaign?) explaining the system and locations where to go in order to get more information or buy.

Who does it involve? Who are the proposed actors? Large multi-national companies.

What organizational structures and levels are involved ? Commercial sector only.

Who is the proposed target population? Anyone who has seen a Coke or Pepsi sign.

Why is it likely that this proposal will result in a sustainable result? The proposed activity is probably commercially viable for these companies, and could help to improve their image, especially in environmental issues.

How will it become apparent that the objective has been reached? When you can not only get a coke in the village, but a cold one, and see what it is in the night. (This project does not require donor assistance, but could be facilitated by MEM or facilitation group.)


7.1.2 Create specific programme aimed at policy makers

What is the issue being addressed Evidence from field experience indicates that policy makers at all levels, lack awareness on the need for comprehensive plans and strategies for sustaining energy supply in their areas. To many policy makers, energy refers to electricity, which accounts for less than 3 percent of the total en-ergy consumed in the country and available to less than 6 percent of the total population. Comprehensive plans to ensure sustainable supply of traditional energy sources like firewood, charcoal, agricultural residues etc. which are the major sources of energy to over 94 percent of the total population, and quantitatively accounts for over 91 percent of the total energy con-sumed in the country does not exist. Policy makers awareness on the existing potential of renewable energy sources like solar PV, wind and biogas is low. Energy development is silent or not included in regional, district or village development plans. The main issue to be covered is to increase policy makers awareness on the urgent need to en-sure sustainable energy supply to all citizens as a foundation for economic development of the nation. Policy makers awareness will lead to active support of energy development programmes, by allocating scarce resources for energy development and providing moral support to energy programmes at all levels. Policy makers awareness on energy will bridge the gap between technical and policy matters on energy.

Who does it involve The project will involve policy makers at all level, from village to national. At national level it will involve: • Principal secretaries • Directors of planning At regional level it will involve: • Regional Administrative secretaries • Regional planning officers • Development sector secretaries (Agriculture, Forestry, Communication, Health, Education,

Financing institutions etc). • Regional NGO:s active on energy. At district level it will involve: • District Administrative secretaries. • District planning officers. • Heads of development sectors. • NGO:s and religious sectors active on energy At village level it will involve: • Village executive officers • CBOs • Representatives of village committees.

What is the main results being aimed for Increased awareness to policy makers on energy issues resulting to: • Development of energy plans and strategies to enhance sustainable supply of energy to the

majority of the community at all levels. • Increased allocation of scarce national resources for energy development.


• Initiation of participatory energy development programmes by local communities with active support from policy makers.

Who are the proposed actors Actors will include: • Active national NGO:s dealing with energy. • ESAMI (Eastern and Southern Africa Management Institute) • Ministry of energy and minerals • Vice Presidents office • Donor representatives • Relevant departments and institutes of universities

Who is the proposed target population? Target population is policy makers, who will provide catalytic support to the local population on energy development initiatives.

What organisational structures and levels are involved? National and regional institutions dealing with development issues.

Why is it likely that this proposal will result in a sustainable results? Policy makers awareness will provide an enabling capability to the local community to initiate participatory efforts of ensuring sustainable energy supply to meet their needs.

How will it become apparent that the evidence has been reached? Energy development will be covered in district and regional plans. Comprehensive plans and strategies for enhancing energy supply will be initiated and developed from village to district level. Monitoring system for energy development programmes will be initiated from village to district level.


7.2 Energy technologies development

7.2.1 Solar Drying

What is the issue being addressed? Solar drying consist of air collector and a dryer. The collector traps the sun's radiation and con-verts it into heat. Moving air circulates hot air through the dryer. To introduce improved methods of drying crops, fish and meat. Traditionally, these materials are spread in a thin layer that is then exposed to the sun to dry. The materials are subject to the effect of direct radiation, animals, insects, dust hence lowering the quality of the produced.

What is the main result being aimed for ? Farmers and fishermen adopt increased use of solar dryers which will : • Enable fast and controlled drying of products • Yield better quality dried products • Protect the produce from insects, animals rain, dust.

What are the proposed areas and activities? Initial stages of the project will involve: • Adaptation of the dryers to use locally available materials for their construction - Also

adapted to product. • Training for the dryers production, provide extension service • Demonstration at place where farmers sell their produce at market places, farmers centres,

fisherman places. Encourage its production

Who does it involve? Who are the proposed actors? Mostly farmers and energy related institutions. Drying and preservation of agricultural and fish produce is often undertaken by women, which needs to be appreciated. • Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre • TaTEDO • SUA, UDSM (relevant departments) • Entrepreneurs. etc.

What organisational structures and levels are involved ? Institutions, users or Entrepreneurs

Who is the proposed target population? Farmers, fishermen and consumers.

Why is it likely that this proposal will result in a sustainable result? The activity is expected to be sustainable when fully commercialised.

How will it become apparent that the objective has been reached? This will be realised when producers continue to produce and the farmers are bugging them.


7.2.2 Animal Power

What is the issue being addressed? Human power is the main form of energy used in agriculture and rural transport in Tanzania. This results in low productivity and heavy work for rural people.

