high-field laser physics - eth zürich · high-field laser physics eth zürich ... (canada) in 1988...
TRANSCRIPT
OUTLINE
I. STRONG-FIELD ENVIRONMENTA. Atomic unitsB. The intensity-frequency diagramC. Inadequacy of the electric field as an intensity measureD. Failure of perturbation theory and its consequencesE. Measures of intensityF. Upper and lower frequency limits on the dipole approximation
II. S MATRIXA. Physically motivated derivation of the S matrixB. Perturbation theory from the S matrixC. Nonperturbative analytical approximationsD. The A2(t) term; classical-quantum difference
III. NONPERTURBATIVE METHODSA. TunnelingB. Strong-field approximation
IV. BASIC ELECTRODYNAMICSA. Fundamental Lorentz invariants: essential field identifiersB. Longitudinal and transverse fieldsC. Lorentz forceD. Gauges and their special importance in strong fields
2
OUTLINE (continued)
V. APPLICATIONSA. RatesB. SpectraC. Momentum distributionsD. Angular distributionsE. Higher harmonic generation (HHG)F. Short pulses
VI. EFFECTS OF POLARIZATIONVII. STABILIZATIONVIII. RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS
A. Relativistic notationB. Dirac equation and Dirac matricesC. Negative energy solutionsD. Relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM) vs. relativistic quantum field theory (RQFT)E. Relativistic rates and spectra
IX. OVERVIEWA. Very low frequenciesB. Compendium of misconceptions
3
INTENSITY-FREQUENCY DIAGRAM
An intensity-frequency diagram is very informative; it will be used repeatedly.
Some of the axis units are in a.u.More complete details on atomic units will follow.For now:
• 1 a.u. intensity = 3.511016 W/cm2 |F| = 1 a.u. applied electric field = Coulomb field at 1 a.u. from a Coulomb center.• 1 a.u. length = a0 = Bohr radius• 1 a.u. frequency = 1 a.u. energy = 2R = 27.2 eV = 45.56 nm
NOTE: The electric field will be designated by F rather than E to avoid confusion with the energy E.
4
5
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101
Field frequency (a.u.)
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107In
ten
sity (
a.u
.)104 103 102 101
Wavelength (nm)
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
Inte
nsity (
W/c
m2)
10.6 m
CO2
800 nm
Ti:sapph
100 eV
E=1a.u.=3.51e16W/cm2F
6
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101
Field frequency (a.u.)
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107In
ten
sity (
a.u
.)104 103 102 101
Wavelength (nm)
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
Inte
nsity (
W/c
m2)
10.6 m
CO2
800 nm
Ti:sapph
100 eV
E=1 a.u.
U p=
FFF
7
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101
Field frequency (a.u.)
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107In
ten
sity (
a.u
.)104 103 102 101
Wavelength (nm)
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
Inte
nsity (
W/c
m2)
10.6 m
CO2
800 nm
Ti:sapph
100 eV
E=1 a.u.
U p=
2U p=mc
2
FFFF
FF
F
8
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101
Field frequency (a.u.)
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107In
ten
sity (
a.u
.)104 103 102 101
Wavelength (nm)
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
Inte
nsity (
W/c
m2)
10.6 m
CO2
800 nm
Ti:sapph
100 eV
E=1 a.u.
U p=
2U p=mc
2
U. Laval
1988
F = 1
THE ELECTRIC FIELD IS NOT A GOOD INTENSITY MEASURE
The experiments at Université Laval (Canada) in 1988 used a CO2 laser at 10.6 m to ionize Xe at a peak intensity of 1014 W/cm2.
9000 photons were required just to supply the ponderomotive energy Up.
This was a very-strong-field experiment.
The maximum electric field was only |F| = 0.05 a.u.
Notice also that relativistic effects can be reached at low frequencies and small electric fields.
9
WHY IS THE INTENSITY LIMIT ON PERTURBATION THEORY SO IMPORTANT?
When using any power series expansion, it may not be obvious from qualitative behavior that the radius of convergence has been surpassed.
However, when the expansion is used beyond the radius of convergence, the result may be drastically in error.
A simple example can illustrate this.Consider the geometric series:
1|x|
...xxx1x1
1)x(F 32
To simplify matters, suppose x is positive: x> 0.
1/(1-x) changes sign when x > 1, but the expansion is a sum of positive terms!
Perturbation theory (PT) in quantum mechanics does not fail so spectacularly, but PT can be completely misleading.
