High Nitrogen Steels 2004

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on

High Nitrogen Steels

HNS 2004

Ostend, Belgium; September 19-22, 2004

Edited by: N. Akdut, B. C. De Cooman, J. Foct

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Table of contents

Nuri Akdut 13Preface

Session 1Atomic-Scale Phenomena

Charlotte Becquart, Christophe Domain 15Computational analysis of the atomic scale interactions of C and N insteelsAb initio calculations, density functional theory, foreign interstitial atoms, bindingenergies, interactions

Valentin Gennadievich Gavriljuk, Bela Dmitrievna Shanina 29Nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen in austenitic steel: impact on structureand propertiesSteel, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, electronic structure, atomic distribution,thermodynamical stability, strengthening, fracture

Mats Hattestrand, Ahmed Shariq, Jan-Olof Nilsson, Andrea Gregori 37Spinodal decomposition in super duplex stainless steels investigatedby atom probe field ion microscopyDuplex stainless steel, spinodal decomposition, atom probe field ion microscopy

Bela Dmitrievna Shanina, Valentin Gennadievich Gavriljuk 45Effect of carbon and nitrogen on electronic structure of steelFe-N, Fe-C, and Fe-C-N solid solutions, electronic structure, density of electronicstates (DOS), conduction electron spin resonance

Sergei A. Ivlev, Vladimir E. Kindop, Anatoly G. Svyazhin 53Nitrogen and oxygen diffusion in liquid ironNitrogen, oxygen, diffusion in liquid iron, chemical reaction constants

Shunli Shang, AmaranteJ. Bottger 61Investigation of FCC-based Fe-N interstitial alloys by ab initiocalculations and statistical thermodynamicsThermodynamics, Mossbauer spectroscopy, ab initio, L/APW+lo, iron-nitrogensystem, cluster expansion, cluster variation method

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Session 2Thermodynamics, Kinetics and PhaseTransformations

D. Canadinc, H. Sehitoglu, Y.I. Chumlyakov, HJ. Maier 69The deformation response of Hadfield steel single crystals withnitrogen under compressionHadfield steel, nitrogen, visco-plastic self-consistent modeling, precipitationhardening, twinning, solid solution hardening

Federico Ruffini, Oriana Tassa, Teodoro Valente 77Primary solidification mode and microstructures of low-nickel high-nitrogen and manganese austenitic stainless steelsLow-nickel, high-nitrogen, stainless steels, ferrite content, microstructure

Shunli Shang, Amarante J. Bottger, Michel P. Steenvoorden, Menno W. J. Craje 87Investigation of the hyperfine interactions in e-FeaNi-z phase byMossbauer spectroscopy and ab initio calculationsIron nitrides, isomer shift, hyperfine field, Mossbauer spectroscopy, ab initio, clustervariation method

Nele Van Caenegem, Danny Segers, Bruno C. De Cooman 95Nitrogen-alloyed FeMnSiCrNi shape memory alloysShape memory, FeMnSi, nitrogen, strengthening, stacking fault energy, gasabsorption

Yuriy Yagodzinskyy, Jyrki Romu, Pertti Nenonen, Hannu Hanninen 103Nitrogen and carbon effects on mechanisms of reversion of martensiteto austenite in metastable AISI 301 steel grades and their hotformabilityMetastable austenitic stainless steels, reversion of a'-martensite to austenite, hot-tensile testing, effects of nitrogen and carbon on the microstructure of revertedaustenite, dynamic scanning calorimetry

Juho Talonen, Pertti Nenonen, Hannu Hanninen 113Static strain ageing of cold-worked austenitic stainless steelAustenitic stainless steel, austenite, strain-induced martensite, static strain ageing,TEM, nitrogen, carbon

Karin Frisk, Alexandra Kusoffsky 123Thermodynamic modelling applied to high nitrogen steelsThermodynamic modelling, calculated phase diagrams, calphad, N solubility