What is the main result being aimed for ? To reduce drudgery and human energy input per unit area of farm and contribute to increased area cultivated and crops production.

What are the proposed areas and activities? • Research for better animals, equipment implements etc. • Training - Skills for production, extension, animals training • Study of farming systems in the project area. • Carry out on FEC and on farm demonstrations. Training of animals and farmers in the village • Sensitizing agriculture projects and other institutions and NGO:s to develop activities on ani-

mal power programmes. • Equipment testing and standardization • Encourage equipment production • Provide animal health services for animal owners.

Who is the proposed target population? • Farmers main users of the technology • Entrepreneurs producers of far implements, and oxcarts.

Who does it involve? Who are the proposed actors? • Ministry of Agriculture - for policy and strategy to promote greater use of animals. • District officers/Extension to include use of animal in their projects. • Sokoine/USDM University / Agriculture Colleges to conduct research and training. • Farmers Extension Centres • NGO:s to include use of animal in their development projects • Entrepreneurs to produce farm implements. • Farmers themselves

What organizational structures and levels are involved ? Organizational structure will be determined by activities which will be undertaken

Why is it likely that this proposal will result in a sustainable result? The proposal is expected to result into sustainable result as it will contribute to personnel trained, greater income and reduced drudgery for farmers.

How will it become apparent that the objective has been reached? Evidence when greater number of farmers will be using animals power for farming and transpor-tation.


7.3 TANESCO proposals

7.3.1 Solar TANESCO

What is the issue being addressed? Lack of capacity to install and service PV installations in rural areas. There is a risk that installa-tion of systems by other actors will be counterproductive in the relatively short term, if service and upkeep can not be provided. In spite of belief to the contrary, solar PV and grid electrification are probably not exclusive enti-ties in rural areas. Although grid power gives possibilities for greater loads, to date it is mostly used in households for light and running light equipment like radio and videos. Performance is relatively poor, with frequent cuts that necessitate backup systems, and voltage drops that is harmful to more advanced electronic implements such as computers. It was found during field work that even consumers connected to the grid were interested in solar PV as a backup alternative. In many areas solar PV is the only way to provide high quality energy light services in the fore-seeable future, and it would be silly not to acknowledge this and work accordingly.

What is the main result being aimed for ? Increased availability of PV know-how all over the country.

What are the proposed areas and activities? To create a department of TANESCO or Rural Electrification Company that is specialized in so-lar PV installations. Major focus should be on service, maintenance and problem shooting, but could feasibly include installations and construction of systems.

Who does it involve? Who are the proposed actors? TANESCO, or the rural electric company which takes over. Support may be required by exter-nal PV experts and organization consultants, at least initially.

What organizational structures and levels are involved ? Government, TANESCO.

Who is the proposed target population? TANESCO staff (training) and rural population (benefiting).

Why is it likely that this proposal will result in a sustainable result? Solar PV is likely to be one of the more rapidly growing energy sectors in rural areas. Demand for services and maintenance will be growing at a similar pace.

How will it become apparent that the objective has been reached? TANESCO solar will be increase its customer stock.


7.3.2 Suggestions for TANESCO Rural Power Programme

What is the issue being addressed? Current problematic operation of the rural electrification in TANESCO. Financial and organizational constraints to expanding the rural electrification programme.

What is the main result being aimed for ? Improve the capacity of TANESCO (or whatever successor) to electrify rural areas and recover costs.

What are the proposed areas and activities? To reform the rural electrification department or to form an autonomous company with the ex-pressed objective of providing rural electrification through grid connection in rural Tanzania. To improve the financial operation in such a company by :

• clearly defining the sources of income and subsidies to the company; • defining and assigning tariff levels and structures appropriate to rural areas; • using LUKU-meters to improve payment and liquidity; • designing deferred payment schemes for connection to the grid; • design deferred payment schemes for electrical implements (encourage in-

creased load); Create a revolving fund for rural electrification

Who does it involve? Who are the proposed actors? TANESCO rural electrification department. External management consultant with experience in rural energy issues.

What organizational structures and levels are involved ? Government and corporate levels of the utility.

Who is the proposed target population? Rural people in Tanzania.

Why is it likely that this proposal will result in a sustainable result? The capacity to connect new consumers is very low in present conditions with TANESCO. Im-plementing the reorganization would improve this capacity, improve the economic viability of the company and give better service to rural consumers.

How will it become apparent that the objective has been reached? Rural electrification would increase, operation of the company would improve.


7.4 Better management of biomass energy resources

7.4.1 Participatory management (conservation) of village natural forests

What is the issue being addressed The main issue to be addressed is to assist villagers and institutions to initiate participatory con-servation of their existing natural forests, which are their main sources of wood energy but they are not managed or protected by other sectors (i.e. forestry or wildlife). Evidence from field observations, revealed that many villages have large areas of village natural forests which are the main sources of firewood to villagers, but these forests are not managed. Participatory management of the village natural forests is one of the cheapest way of enhancing energy supply to the community. Firewood accounts for over 97 percent of the total wood har-vested from village natural forests, hence the justification of managing village natural forests as an energy project.

