high energy astrophysics dr. gerald j. (jerry) fishman nasa – marshall space flight center...
TRANSCRIPT
High Energy Astrophysics
Dr. Gerald J. (Jerry) Fishman
NASA – Marshall Space Flight Center
Huntsville, AL USA July 4, 2002
- Detectors & Missions
High Energy AstrophysicsUsual Methods of Study:
• X-ray Astronomy
• Gamma-Ray Astronomy
• Cosmic Ray Astrophysics
But Also:
Radio, Optical, IR, …
(And Two New Astronomies:
• Neutrino Astronomy
• Gravitational Astronomy )
Electromagnetic Spectrum / Temperature Scale
Discovery of Cosmic Rays - 1912• In a balloon, at an altitude of 5,000
meters Victor Hess, the father of cosmic ray research, discovered "penetrating radiation" coming from space.
‹date/time› ‹footer› ‹#›
V.F. Hess (1883-1964) – Nobel Prize 1936
CollimatorCoded Aperture
Grazing Incidence Mirror
Nothing (Un-collimated)..
Aperture:
CCD Proportional Counter Scintillation Detector...
Detector:
X-ray & Gamma-Ray “Telescopes”
High-Energy
Gamma-Ray “Telescopes” :
- Compton Telescope
- Pair-tracking Telescope
- Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope
High-Energy Photon Interactions
- the Basis for all Detectors
• Photoelectric Effect
•Compton Scattering
•Pair Production
Photoelectric Interaction
Photon knocks out a bound electron, losing all of its energy to the electron
CCDs, Proportional Counters, Scintillation Detectors, . .
Compton ScatteringPhoton scatters off of an electron, losing part of its
energy to the electron and continues in another direction
Scintillation Detectors, Compton Telescope
Pair ProductionA very high energy electron interacts with matter and
produces an electron-positron pair (E=mc2)
Used in: Pair-tracking Telescope
UHURU (SAS-1) First X-ray Astronomy Satellite
1970-1974
HEAO Program: 1978 - 1982High Energy Astronomy Observatory
- Had Observational Support from AAVSO
The Great Observatories (4) :
Hubble Space Telescope 1990 - ~2010
Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory 1991 - 2000
Chandra X-Ray Observatory 1999 - ~2010
SIRTF (Space InfraRed Telescope Facility) 2003 - ~2006
High Energy Missions
X-Ray Astronomy Collimated Detectors (Non-Focusing)
( - Primarily for sky surveys and timing studies)
Timeframe
Uhuru (SAS-1), ANS, Ariel-5,SAS-3, HEAO-A1, … 1970s
EXOSAT, WATCH/GRANAT, … 1980s
BeppoSAX, Rossi-XTE 1990s
Focusing X-Ray Optics
Einstein (HEAO-2)
Currently in Orbit & Operational:
CHANDRA XMM-Newton
Future:
X-ray Astronomy (Focusing)
XEUSConstellation-X
Constellation – X (Con-X)
•Four identical satellites
•~100x present sensitivity
•Launched singly or in pairs
•Extended truss in orbit
Constellation – X (Con-X)
Two Spacecraft in Atlas V Shroud
Constellation-X Sensitivity
XEUS
The Xeus Mirror Spacecraft:
XEUSTwo-Component S/C - flying in formation with Space Station
Gamma-Ray Astronomy
– Future Developments
Hard X-rays & GRBs Nuclear H.E. Gammas (>20 MeV)
BATSE OSSE COMPTEL EGRET
HETE-2
SWIFT INTEGRAL
Future:GLAST
EXIST - Distant Future ACT - Distant Future
CGRO
SWIFT•~1000 GRBs studied over a three year period •0.3-2.5 arcsec positions for each GRB •Multiwavelength observatory (gamma, X-ray, UV and
optical) •20-70s reaction time •Five times more sensitive than BATSE•Spectroscopy from 0.2-150 keV •Six colors covering 170-650nm •Capability to directly measure redshift •GRB Positions publicly distributed within seconds
SWIFT
The INTEGRAL Mission• Scheduled for Launch: Oct. 2002
• Two Major Instruments: IBIS & SPIE
• Energy Range: 15 keV to 20 MeV
The SPIE Instrument on the INTEGRAL Spacecraft
Coded Aperture >>Coded Aperture >>
Ge Detector Array >>
GLAST
GLASTLarge Area Telescope
(LAT)
Pair-Tracker Section >>
Scintillation Detector >>
GLASTGLAST Burst Monitor
(GBM)
•Principal Investigator: Charles Meegan, MSFC
•No. Detectors: 14
•NaI (12) 5keV - 1 MeV
•BGO (2) 150 keV - 30 MeV
Un-collimated Scint. Detector Array
Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST)
•Obscured AGNs•GRBs out to z ~20-30 (~20X BATSE; ~5X Swift sensitivity)
• All-sky imaging (5’ resolution; ~5-50”position) every 95min
EXIST
Side ViewDetector-collimator & Telescope
EUSO – Extreme Energy Cosmic RaysObserved via optical emissions from above:
Neutrino Astronomy
-Large Amount of Material Needed
to Interact with and Detect Neutrinos
Gravitational Wave Astronomy
Space Ground
LISA LIGO
LIGO
LISA : Scientific Objectives
LISA - Baseline, 3 S/C
LISA : Scientific Objectives
LISA Mission
X-ray Astronomy in Japan
Hakucho 1979-1985 Tenma 1983-1989
Ginga 1987-1991 ASCA 1993-2001
ASTRO-E2
The End
Back-up slides
Centaurus A
High Energy Astrophysics- The study of objects and regions of space where the energy density is much greater than that of normal stars and galaxies
Some Objects of HEA:
• Compact Objects* & Binary Systems
• Cosmic Rays
• Solar Flares
• AGNs
• GRBs, …
* - BHs, Neutron stars, Strange stars
Gamma-Ray Astronomy - Evolution
Balloon Flights – Continuous Development of Instrumentation, Techniques & Initial Observations
Early, Small Spacecraft: Explorer-11, SAS-3, COS-B
Later, Major Spacecraft: HEAO-1, HEAO-3, GRANAT/SIGMA
Compton GROHard X-rays & GRBs Nuclear H.E. Gammas (>20 MeV)
BATSE OSSE COMPTEL EGRET
The IBIS Instrument on the INTEGRAL Spacecraft
Future Japanese X-ray Mission – ASTRO-E2
• Astro-E lost at launch, Feb. 2000
• Astro-E2 Planned for Feb. 2005
• ~170 Layers of Nested X-ray Mirrors
• 4.5-meter Focal Length
• Three Major Instruments:
•X-ray Spectrometer
•X-ray Imaging Spectrometer
•Hard X-ray Imaging Detectors