Vitalij V. Bliznuk, Valentin G. Gavriljuk, Sergej P. Kolesnik, Bela D. Shanina 131Effect of nitrogen and carbon on the shape memory effect in Fe-Mn-Si-based shape memory alloysSME, Fe-Mn-Si, nitrogen, SRO, electron structure, martensite

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Bart Soenen, Nuri Akdut 141Strengthening of austenitic stainless steels by static strain agingAustenitic stainless steels, aging, strain aging, pre-straining, yield strength, martensitetempering, dislocation pinning, bake hardening

A. Weisbrodt-Reisch, C. Messner, E.A. Werner 147Microstructural stability of nitrogen alloyed duplex stainless steels atelevated temperatures and its relation to magnetic propertiesDuplex stainless steel, microstructural stability, thermocalc, Phase fraction, magneticmeasurement

Susan Farjami, Hiroshi Kubo 157Crystallographic investigation of V and N-doped Fe-Mn-Si-Cr shapememory alloysShape memory alloy (SMA), martensite, precipitate, high-resolution electronmicroscopy, recovery strain

Marta Ribeiro dos Santos, Alexandre Tadeu Lopes Serrano, Berenice Mendonca 165GonzalezThe influence of strain induced martensite on the delayed crackingphenomenonDelayed cracking, a'martensite, deep drawing, redrawing, X-ray diffraction

Roman V. Sulyagin, Pentti Karjalainen, Eduard Y. Kolpishon 171Studies on recrystallization and microstructure evolution of nitrogen-alloyed stainless steels

I.V. Kireeva, Yu.l. Chumlyakov, V.A. Kirillov 177Orientation dependence of ye-a' martensitic transformation inaustenitic stainless steel single crystalsAustenitic stainless steel, single crystals, y-e-a' martensitic transformation, plasticdeformation

Session 3Meso-Scale Phenomena and Microstructures

Insu Woo, Tsutomu Horinouchi, Yasuyuki Miyano, Yasushi Kikuchi 187Role of precipitated Cr2N on the HAZ impact toughness of high-nitro-gen Ni-free stainless steelHigh nitrogen containing Ni-free austenitic stainless steel, Cr2N, Charpy V-notch test,HAZ toughness, ductile-to-brittle transition

Sung-Joon Kim, Tae-Ho Lee, Chang-Seok Oh, Chang Gil Lee, Setsuo Takaki 197Crystallographic features of Cr2N precipitation in high-nitrogenaustenitic 18Cr-18Mn-2Mo-0.9N steel during isothermal aging at900°CPrecipitation, CaN, a-phase, crystal structure, TEM, and thermodynamic calculation

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Carlos M. Garzon, Andre P. Tschiptschin 205Temperature-pressure-time diagrams for predicting nitrogen contentsand case depths during high temperature gas nitriding of stainlesssteelsComputational thermodynamics, diffusion, high temperature gas nitriding, highnitrogen steel

Boris Efros, Vitalii Pilyugin, Natalya Efros, Anatolii Deryagin 215Formation of a-martensite in high nitrogen austenitic steel duringsevere plastic deformationHigh nitrogen austenitic steel, martensite formation, magnetic properties, structure,severe plastic deformation

G. Fargas, M. Anglada, A. Mateo 219Influence of annealing conditions on the deformation mechanisms of ahot rolled duplex stainless steelDuplex stainless steels (DSSs), annealing, sigma phase, compression test, cold rolling

Sabine We'S, Wlodzimierz Dudzinski, llya Tikhovskiy 225TEM observation of deformation structures in high nitrogen steelMedical implants, X13CrMnMoN18-14-3, transmission-electron microscopy, e-martensite, a'-precipitates, crystallographic relationship

Erhardt Lach, Angeline Poulon-Quintin, Jacques Foct 229Low temperature mechanical behavior of HNS austenitic steel underdynamic compression testsNitrogen alloyed austenitic steel, dynamic compression test, plastic deformation,dislocation, mechanical twinning, transmission electron microscopy

Mykola Bilousov 235Development of nanostructural materials by shear deformation underhigh pressureIn-situ technology, high-nitrogen steels, high pressure, shear deformation,nanostructured materials