Who does it involve The project will involve village governments and institutions with natural forests which are not managed for sustainable energy supply and environmental conservation. Good examples of un-managed village natural forests were observed in Morogoro, Tanga and Shinyanga regions.

What is the main results being aimed for Main results are: • Increased biomass production from village natural forests. • Improvement of village biodiversity and environmental conservation. • Protection of village water catchment areas.

Who are the proposed actors Actors will include: • Active NGO:s on natural resources conservation. • Active CBOs on natural resources conservation. • Village governments. • Ministry of Natural resources (Forestry). To provide technical support. • Vice Presidents and prime minister offices. To provide policy support. • Donor representatives.

Who is the proposed target population? Target population is village governments, individuals and institutions with area having some natural vegetation, which are not used for agriculture.

What organisational structures and levels are involved? One national co-ordinating institution (Probably an NGO dealing with management of natural forests). District co-ordinating institution (Active NGO in natural resources management i.e the Green Shinyanga Group). Village governments, individuals and institutions i.e. schools with large natural forests.

Why is it likely that this proposal will result in a sustainable results? Conservation of natural forests on participatory efforts, require little external assistance, other than technical support. Villagers will gradually gain experience on how to manage their natural forests. Experiences gained will be passed to their descendants making the process sustainable.


How will it become apparent that the evidence has been reached? Village governments, individuals and institutions will start conservation of their natural forests. A sustainable system of obtaining energy from village natural forests will be developed.

7.4.2 Intensify tree growing through agro-forestry

What is the issue being addressed The main issue to be addressed is to assist villagers and institutions to produce wood energy just as they produce agriculture food crops through agro-forestry. To most villages with high population density and land scarcity, availability of wood energy for households is increasingly been confined to trees grown on farm lands. Privately grown trees also provide more individual freedom for tending and harvesting. Over 98 percent of the total wood harvest from farmlands are used for wood energy, particularly for the poor of the poorest. Energy is the main output of agro-forestry programmes in Tanzania, but it lacks energy push or support. People tend to believe all tree growing efforts for energy production will be cared for by Minis-try of Natural resources (Forestry division). Unfortunately, this is not the case, due to limitation of funds and resources allocated to the Ministry of Natural resources. Field experience indi-cates that foresters are assisting in growing trees, but the main responsibility of ensuring energy supply to the people (including wood energy) lies with the Ministry of Energy and Minerals. Forestry development priority programmes are on conservation of national water catchment for-ests, protection of government forest reserves and management of commercial timber planta-tions. Provision of wood fuel is a minor forest product. Good examples are for villages sur-rounding Mtibwa Teak plantation in Morogoro region and Longuza Teak plantation in Tanga. Villagers are allowed to collect firewood from the plantations only once per week, and they are not allowed to enter the plantation with cutting tools like axes or pangas. One way of helping the villagers to meet their energy demand is to encourage them to grow farm land trees on agro-forestry.

Who does it involve The project will involve individual villagers, village governments and institutions dealing with agro-forestry.

What is the main results being aimed for Main results are: • Increased biomass production from farm land. • Improvement of village biodiversity and environmental conservation. • Increased production of other wood products in farm land like fodder, poles, medicine, fruits

and opportunities for income generation through sale of surplus wood.

Who are the proposed actors Actors will include: • Active NGO:s on natural resource conservation and agro-forestry. • Active CBOs on natural resource conservation and agro-forestry. • Individual villagers and village governments. • Ministry of Natural resources (Forestry). To provide technical support. • Agro-forestry research institutions • Donor representatives.


Who is the proposed target population? Target population is individual villagers, village governments and institutions with land for tree planting on agro-forestry.

What organisational structures and levels are involved? One national co-ordinating institution (Probably an NGO dealing with management of natural forests and agro-forestry). District co-ordinating institution (Active NGO in natural resource management and agro-forestry i.e the Green Shinyanga Group). Individuals, village governments and institutions.

Why is it likely that this proposal will result in a sustainable results? Agro-forestry tree growing based on participatory efforts, require little external assistance, other than technical support. Villagers will gradually gain experience on how to grow trees on their farms and they will pass the experience to their descendants making the process sustainable.

How will it become apparent that the evidence has been reached? Farm land tree growing on agro-forestry will be initiated by individuals and institutions. Gradually individuals will start to harvest wood fuel from their farms just as they harvest agri-cultural crops. Woodfuel will be available close to residential areas, reducing or eliminating time used for fetch-ing woodfuel from long distances. Individuals with surplus wood will gain income by selling wood products, which could provide them with an economic enabling capability for purchasing commercial energy sources.

Hifab/TaTEDO Tanzania Rural Energy Study 8 NGO:s and private companies with renewable energy related activities Page 81

8 NGO:s and private companies with renewable energy related ac-tivities

In this section, the organisations are listed as RE related, however the majority of them have other mandates and they do not exclusively deal with RE issues. Only a few NGO:s were found to be involved in RE technologies besides tree growing. The list is compiled on the basis of the objectives and activities of these organisations.

