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Nitroglycerin High Explosives O N O O O N O O O N O O nitroglycerin

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  • Nitroglycerin

    High Explosives

    O NO

    OON

    O

    O

    ONO

    O

    nitroglycerin

  • Nitroglycerin

  • Nitroglycerin

    What happens when a high explosive detonates?

    • There is not time for the gasses to move away from the center. But as they do so, the velocity is such that a vacuum is created at the center of the explosion.

    • At the onset, a shock wave is created that travels through the material at 10,000 meters/sec (6.2 miles/sec).

    • Presume that the material is a sphere with a diameter of 0.1 meter and that reaction starts in the center. The result is that the shock wave has passed through the material in 10 micro seconds.

    • Within that time frame all of the explosive is converted to the elements which immediately combine to form gaseous products.

    • In this short period, pressures can reach 500,000 times atmospheric with temperatures in excess of 5500 ˚C about the same as the surface of the sun.

  • Nitroglycerin

  • Nitroglycerin

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  • Nitroglycerin

    High Explosives

    O NO

    OON

    O

    O

    ONO

    O

    CO + CO2 + N2 + H2O + O2

    3 C + 3 N + 5 H + 9 O

    nitroglycerin

  • NitroglycerinO + metal metal oxide

    O + C CO

    O + 2H H2O

    O + CO CO2

    Remaining O H N O2, H2, N2

    O NO

    OON

    O

    O

    ONO

    O

    nitroglycerin

    3 C + 3 N + 5 H + 9 O

    3 CO 3 N + 5 H + 6 O+

    2.5 H2O 3 N + 3.5 O+

    1.5 N2 + 1.75 O2

  • Nitroglycerin

    Nitrocellulose TNT (trinitrotoluene) Acetone peroxide

    Ammonium nitrate

    NH4NO3

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    The Grandcamp cargo of ammonium nitrate

    catches fire

    The captain forces steam into the cargo holds hoping to snuff the fire-melts the ammonium nitrate

    and increases the temperature to the detonation temperature (850 ˚F). In addition fuel oil may have leaked from adjacent holds into the molten cargo.

    Today, the most used explosive is a combination of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil

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    5 ton anchor thrown 1/2 mile inland

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    HMX (High Melting eXplosive, Her Majesty's eXplosive,

    High-velocity Military eXplosive, or High-Molecular-weight rdX)

    RDX Research Department Explosive CL-20 (not yet commercial)

    PETN

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    Philip Eaton synthesis 1999

    C8N8O16 8 CO2 + 4 N2

  • Nitroglycerin

    Approx 5 g of nickel hydrazine perchlorate derivative, ground in a mortar and pestle

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    Alfred Nobel, born 1833, died of stroke 1896

    Five signs of a stroke: • sudden numbness; • slurred speech; • blurred vision; • dizziness; • severe headache.

    You have at most 4 hours to clear blockage (with TPA)!and revive dying brain cells.

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    TPA: Tissue plasminogen activator As an enzyme, it catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen!to plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for clot breakdown.

  • Nitroglycerin

    Alfred Nobel, born 1833, died of stroke 1896

    Alfred Nobel’s brother Emil was killed in an explosion during production of nitroglycerin.

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    After his brothers death, Nobel sought to tame nitroglycerin

    Often, diluting an explosive will reduce its shock and temperature sensitivity

    Nobel tried many mixtures but nitroglycerin + diatomaceous earth works best = dynamite

    The skeleton of a diatom, composed of amorphous silica (SiO2.nH2O)

  • Nitroglycerin

    Ammonium nitrateNH4NO3 2 H2O + N2 + 0.5 O2 O + metal metal oxide

    O + C CO

    O + 2H H2O

    O + CO CO2

    Remaining O H N O2, H2, N2

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  • Nitroglycerin

  • Nitroglycerin