J. Shi, H. Dong, Y. L. Liu, Y. L Gu, F. Rong, W. J. Hui, M. O. Speidel 239Ballistic behavior of nitrogen alloyed austenitic steel plates for anti-terrorist useNitrogen alloyed austenitic steel, perforation mechanism, ballistic limit

Anatoly G. Svyazhin, Ekaterina S. Shaidurova, Jerzy Siwka, Ludmila M. Kaputkina, 247Vera G. ProkoshkinaStructure formation in Fe-N alloys and high nitrogen steels undersolidification and heat treatmentNitrogen steels, solidification, grain, dendrites, microhardness

S. A. Barannikova, L. B. Zuev 253Localized deformation waves in single yfe crystals with N alloyingelement

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llya Tikhovskiy, Sabine Weifi, Alfons Fischer 259Cyclic deformation behaviour of austenitic CrMnMoN steel in solutionannealed and cold worked statesHigh-nitrogen steels, austenitic stainless steels, nickel-free, fatigue, microstructure

H. Nahme, E. Lach, I. Rohr, J. Rawers 265Mechanical properties of a nitrogen alloyed 1045 iron-carbon-steelunder high dynamic loadingDynamic compression test, quasistatic compression test, Fe-C-N alloy, planar plateimpact, low temperature, metallography, scanning electron microscopy

Session 4Alloy Development and Processing

Hans Berns 271Alloy development and processingNitrogen uptake, pressure metallurgy, powder metallurgy, case hardening,martensitic, austenitic, duplex steels, applications

Gabriele Sailer, Josef Bernauer, Harald Leitner, Helmut Clemens 283On the development of optimised Cr-Mn-N-alloyed austenitic steelsCr-Mn-N austenitic stainless steels, high nitrogen steels, Bohler P5xx-series, pittingcorrosion, nitrogen solubility, austenite stability, theoretical approaches

Y.P. Lang, F. Rong, H.T. Chen, J.C. Shen, M.O.Speidel, H. Dong 293Study of high nitrogen steel rebars for infrastructural applicationsHigh nitrogen steel, microstructure, mechanical properties

Hidenori Ogawa, Takekazu Nagae 299Mechanical properties of high nitrogen nanocrystalline stainless steelshot compacted by spark plasma sinteringMechanical alloying, nanocrystalline, high nitrogen, austenite stainless steel, sparkplasma sintering, Vickers hardness

Henryk Dyja, Jerzy Siwka, Bartosz Koczurkiewicz, Ludmila M. Kaputkina, Olga V. 305KviatPreliminary study into physical modelling the thermomechanicaltreatment of HNS martensitic steelsHNS steels, nitrogen alloying, stress strain diagrams (SSD), maps of amax, maps ofhardness

Yu M. Pomarin, V. Ya Saenko, L.B. Medovar, G.M. Grigorenko., V.V. Lakomsky, A.V 311ChernetsImportance of slag in producing ingots of high nitrogen steels by themethod of arc-slag remeltingHigh-nitrogen steel, arc-slag remelting, arc, synthetic flux, volt-ampere characteristicof the arc discharge, solubility of nitrogen in ASR flux, nitriding steel directly from thegas phase

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Harold Scholz, Ulrich Biebricher, Andrea Carosi, Dante Pocci 317An advanced pressurized electroslag remelting process approach atlaboratory scalePressurized electroslag remelting, nitrogen, high pressure, laboratory scale, longelectrodes

Yury M. Maksimov, Boris Sh. Braverman, Lyudmila N. Chukhlomina 323Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of nitrogen-containingmetals and alloysSelf-propagating high-temperature synthesis, nitrided ferroalloys, acid enrichment, nitrides

Daniel Munter, Heinz-Joachim Spies, Horst Biermann 327Investigation on the structure and properties of nitrogen and carbonS-phase after a low temperature plasma treatmentAustenitic stainless steel, AISI 316L, low temperature plasma treatment, S-phase,expanded austenite, corrosion, residual stresses