8.1 Non-government organizations

CEEST Centre for Energy, Environment, Science and Technology, P.O.BOX 66079, Dar es Salaam- in-volved in some energy related issues among others.

DONET Dodoma Environment and Development Foundation, P.O. BOX 840, Dodoma- involved in envi-ronment conservation issues.

ELCT Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania, P.O. BOX 3033, Arusha, - using PV, solar hot water systems and biogas in its hospitals and small health stations. ELCT also performs studies and RES development projects.

ENATA Environment Association of Tanzania, P.O.BOX.33043, Dar es Salaam- involved in awareness creation of environment issues.

FOCODA Foo Community Development Association, P.O. BOX 239 Hai, Moshi- involved in appropriate technology promotion.

GREEN BELT Green belt and better living movement of Tanzania, P.O. BOX 23433, Dar es Salaam- involved in tree growing.

GSG Green Shinyanga Group, P.O. BOX. 2061, Shinyanga- involved in tree growing

JET Journalist Environment Association of Tanzania,P.O. BOX 65466, Dar es Salaam- involved in the publicity of environment and advocacy issues.

KADETFU Kagera Development Credit and Trust Fund, P.O. BOX. 466, Bukoba, Kagera- involved in cred-its provision and general development awareness creation.

KARADEA Karagwe Development Association, P.O. BOX. 299, Karagwe, Kagera- involved in solar energy training installation and provision of maintenance services.

KEDA Kilimanjaro Environment Development Association, P.O. BOX. 13, Moshi,- involved in tree growing and agroforestry activities.


MEDEFO Morogoro Environment and development Foundation, P.O. BOX 401, Morogoro- involved in environment conservation activities including tree growing.

MWAP Morogoro Women Focussed afforestation Programme, P.O. BOX. 1020, Morogoro- involved in afforestation activities.

NNDO Ngara District Development Organisation, P.O. BOX. 61, Ngara, Kagera- is involved in tree growing.

POA Poverty Africa, Dar es Salaam, - involved in credit and advocacy in poverty alleviation.

SONET Solar Energy Network, P.O. BOX. 77279, Dar es Salaam -Involved in solar cookers promotion.

SURUDE Sustainable Rural Development Organisation, P.O. BOX 3087, Morogoro - involved in rural development activities including biogas promotion.

TaTEDO Tanzania Traditional Energy Development and Environment Organisation, P.O. BOX. 32794, Dar es Salaam- involved in renewable energy development, training and consultancy. Agrofore-try is another important activity of the organisation.

TESO Tanzania Environment Society P.O. BOX. 2032, Dar es Salaam- involved in environment related research

TTPF Tanzania Tree Planting Foundation, P.O. BOX, 61, Tema- involved in tree planting

8.2 Private companies

Biogas & Solar Co. Ltd Biogas & Solar Company Ltd, P.O. BOX 12446, Arusha, is involved in the construction and marketing of biogas and solar thermal systems in the Arusha Region.

BP Tanzania Ltd British Petroleum (Tanazania), P.O. BOX 9043, Dar es Salaam, a company majoring in petro-leum products marketing, it has a small department which markets and installs PV systems.

DCS Dynamic Control Systems, P.O. .BOX 63114, Dar es Salaam, is involved in solar PV systems marketing and installation in different parts of the country.

MDHP Morogoro drilling and hand pumps, P.O.BOX 7, Morogoro, the company deals with marketing of hand pumps.


REPOCS (being registered) Renewable Power Options and Consultancy Services, P.O. BOX. 32794, Dar es Salaam. The company will be an independent power producer from renewable energy sources ( wind, bio-mass, solar, etc). The company will also provide consultancy services in renewable energy.

Tropical Biogas System Tropical Biogas System, Dar es Salaam, the company is involved in commercial biogas con-struction in Dar es Salaam.

TROSS Tropical Solar Systems, P.O. BOX 1746, Arusha, the company is dealing with marketing of solar technologies.

Ultimate Energy Ltd Ultimate Energy Ltd, P.O. BOX 21231, Dar es Salaam, the company is involved in PV solar electric systems marketing and installation.

Hifab/TaTEDO Tanzania Rural Energy Study 9 References Page 84

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Es Salaam: UDSM KARADEA 'Solar Training Series' Kagera : KARADEA. Kasaizi O 'Solar Enterprise Project' A proposal for Developing a Sustainable Programme for Solar Electrification in Tanzania. Kagera:

KARADEA. KENGO, 1992 'Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emmissions through the Widespread Dissemination of Solar (PV) Home Systems (SHS)' Project

Proposal. Nairobi: KENGO-RWEPA. Kimani J. M. 1992 ‘Regional Solar Electric Training and Awareness Workshop’ Indigenous Technology off-take in East, Central and Southern

Africa, Workshop Proceedings 15-27 March 1992. Nairobi: KENGO -RWEPA.