10
ATOMIC UNITS
Define 3 basic quantities to be of unit value. This will set values for e2, ħ, m.
Unit of length:
Unit of velocity:
Unit of time:
m1029177249.5.u.a1me
a 11
2
2
0
s
m1018769142.2.u.a1
ev
2
meR
2
mvSet 6
2
02
42
0
s1041888433.2.u.a1meemev
aSet 17
4
3
22
2
0
00
These 3 definitions give:
The only solution is:
(Note: some of the choices, such as mv02 /2 = R were selected to give ħ = 1, m = 1, e2 = 1.)
43222 me,e,me
1e,1m,1 2
12
ATOMIC UNITS, continued
Derived quantities:
Unit of energy:
Unit of frequency:
Unit of electric field strength:
Unit of energy flux:
eV2113962.27.u.a1me
R2E2
4
0
Hz1013413732.4me
.u.a11 16
3
4
0
0
m/V1014220826.5.u.a1
cetandis
volts
length
1
e
voltselectronensionlessdim
mc
e
mc
c
emc
e
1me
ea
R2F
11
3
23
2
2
2
2
4
0
0
88
.u.a8
cthen.,u.a1Fcesin
2/
1mc
8F
8
c
.u.a
0
.u.a
00
2
e
2252
00
III
I
II
I
I
13
ATOMIC UNITS, continued 2
Convenient conversions:
Wavelength to frequency:
example: 800 nm (a.u.) = 45.5633526 / 800 = 0.0570 a.u.
Atomic units and mc2 units:
nm
5633526.45.u.a
25 mc1032513625.5.u.a1
.u.a1087788622.1unitmc1 42
14
15
PONDEROMOTIVE ENERGY
The electric field strength is not a useful indicator of the strength of a plane-wave field.(However, it is the only strength indicator for a quasistatic electric (QSE) field. Much more to be said later.)
The limit for perturbation theory: Up < Up = ponderomotive energyIndex for relativistic behavior: Up = O(mc2)
Ponderomotive energy is a useful guide to the coupling between an electron and a plane-wave field.
An electron in a plane-wave field oscillates (“quivers”, “wiggles”, “jitters”) in consequence of the electromagnetic coupling between the field and the electron. The energy of this interaction in the frame of reference in which it is minimal is the ponderomotive energy.
In a.u.:
onpolarizaticircularF
2
1
onpolarizatilinear2
F
2
F
2U
2
0
2
0
2
2
2p
I
16
k
F
FIGURE-8 MOTION OF A FREE ELECTRON IN A
LINEARLY POLARIZED PLANE-WAVE FIELD
CIRCULAR MOTION OF A FREE ELECTRON IN ACIRCULARLY POLARIZED PLANE-WAVE FIELD
F
B
17
MEASURES OF INTENSITY
Dimensionless measures are always to be preferred.
Up is basic, but it can be compared to 3 other relevant energies in strong-field problems: energy of a single photon of the field EB binding energy of an electron in a bound systemmc2 electron rest energy (actually, just c2 in a.u.; the m is retained because of its familiarity)
This leads to 3 dimensionless measures of intensity: z = Up / non-perturbative intensity parameter (note that z 1 /3 ) z1 = 2 Up / EB bound-state intensity parameter (z 1 /2 ) zf = 2 Up / mc2 free-electron intensity parameter (z 1 /2 )
A commonly used measure is the Keldysh parameter K = 1/ z11/2
K is the ratio of tunneling time to wave period; a measure that implies a tunneling process, which is not appropriate to ionization by a plane wave. It is generally the only parameter employed, which is not sufficient.
18
MEASURES OF INTENSITY, continued
z = Up /
This is called the non-perturbative intensity parameter because a channel closing is non-analytical behavior that limits the radius of convergence of a perturbation expansion. An ionized electron must have at least the energy Up + EB to be a physical particle. If Up , then at least one additional photon must participate to satisfy energy conservation. If the minimum number of photons n0 that must participate is increased from n0 to n0 +1, this is called a channel closing, and perturbation theory fails.
z1 = 2 Up / EB
This ratio compares the interaction energy of an electron with the field to the interaction energy of an electron with a binding potential. If Up > EB the field is dominant, if Up < EB then the binding potential is dominant. Validity of the Strong-Field Approximation (SFA) requires that the field should be dominant.
zf = 2 Up / mc2
This is the primary intensity parameter for free electrons.