Lieven Bracke, Martin Liebeherr, Nuri Akdut, Bruno C. De Cooman 331Development and characterization of high N, Ni-free austenitic steelFe-Mn-Cr alloys, nitrogen, austenite stability, martensite

Yvonna Jiraskova, Oldrich Schneeweiss, Petr Bezdicka, Carsten Blawert 343Plasma immersion ion implantation surface engineering of austenitic,ferritic and duplex stainless steelsPI3, CEMS, GXRD, expanded austenite, microhardness, corrosion, surface, phasecomposition

L Jekova, Ts. Rashev 351Nickel-free, low manganese, high-nitrogen stainless steelHigh nitrogen stainless steels, big steelmaking bath - BSB, counter pressure casting -CPC, implant, orthopaedy, stomatology

Toshihiro Tsuchiyama, Masashi Imamura, Setsuo Takaki 357Microstructure of high nitrogen hard steel fabricated by mechanicalalloying treatmentMechanical alloying, hard steel, high nitrogen steel, austenite, nitride, grainrefinement, solid solution

Taha Mattar, Azza Mohamed Ahmed, Mamdouh Eissa, Mahmoud Farag El- 363Demerdash and Hossam HaifaNitrogen behaviour during ESR of conventional and new grade of AISIM41 high speed steelNitrogen, ESR, AISI M41 steel, tool steel, slag, viscosity

Session 5Applications and Performance

Hannu Eelis Hanninen 371Application and performance of high nitrogen steelsHigh nitrogen steel, austenitic stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, martensiticstainless steel, nitrogen, mechanical properties, corrosion, wear

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Lode Duprez, Bruno C. De Cooman, Nuri Akdut 381The high temperature mechanical behaviour of duplex stainless steelin relation to its constituting phasesDuplex, stainless steel, ferrite, austenite, hot torsion, strain partitioning, stresspartitioning, nitrogen

Natalya Efros, Lev Korshunov, Borys Efros, Natalya Chernenko, Larisa Loladze 391Nanostructure and tribological properties of nitrogen-containing Fe-Mn-Cr-alloys upon friction and abrasive actionNitrogen-containing Fe-Mn-(Cr)-alloys, nano-crystalline structure (NCS), friction,adhesion, tribological properties

Maria V. Kostina, Oleg A. Bannykh, Viktor M. Blinov 395New nonmagnetic chromium-nitrogen iron-based steelNonmagnetic steel, chromium, nitrogen, austenite, homogenisation, mechanicalproperties

Tero Taulavuori, Pasi Aspegren, Jukka Saynajakangas, Jussi Salmen, Pentti 405Karjalainen .The anisotropic behaviour of the nitrogen alloyed stainless steel grade1.4318Stainless steel, 1.4318, 301LN, hard cold rolled, temper rolling, anisotropy,compression test

Shuji Hamano, Takeshi Koga, Tetsuya Shimizu, Takashi Katsurai, Tadao Nishiyama 411High nitrogen austenitic stainless steel for high temperatureapplicationsNitrogen, cold work, aging, gaskets, Cr2N, precipitation hardening, strain aging,creep, tensile strength

Gerald Stein f, Volkher Diehl 421High nitrogen alloyed steels on the move - fields of applicationPressure metallurgy, austenitic stainless, martensitic stainless, applications, nickelfree, body friendly, knives, retaining rings, bearings

Hyong Jik Lee, Young Won Chang 427The role of nitrogen on the cyclic deformation behavior of duplexstainless steelsDuplex stainless steels, nitrogen, cyclic deformation, cyclic softening, strainlocalization, cyclic hardening rate.