Kjellstrom B, Katyega M, Kadete H, et al. 1992 'Rural Electrification in Tanzania' Past Experiences – New Approaches. Stockholm:SEI. Langenkamp P.J, Bowler M. 1995 ‘Financial and Economic Evaluation of Pumping Systems in Zimbabwe’ Energy Programme Zimbabwe -

Photovoltaic Pumping Programme Ministry of Energy and Minerals1997 `Development and Promotion of Renewable Energy Utilisation in Morogoro, Shinyanga, Mwanza and

Kagera Regions’ Dar es Salaam: MEM Ministry of Water,Energy and Minerals 1996 ‘Solar Energy Programme and Project Proposals for the United Republic of Tanzania’ Submit-

ted to World Solar Summit Process - UNESCO Mitzlaff K.V. ‘The role of the Special Energy Programme Tanzania in the Tanzanian Renewable energy Policy'. Botswana Energy Workshop. Muche H/ Zimmermann ,1985 ‘The Purification of Biogas' Eschborn: Vieweg. NRSE/Wood fuel sub-Committee, 1992 'Wind and solar Resources in the SADCC Region' Mbabane: Swaziland. Parkes M.E. 1974 ‘The Use of Wind mills in Tanzania’ Research paper No. 33 Dar es Salaam: Bureau of Resource Assessment and land use

planning-UDSM Peters R, Kijek F. 1992 ‘Study on NRSE Pricing in the SADCC Region ’ - Final Report 1992 Technical and Administrative Unit- SADCC

Energy Sector Planning Directorate -TANESCO 1985 ‘Electrification of Ngara District’ Feasibility Study Report Dar es Salaam: TANESCO SADCC 1990 `Strategy and Programme to Promote Activities in New and Renewable Energy (NRSE) in the SADCC Region’ May 1990 SADCC Energy Sector -Technical and Administrative Unit 1992 ‘Annual SADCC NRSE Directory’ Luanda:Technical and Administrative

Unit - SADCC Energy Sector SADCC Energy Sector, 1991 ‘Wind and Solar Resources in the SADCC Region' SADCC – TAU. Sasse L, Kellner C, Kimaro A 1991 ‘Improved Biogas Unit for Developing Countries’ Wiesbaden: Vieweg 1991 Sasse L, Kellner C, Kimaro A, 1991 ‘Improved Biogas Unit for Developing Countries' Wiesbaden: Vieweg. Sawe E.N 1989 ‘National Assessment of New and Renewable Sources of Energy Activities in Tanzania’ SADCC-Energy Technical Services

Fund: CIDA PROJECT No 050/12308 Dar es Salaam: REDPU-MEM Sawe E.N, 1993 'Traditional and Renewable Energy Pricing in Tanzania' MWEM Sawe E.N, 1998 'Wind Energy Study - Working Notes' Wind Potential Sites and Data Assessment.Dar es Salaam: TaTEDO. Sawe E.N.1987 `Small Hydropower Development in Tanzania’ Paper presented at expert group meeting and study tour on standardised small

hydropower plants, Hangzhou China, 18-29 May 1987. Dar es Salaam: MEM Sawe E.N.1993 'Tanzania Experience with the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP)’ Schnitzer, V ‘Manual for Wind Pump Planning' Draft. Dar es salaam: Special Energy Programme. SEI/BUN 1992 ‘Guidelines for Position Paper on Use of Hydro–Solar-and wind Energy for Rural Electrification’ Rural Electrification Seminar.

Harare : Zimbabwe. Solar Energy Industries ASSN ‘Solar Electricity: A Directory of the U.S Photovoltaic Industry' Virginia. Starkey P, Ndiame F (Eds) 1988 ‘Animal Power in Farming Systems' Wiesbaden :Vieweg. Stockholm Environment Institute 1991 ‘Renewable Energy for Development’-Newsletter Volume 4 No. 1 Stockholm: SEI SUNSEED ‘How to build a Solar Cooker using ADOBE’ Sunseed Desert Technology. UK: Cambridge-SUNSEED. TANESCO 1989 ‘Review of 1985 Power Sector Development Plan’ Report on Distribution Systems ACRES International Limited TANESCO, 1994 'Project Proposal for Electrification of Meatu District' Dar es Salaam:TANESCO. TaTEDO 1998, 'Study of Potential Wind Sites for Electrical Generation Pilot Projects' Dar es salaam: TaTEDO – Danida, Dar es Salaam TaTEDO, 1998 ‘Study of Potential Wind Sites for Electricity Generation Pilot Projects in Tanzania' Annexes. Dar es Salaam :TaTEDO. Technical Committee 1980 ‘New and Renewable Energies’ Their Contribution to Growth and Development French Government Paper

Paris:COMES UN, DTCD & NMDC (Eds) 'Proceedings of the Seminar on Small – Scale Hydropower, KL/Ekken, Norway, June 10 to 18th June 1985' Oslo:

Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Administration. United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 1990 ' Establishment of Prototype Testing and Training Centre for Promotion of New

and Renewable Sources of Energy' Project of the Government of Zimbabwe. Harare: Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe- UNDP/GEF Solar Project 1997 ‘Annual Report 1997’ Harare: GEF Solar Project

