high quality hop production, low-trellis systems quality hop production, low-trellis systems...
TRANSCRIPT
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High Quality hop Production,
Low-Trellis Systems
Presented by:
John Henning
2011 Winter Hops Conference
Feb 18th, 2011
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Special Thanks!
• University of Vermont Extension
• Hop Research Team—USDA-ARS
– Dan Moore—Molecular Biologist Technician
– Student Employees—Kris Judy, Mari Stoner
– Graduate Student—Megan Twomey
• Shaun Townsend, Oregon State University
• David Gent, USDA-ARS
• Paul Matthews, SS Steiner
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Overview
• History and early production
• Moving into the 21st Century
• Comparison tall trellis vs short trellis
• Production of conventional varieties?
• Production of ―Dwarf‖ varieties
• USDA-ARS ―Dwarf‖ breeding program
• Low trellis designs
• Summary
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History and Early Production
• Center of diversity
• Spread throughout world
• Early use and production
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Center of Diversity
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Early Use and Production
• Hops used as medicinal early on
• Evidence suggests early use in brewing ~
3000 yrs ago
• Early use gathered wild hops for brewing
• First recorded ―hopyard‖ ~ 750 AD
• Early hop varieties: Noted location and
obtained seed or cuttings.
• Landraces (―Noble Hops) derived from
these lines
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Pre-Mechanized Harvest
• Hops were grown on tall poles
• End of season poles taken down
• Picked by hand
• Large influx from city and immigrant labor
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Early Mechanization
• Hop production moved to trellis rather than
poles
• Experimented with low and high trellis
• Both stationary and mechanical pickers
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Early Low Trellis Designs
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Early Tall Trellis Designs
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Early Mechanization
Self-propelled and towed conventional
pickers designed in 1930's and 40's
Self-propelled and towed low trellis pickers
designed in 80's and early 90's.
Hops grown on low trellis at that time were
conventional hop varieties
Most efforts in USA abandoned
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Example of Early Low Trellis
Picker
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Moving into 21st Century
First commercial dwarf hop, 'First Gold'
released 1997 by Great Britain.
Revived interest in low trellis production
Why were folks interested in low trellis?
New studies w/ conventional hops
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The Tall Trellis Hop Season
• Spring labor and mechanical activities– Land preparation or spraying cover crop
– Pruning-established yards
– Stringing
– Training
– Spraying
• Early Summer– Arching
– Irrigation
– Cultivation and/or spraying
• Mid-Summer– Irrigation
– Cultivation and/or spraying
• Harvest
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The Low Trellis Hop Season
• Spring labor and mechanical activities– Land preparation or spraying cover crop
– Pruning-established yards
– Stringing
– Training
– Spraying
• Early Summer– Arching
– Irrigation
– Cultivation and/or spraying
• Mid-Summer– Irrigation
– Cultivation and/or spraying
• Harvest
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New Studies on Low Trellis Hop
Production......OR
How to Trick a Conventional Hop
into Thinking it's a Dwarf
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Plant Physiology 101
Top growth point = apical meristerm
Apical meristem makes plant hormones
Hormones stimulate stem elongation
Hormones also stimulate flowering
Hops need approximately 22 -25 nodes
before flowering initiated
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Onset of shortening days—stimulates
changes
Apical meristem starts shrinking
Hormones produced change (GA reduced)
Stem elongation slows
Lateral branch growth stimulated
Flower formation stimulated
Shephard et al., 2000
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Hop plants can be ―fooled‖
Cut off tip (apical meristem)
Source of hormones cut off
Stem elongation reduced
Lateral branch formation stimulatedShephard et al., 2000
CUT
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Onset of shortening days (after Summer
Solstice)
Flower formation stimulated
Need as many lateral branches possible
Early fertilization to stimulate early growth!
Shephard et al., 2000
CUT
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Conventional
Hops on Low
Trellis• Study: Roy Farms &
Jason Perrault
• Hedge Rows ~ 8 ft
apart
• Trellis 8-10 ft tall
• Plants spaced 2-3 ft
apart
• Flexible mesh
support
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Conventional
Hops on Low
Trellis
• Flexible mesh =
6 – 8 in squares
• Top support =
stong steel cable
• Bottom support =
strong wire
• Poles = add 3 ft
for underground
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Flexible Mesh or Evenly Spaced
String?
• Study: Wye College (Darby, 1999). Hops
planted 45 in apart. Mesh vs hop twine
• Saw slight edge in yield using mesh
• 100% hedge coverage using mesh
• 95% hedge coverage using evenly spaced
hop twine (1 ft apart).
• Hop twine required more labor; Flexible
mesh more stable
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Item Comment Cost/Acre
Poles 162 at $8.80/pole 1,426$
Top cable 5000 ft 375$
Bottom wire 5000 ft 100$
Top staple 175 (top) 162 (bottom) 16$
Cable clamps 15 5$
Anchors $20 (steel, cable, concrete, labor)- 4.5/acre 90$
Netting 4840 ft 980$
TOTAL MATERIALS 2,992$
Ground prep 125$
Potted plants $.065 / plant / 1614 pots per acre 1,050$
Irrigation 1,000$
Fuel 20$
Labor 823$
TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COST PER ACRE 6,010$
LOW TRELLIS ESTABLISHMENT COST PER ACRE (9')Roy Farms & Jason Perrault
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Hints for Growing Conventional
Hops on Low Trellis
• Train plants first year
• Get plants growing to top fast and early
(Timely N application, Early pruning)
• Once at top, trim off apical growth pts.
• Forces lateral stem development
• After harvest, leave dry stems on mesh
• Provides means for ―self-training‖
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Yield Comparisons Low vs Tall
Trellis
Cascade Galena Willamette Nugget CTZ0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000Study: Roy Farms & Jason Perrault
Low Trellis
Tall Trellis
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Yield Comparisons Low vs Tall
TrellisBottom line?
Yields using conventional hops on low
trellis always lower than tall trellis
Yield loss ranged from 80% (Willamette) to
26% (Cascade)
Highly dependent upon variety!
Highly dependent upon environment!
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Dwarf Hops on Low Trellis
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Dwarf Hops on Low Trellis
• Grown on same trellis
• Do not need trimming at tops
• Shorter internodes, greater lower laterals
• Evenly placed cones from top to bottom
• Significantly higher yields
• Some newer varieties = conventional hop
yields
• No true dwarf hop varieties available--yet!
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Dwarf Hops on Low Trellis
Only true dwarf hop varieties ―controlled‖
by English Hop Association
Private breeding—American Dwarf Hop
Association (Based on 'First Gold')
Licensed
USDA-ARS—Public breeding program
(Based on 'Pioneer')...Germplasm
Exchange
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USDA-ARS Dwarf Breeding
2006 Germplasm
Exchange
Provided ―pollen‖
from zero-alpha
males
―Teamaker‖ roots
Pioneer x
25/95/15M seeds
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USDA-ARS Dwarf Breeding
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USDA-ARS Dwarf Breeding
150 Seedlings planted 2009. Evaluated
2010
Approximately 60% true ―dwarf‖ plants
Short internode length
Lateral branches form along length of
plant
Apical meristem stops growing ~ 2/3rds up
Collected seed off of each female dwarf
Each collection represents new dwarf
family
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Low Trellis Designs
Many designs
possible
Dependent upon
space
Conventional hops
grow ~ 18ft
18ft long growth for
each hill
Best designs don't
force plant to grow
down
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Short Trellis Production
Summary• Reduced yields with
―Conventional hops‖
• Significant labor
reductions & cost
• No stringing
• No training
• Precise pesticide
application—lower cost
• Easier to pick by hand!