Fabian Schmalt, Hans Berns, Valentin Gavriljuk 437Mechanical properties of a stainless austenitic CrMnCN steelStainless steel, carbon+nitrogen, mechanical properties, strength, ductility,toughness, austenite, Hadfield steel

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Andreas Frehn, Evelin Ratte, Wolfgang Bleck 447Influence of temperature and strain rate on the mechanical propertiesand the formability of the austenitic stainless steel 1.4376 containingmanganese and nitrogenAustenitic stainless steels, TRIP effect, strain rate, forming temperature, stress state,magnetic measurements

Guocai Chai, Pasi Kangas, Mattias Klockars, Magnus Nystrom 461Influence of the Y/T ratio on the application of super duplex stainlesssteel with small thicknessSuper duplex stainless steels, yield strength /tensile strength ratio, toughness, highnitrogen steels, strength

Birgit Wolbank, Christof Messner, Ewald A. Werner 47'1Combined cyclic thermal and constant mechanical loading of highnitrogen alloyed duplex steelsFerritic-austenitic duplex steels, combined cyclic thermal and constant mechanicalloading, ratchetting, deformational response, evolution of strength, internal thermalstresses

Robin Buscher, Alfons Fischer 481Tribological performance of austenitic high-nitrogen steels forbiomedical applicationsHigh-nitrogen steel, nanosize particles, martensite, biomedical, hip joint

Carlos M. Garzon, Jose F. dos Santos, Andre P. Tschiptschin 491Cavitation-erosion resistance of high temperature gas nitrided UNS30403 and S31803 stainless steelsHigh temperature gas nitriding, high nitrogen steels, cavitation-erosion, wearresistance

Jean-Bernard Vogt, Angeline Poulon-Quintin, Jacques Foct 501Effects of ageing on the fatigue behaviour of new duplex stainlesssteels upgraded by nitrogen alloyingDuplex, ageing, nitrogen content effect, fatigue, microstructure evolution, TEM

Session 6Corrosion

Bernard Normand 509Nitrogen contribution in passivity of high nitrogen stainless steels:passivation mechanisms and extrapolation to HNSCorrosion, electrochemistry, passive film, coatings, XPS analyses

Natalia V. Luzginova, Barry D. Lichter, Michael Janssen, C.J. van der Wekken, Yuri 521/. Chumlyakov, Irina V. Kireeva, J. H. W. de WitTransgranular stress-corrosion cracking in 42% MgCl2 at 140°C ofaustenitic stainless-steel single crystals with and without nitrogenStress corrosion cracking, austenitic stainless steel, single crystals, slip planedissolution (SPD), stress assisted direct dissolution (SADD)

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Josef Bernauer, Gabriele Sailer, Markus O. Speidel 529Combined influence of carbon and nitrogen on the mechanical andcorrosion properties of Cr-Mn steel gradesCr-Mn steel grades, high nitrogen steels, carbon, mechanical properties, corrosionproperties

Markus Diener 539Fatigue and corrosion fatigue of high-nitrogen austenitic stainlesssteelFatigue, corrosion fatigue, fatigue strength, fatigue resistance, yield strength,austenitic stainless steel, high nitrogen content

Christine Eckstein, Heinz-Joachim Spies 545Investigation of the influence of nitrogen on the pitting corrosion ofhigh alloyed austenitic Cr-Ni-Mo-steelsPitting corrosion, high alloyed austenitic Cr-Ni-Mo-steel, influence of nitrogen, stablepitting potential, pitting resistant equivalent (PRE), 0.5M NaCl, XPS-spectrum

Yasuyuki Katada, Naoki Washizu, Haruo Baba 549Localized corrosion behavior of Mn-free high nitrogen steelUltra-steel, high nitrogen steel, pressurized ESR, localized corrosion, crevicecorrosion, field test, XPS

Heikki Leinonen, likka Virkkunen, Hannu Hanninen 555Effect of nitrogen content and cold work on stress corrosion crackingsusceptibility of austenitic stainless steelsStress corrosion cracking, stainless steel, nitrogen alloying, cold work, creep,acoustic emission, selective dissolution, vacancy

Session 7Welding

Staffan Hertzman, Sten Wessman, Anders Brorsson, Mats Liljas 563Welding of nitrogen alloyed stainless steels - nitrogen balance aspectsWelding, nitrogen alloyed stainless steels, duplex stainless steels, austenitic stainlesssteels, TIG welding, ATIG, nitrogen balance