10.3 Networking, Socioeconomic And Gender Issues Bagachwa M.S.D 'Structure and Policy Problems of the Informal Manufacturing Sector in Tanzania' Dar es Salaam: ERB - UDSM. Bureau of Statistics 1994 ‘Shinyanga Regional Statistics Abstract 1993’ District Population Densities-Population census 1988 Dar ea Salaam:

President’s Office, Planning Commission Bureau of Statistics 1995 ‘Tanga Regional Statistics Abstract 1993’ Dar ea Salaam: President’s Office, Planning Commission Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of commity Development, Women Affairs and Children 1995 ‘Analysis of African Women and Men’:

The Tanzanian Case Dar es Salaam: Bureau of Ststistics and MCDWAC Bureau of Statistics, 1995 '1994 (July to December) Prices and Price Index Numbers for Twenty Towns in Mainland Tanzania' Dar es Salaam:

Planning Commission. Bureau of Statistics, 1997 ‘Women and Men in Tanzania' Dar es Salaam: Bureau of Statistics. Central Bureau of Statistics , 1997 'Central Register of Establishments (CRE) : Kagera Region' Dar es Salaam: Planing Commission. Central Bureau of Statistics, 1998 'Central Register of Establishments: Dar es salaam Region' Dar es Salaam: Central Bureau of Statistics. Dankelman I & Davidson J, 1988, 'Women and Environment in Third World 'Alliance for the Future. London: Earthscan Publication Ltd. E.A. Meteorological Department, 1975 'Climatological Statistics for East Africa Part III Tanzania' Nairobi: E.A.Community EASUN, 1996 ‘Participatory Intervention Approaches' Mini – Consultation. Arusha: EASUN. Edgcomb E.L. 1988 ‘Monitoring & Evaluating Small Business Projects: A St ep by Step Guide’ Facilitator’s Manual Potomac: TDP Friedrich Ebert Stiftung 1994 ‘Gender and Social Policy Experiences of Tanzania’ Dar es Salaam: Women’s Project GATE 'Participatory Impact Monitoring' General Information. GATE: German. Germann D, Gohl E, Schwarz B, 1996 ‘Participatory Impact Monitoring' Wiesbaden: Vieweg. Gibson A, & Havers M, 1995 ‘Supporting Small Business Membership Organizations' Small Enterprise Development. Gopal G. & Salim M. (Ed) 1998 ‘Gender and Law Eastern Africa Speaks’ Conference Organized by the Worl Bank & The Economic Commis-

sion for Africa Washington, D.C: World Bank Hyman E.L & Dearden K, 1998 'Comprensive Impact Assessment Systems for NGO' Microenterprise Development Programs. USA: Elsevier

Science Ltd. Intermediate Technology Publications (1997) Financing Renewable Energy Projects: A guide for development workers. J. O Riordan, Swai F & Rugumyamheto A, 1997 'Education background, Training and their Influence of Female Operated Informal Sector

enterprises' Research on Poverty Alleviation, Reseach Report No. 97.3. Dar es Salaam: REPOA.


Kulindwa K. et. al. (1990). "The Impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes on Energy Situation". Study on the Socio-Economic Effects of

Structural Adjustment Programme in Tanzania. ERB. Background Report No.7 Feb. Kulindwa, K (1993),"Industrial Energy Consumption:The case of Tanzanian Manufacturing Industries" Memorandum no. 183, University of

Gothernburg, March. Kulindwa, K (1993),"Factors Influencing Energy Use Trend in Tanzanian Manufacturing (1970-1988)" Memorandum no. 186, University of

Gothernburg, March. Kulindwa, K (1994), "Energy Consumption Patterns in the Manufacturing Sector of Tanzania", Ph.D. Thesis Submitted at the University of Dar

es Salaam, Tanzania September. Kulindwa,K (1995), Residential Electricity Demand in Tanzania: The case of Dar es Salaam city. ERB Paper (New Series) No.95.4 Kulindwa,K and F.Shechambo (1996)," Environmental Impact of Rural Energy Use During the Reform Period (1981-1992)" Utafiti (New

Series) Vol 2 No 1 & 2. Kulindwa, K. (1997) “TANZANIA: Public Expenditure Review for Financial Year 1998, for the Energy Sector Consultancy, Report submitted

to the ESRF. Dar es Salaam Ministry of Community Development Women Affairs and Children, 1992 'Policy on Women in Development in Tanzania', Dar es salaam:

MCDWAC. Ministry of Community Development, Women Affairs and Children 1995`Tanzania Women: Country Report to 4th World Conference on

Women, Beijing, September 1995’ Dar es Salaam: MCDWC Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education, 1993 ‘The National Science and Technology Policy for Tanzania' Draft. Dar es Sa-

laam: MWEM. NORAD 1991 `Mobilising Women in Local Planning and Decision-Making: A guide to why and how’ Oslo: NORAD Programme Support Document ,'Capacity 21 Tanzania - Capacity Building for Sustainable Development and Planning’ SADC/UNDP (1997), FINESSE: FINESSE Activities in the SADC Region. Zimbabwe Country Study. SADC Energy Sector, Technical and

Administrative Unit, Luanda, Angola. Sawe E.N, 1997 'Tanzania Experience with ESMAP' Starkey P, 1988 ' Animal Traction Directory' Africa. Wiesbaden: Vieweg. TAHEA & TFNC 1987 ‘Women’s Workload - How to Reduce It?’ Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Tanzania Gender Networking Programme 1993 ‘Gender profile of Tanzania’ Dar es Salaam: Royal Netherlands Embassy TaTEDO 1995 ‘TaTEDO Strategy and Programme for Capacity Strengthening, Renewable Energy and Environment for Sustainable Develop-

ment (1996-2001)' Programme Proposal. Dar es Salaam: TaTEDO. TEMDO ,1990 ‘Machinery Information and Engineering Consultancy Services' Arusha: TEMDO. Theis J & Grady H.M, 1991 'Participatory Rapid Appraisal For Community Development' A training manual based on Experiences in the mid-

dle East and North Africa. London: IIED. United Republic of Tanzania, 1993 ‘National Programme of Action for Sustainable Income Generation' Dar es salaam. VETA/Dar es Salaam, 1997 ‘Vocational Education and Training (VET) Focused on the informal sector in Dar es Salaam' Workshop Report.

Dar es Salaam :VETA.

10.4 Environment Initiatives African Development Bank/ African Development Fund 1990 ‘Agricultural Sector Policy’ ADB/ADF Barnard G, & Kristoferson L 1985 ‘Agricultural Residues as Fuel in the Third World’ Energy Information Programme - Technical Report

No.4 London: IIED Birgegard L 1993 ‘Natural Resource Tenure’ A Review of Issues and Experiences with Emphasis on Sub-Saharan Africa. Stockholm: SUAS-

IRDC BMZ, 1995 'Environmental Handbook' Documentation on Monitoring and Evaluating Environmental Impacts,Volume II: Agriculture, Min-

ing/Energy, Trade/Industry. Eschborn: Vieweg. BMZ, 1995 'Environmental Handbook' Documentation on Monitoring and Evaluating Environmental Impacts,Volume I: Introduction, Cross

Sectoral Planning, Infrastructure. Eschborn: Vieweg. BMZ, 1995 'Environmental Handbook' Documentation on Monitoring and Evaluating Environmental Impacts,Volume III: Compendium of Envi-

ronmental Standards. Eschborn: Vieweg. Bureau of Statistics 1989 ‘Agricultural Sample Survey of Tanzania Mainland 1986/87’ Volume III: Main Report Dar es Salaam: Bureau of

Statistics-POPC Bureau of Statistics 1990 ‘Agricultural Sample Survey of Tanzania Mainland 1987/88’ Final Report Dar es Salaam: Bureau of Statistics-POPC Bureau of Statistics 1992 ‘Agricultural Sample Survey of Tanzania Mainland 1989/90’ Final Report. Dar es Salaam: Bureau of Statistics-POPC Chidumayo E. N. 1997 ‘Miombo Ecology and Management: An Introduction ' Stockholm: SEI. DANIDA, 1998 ‘Overview of Donor Supported Environmental Activities in Tanzania’ Danida Identification Mission on Environmental Sector

Programme. Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Foreign Affairs – DANIDA. DANIDA/DANCED, 1996 ‘Strategy for Danish Environmental Assistance' DANIDA. Hatibu N. & Mtenga N, 1996 'AGROTEC Participatory Baseline Study: Smallholder Technological Constraints in Shinyanga District,Tanzania'

The casev of Bulambila Village - FAO Tanzania. Holmes J, 1995 'National Forests Handbook for Tanzania' Forests Policy, Planning and Utilization, Volume II. Morogoro: FF – SUA. Kamweti D. 1982 ‘Tree Planting in Africa South of the Sahara’ Nairobi:The Environment Liaison Centre Kerkhof P, 1990 ‘Agroforestry in Africa: A survey of Project Experience' London: PANOS. Kohlin G, 1993 ‘Studies in Environmental Economics and Development: Sustainability, Deforestation and Policy Implications for Africa' Goth-

enburg University. Legislative Council of Tanganyika, 1953 'Forest Policy' Sessional paper No. 1-1953. Dar es Salaam: Legislative Council of Tanganyika. Mascarenhas A, 1994 ‘Environmental Issues and Poverty Alleviation in Tanzania' Workshop for Research on Poverty Alleviation in Tanzania.

Dar es Salaam: UDSM. MEMC, 1994 ‘National Conservation Strategy for Sustainable Development (NCSSD)' Dar es Salaam: NEMC. Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism 1989 ‘Tanzania Forestry Action Plan - 1990/91 - 2007/08’ Annex Project Profiles Dar es

Salaam: MLNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, 1985 'Plan for Planting and Conservation of Trees in Shinyanga Region 1986 - 2010' Dar es

Salaam: MNRT Ministry of Water, Energy and Minerals ‘Agricultural and Forestry Residues Utilization for Energy Production in Tanzania' Project Proposal.

Dar es Salaam: MWEM.