Angelique N. Lasseigne, David L. Olson, Thomas Boellinghaus, Hans-Joachim 577Kleebe, Rodney D. SmithNon-destructive determination of nitrogen in nitrogen-strengthenedaustenitic stainless steel weldments utilizing thermoelectric powercoefficient measurementsSuper-austenitic stainless steel, interstitial nitrogen content, transition metal nitridecontent, thermoelectric power coefficient measurements

Alexander Balitskii 585Corrosion resistance of high nitrogen Cr-Mn steels and weldingjoiningAnticorrosive characteristics, passivity range, protective properties, physical-chemicaland electrochemical heterogeneity, corrosion depth, welded joint

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Eduard Y. Kolpishon, Yuri I. Utochkin, Margarita V. Ivanovo 591HNS product quality and technology of their manufacturingP-900, hot formability, HNS weldments

Poster presentations

Tatyana Bliznuk, Murat Mola, Ernest Polshin, Michael Pohl, Valentin G. Gavriljuk 597Effect of nitrogen on chromium distribution in duplex steelsDuplex steels, nitrogen, internal friction, Mossbauer spectroscopy, short range atomicorder, activity

Valentin Manolov, Yavor Lukarski, Tsolo Rashev, Sasho Popov 605Kinetics of nitride particle growth during nitriding of a solid Cr-FealloyNitriding, kinetics, high nitrogen steels, nitrogen diffusion, ferrochromium

Jerzy Siwka 611Main guidelines for producing high nitrogen steels using thermalplasmaPlasma furnace, transferred arc, nitrogen, experimental modeling, special steels

Hristo Argirov, Valentino Angelova, Tsolo Rashev 617Researches on the heat treatment of high nitrogen structural steel fornuclear power engineeringMetallurgy under pressure, high nitrogen steels, nitrogen structural steel, criticalpoints, phase composition, temperature conditions, macro- and microstructure

Arthur Hutny, Jerzy Siwka, Krzysztof Fitzner 623The thermodynamic characteristic of liquid binary alloy Fe-V withnitrogen in hyperbaric conditionsThermodynamics, liquid state, iron-vanadium alloy, nitrogen solubility

Natalya Shishkova, Boris Efros 629HNS—hardening during thermomechanical treatmentStrengthening mechanism, solid solution strengthening, grain boundarystrengthening, precipitation hardening, deformation hardening, thermomechanicalstrengthening

Rositsa Gavrilova, Valentin Manolov, Angelina Yotova, Tsolo Rashev 633The cell structure of 5Cr3W3MoVN2Si and S 6-5-2 steelsMetallography, structure, cell, mathematical modeling, solidification

Mykola Ivanchenko, Ulla Ehrnsten, Vitaliy Nevdacha, Yuriy Yagodzinskyy, Hannu 641HanninenDynamic strain aging of nitrogen-alloyed AISI 316 L stainless steelDynamic strain aging, Jerky flow, austenitic stainless steels, environment-assistedcracking, slow strain rate tensile test, internal friction

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Tadeusz Fraczek, Krzysztof Sadurski, Leopold Jeziorski 651Nitriding of 41CrAlMo7-10 steel in different glow discharge regions41CrAIMo 7-10 steel, plasma nitriding, surface layer, microstructure studies,hardness, X-ray analysis

Carlos M. Garzdn, Andre P. Tschiptschin 659Controlling grain size, nitride precipitation and microtexture duringhigh temperature gas nitriding of a duplex stainless steelHigh temperature gas nitriding, high nitrogen steels, texture, grain size

C. P. O. Ossa, A. P. Tschiptschin 667Plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings on high nitrogen austeniticstainless steelsBiomaterial, hydroxyapatite, high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels, nickel freeaustenitic stainless steels, plasma spray, coating

G.M.Grigorenko, V.V.Lakomsky, Yu.M.Pomarin, V.Yu.Orlovsky 675Possibility of transporting nitrogen through slags during ESR

Nitrogen, electroslag remelting, calcium, transport reactions, solubility

Index of authors 679

Index of subjects 685

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