Ministry of Water, Energy and Minerals 1992 ‘Utilization of Agriculization of Agricultural and Forestry Residues for energy production 'Pro-

ject Proposal. DSM : REDPU Mjawa B.N & Lema G, 1993 'Goba Agro-Energy Baseline Survey Project' Dar es Salaam : TaTEDO. Moyo S, O’Keefe P, Sill M, 1993 ‘The Sourthern African Environment Profiles of the SADC Countries' London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.(7

copies) Mr. Kipanga, Mr. Kipesha and Mr. Mtanilwa ‘A study on Energy Use and Afforestation in Tabora ' Tobacco Production and Curing, Volume

3. Dar es Salaam: Takwimu. National Environment Management Council, 1995 'Tanzania National Conservation Strategy for Sustainable Development (NCSSD)' Dar es

Salaam: NEMC. Ndung'u J, Reshid K, Kaudia A, 1986 'Proceedings on Data Collection Training Workshop Held at Mtwara Agroforestry/Energy Centre from

14th to 16 th July 1986' Dar ea Salaam: Forestry Department. Ngatunga E.L, Gama B.M, Lutkamu M. 1994 'Agroforestry and Environment in Tanzania’ Summary of the Proceedings of the First Tanzania

National Agroforestry and Environmental Workshop, Dar es Salaam: MTNRE & MA Ngong/Jamuhuri, 1985 'Agroforestry/Energy Centre' Information Bulletine No. 1. Kenya: KREDP. Prof. Misana S.B, et al. 1997 ‘Strategies for Village Land Management for Resource Conservation in Selected Villages in Tanzania’ Final Re-

port Dar es Salaam: UDSM Shechambo F, 1993 'The Search for Transaction Mechanism for Agricultural Products inTanzania: The Case of Lushoto District' Berlin: Verlag

koster. Summary of the Proceedings of the First Tanzania National Agroforestry and Environment Workshop Dar es Salaam: MTNRE & MA Sustainable Agriculture Programme 1993 ̀ Training Notes on Participatory Rural Appraisal: A training workshop for the value of trees project,

Zimbabwe, August 1993’ London: IIED TaTEDO, 1996 ‘The Traditional Energy and Environment Conservation Best Practice' As Presented at Habitat II National Exhibition on Best

Practices in Tanzania in Dar es Salaam, November 1995. Dar es Salaam: TaTEDO. United Republic of Tanzania 1994 ‘Report on existing Legislation Pertaining to Environment' Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Vice President’s office 1996 ‘National Environmental Policy (Draft)’ Dar es Salaam: Vice President’s Office. Wizara ya Ardhi Mali Asili na Utalii 1984 ‘Kumbukumbu ya Warsha ya Kitaifa ya Upandaji Miti’ Shinyanga : 14-16 Septemba 1984 Dar es

Salaam: WAMU Woodenergy Systems Group - Utrecht 1987 ‘Report on the Tanzania Mission November/ December 1986’ Dar es Salaam: WSG/MWEM World Bank 1997 `Tanzania: Agriculture’ A World Bank Country Study Washington DC: World Bank

Hifab/TaTEDO Tanzania Rural Energy Study 11 Team members Page 91

11 Team members Name Affiliation Position in team Contribution Address

Anders Ellegård Bioquest HB Team Leader Preparation, 2 region field work, analysis, report preparation, final report

Nya Varvet 90, SE-426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sw eden

Estomih N. Sawe TaTEDO Deputy Team Leader

Preparation, 4 region field work, analysis, report preparation, input to final report

Box 32794, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Kassim Kulindwa University of Dar es Salaam

Economist Preparation, 4 region field work, analysis, report preparation

BOX 35096, Dar es Salaam,

Tanzania Bariki K. Kaale TaTEDO Biomass Specialist Preparation, 4 region field work,

analysis Box 32794, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Anja Koerhuis TaTEDO Gender Specialist Preparation, 4 region field work, analysis

Box 32794, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Lennart Bångens Chalmers Institute of Technology

Industrial market-ing Specialist

Preparation, 4 region field work, analysis

SE- 41296 Göteborg, Sweden

Geoffrey J. John University of Dar es Salaam

Renewable En-ergy Specialist

Preparation, 1 region field work, analysis

Box 35131,

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Joy Clancy ITDG Gender Specialist Preparation, 1 region field work, analysis

Box 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands

Mats Andersson Energibanken Solar PV Special-ist

Preparation, additional field study, analysis

Landsvägen, SE-820 76 Jättendal, Sweden

Ola Carlson Chalmers Institute of Technology

Wind Power Spe-cialist

Preparation of wind power input, in Sweden

SE 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden

Hans Sjö Hifab Interna-tional

Project support Preparation, analysis, logistics DSM and Sweden

Box 19090,

SE-10432 Stockholm,

Kaija Hallin Hifab Interna-tional

Project accounts Accounts, disbursement, DSM and Sweden

Box 19090, SE-10432 Stockholm,

Sweden

Lars Reutersvärd Lund Center for Habitat Studies

Overall support Analysis of work, Sweden and DSM

Lund University Box 118, SE-22100 Lund

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