high rise fire strategies - asfp 2013 monday presentations.pdf · high rise fire strategies asfp:...
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High Rise Fire Strategies
ASFP: 13th May 2013
Neal Butterworth
Arup UK
www.arup.com
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2
Contents
• Importance of prevention of vertical fire spread
• Conflict between insulation and safety
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3
Contents
• Importance of prevention of vertical fire spread
• Conflict between insulation and safety
• A robust approach to safety
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4
Part 1
• Importance of prevention of vertical fire spread
• Conflict between insulation and safety
• A robust approach to safety
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Typical Fire Strategy Concepts
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Typical High Rise Strategy Components
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Typical High Rise Strategy Components
• Contain fire: - Sprinklers
- Compartments
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Typical High Rise Strategy Components
• Contain fire: - Sprinklers
- Compartments
• Contain smoke - Compartments
- Smoke Control
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Typical High Rise Strategy Components
• Contain fire: - Sprinklers
- Compartments
• Contain smoke - Compartments
- Smoke Control
• Prevent collapse - Fire resistance
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Typical High Rise Strategy Components
• Contain fire: - Sprinklers
- Compartments
• Contain smoke - Compartments
- Smoke Control
• Prevent collapse - Fire resistance
• Evacuation - Detect and alarm
- Stairs
- Evacuate pairs of floors
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Typical High Rise Strategy Components
• Contain fire: - Sprinklers
- Compartments
• Contain smoke - Compartments
- Smoke Control
• Prevent collapse - Fire resistance
• Evacuation - Detect and alarm
- Stairs
- Evacuate pairs of floors
• Fire fighting - Provide access
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Acceptability through Precedent
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Fire Strategy Development
• Build what we want
• Learn from fire incidents and disasters
• Amend legislation and strategies when risk is unacceptable.
• This has led to established fire strategy concepts for:
- Low rise,
- Medium rise, and
- High rise.
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Low Rise – 1 to 2 Storeys
• Evacuation possible directly to outside
• Rescue possible from outside
• Collapse not a significant risk
• Fire spread not a significant life risk
• Fire fighting possible from outside
• Limited protection to evacuation routes
• Single stairs permissible
• Limited fire resistance requirements
• Limited compartmentation
• No specific fire fighting provisions
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Medium Rise – 3 to 8 storeys
• Evacuation reliance on stairs
• Rescue not possible from outside
• Stability required for a short period
• Fire spread starts to impact on risk
• Fire fighting difficult from outside
• At least two protected stairs
• Medium fire resistance requirements
• Some compartmentation required
• Fire fighting shafts introduced
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High Rise – 8+ Storeys
• Prolonged evacuation
• Rescue not possible from outside
• Stability required for a long period
• Risk associated with vertical
• Fire fighting difficult from inside
• Phased evacuation strategy
• High fire resistance requirements
• Compartment floors
• Sprinklers
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Precedent
Height Buildings Time (years) Building Years
Low Many millions Thousands 1,000,000,000
Medium Many hundred thousands Hundreds 10,000,000
High Many thousands Tens 10,000
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Precedent
Height Buildings Time (years) Building Years
Low Many millions Thousands 1,000,000,000
Medium Many hundred thousands Hundreds 10,000,000
High Many thousands Tens 10,000
Super-high Hundreds? Tens 1,000
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Reliability
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If fire and smoke protection works…
• Contain fire:
- Sprinklers
- Compartments
• Contain smoke - Compartments
- Smoke Control
• Prevent collapse - Fire resistance
• Evacuation - Detect and alarm
- Stairs
- Evacuate pairs of floors
• Fire fighting - Provide access
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Why Evacuate?
• Fire and smoke are contained
• Structural stability will be maintained
• Only those in immediate vicinity at risk
• Fire service can extinguish any fire that is not already extinguished
Not at risk
Not at risk
Not at risk
Not at risk
Not at risk
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We are worried about unknown failures
• Detection and alarm failure
• Evacuation sequencing failure
• Smoke leakage
• Fire spread
• Active system failure
• Passive system failure
• Causational failure
• Construction failure
• Management failure
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Consequence
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Evacuation Time
• Typical Stair 1100mm
• Capacity 220 people
• 2.5 minutes to enter stair - Approx. 1 minute per storey
• 4 minutes to clear stair - Approx. 2 minutes per storey
120
people
120
people
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Impact of vertical fire spread
• Reasonable time for fire spread?
• 15 minutes per storey?
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High Rise – 10 storeys
• Prolonged evacuation
• Rescue not possible from outside
• Stability required for a long period
• Risk associated with vertical
• Fire fighting difficult from inside
• Inhibit fire and smoke spread
• Reasonable stability
• Phased evacuation strategy
• Evacuation period is relatively short!
• Compartment floors
• Sprinklers
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Approximate Evacuation Times
Height Time to Relative Safety Evacuation Time
10 storeys 10 minutes 20 minutes
20 storeys 20 minutes 40 minutes
30 storeys 30 minutes 60 minutes
40 storeys 40 minutes 80 minutes
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Super-high rise Strategy?
• Prolonged evacuation
• Rescue not possible from outside
• Stability required for a long period
• Risk associated with vertical
• Fire fighting difficult from inside
• Evacuation very long / impossible
• Rescue not possible from outside
• Collapse unacceptable
• High risk associated with vertical
• Fire fighting difficult from inside
Super-high rise risks are different from high rise – shouldn’t the strategies be different?
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Conclusions – Part 1
• High rise strategies rely on prevention of vertical fire spread
• Risk of failure in “short” high rise is acceptable:
• Likelihood of failure is low
• Consequence is tolerable
• Consequence of vertical fire spread is high in ‘tall’ high rise:
• Must ensure likelihood of failure is sufficiently low, or
• Reduce consequence
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Part 2
• Importance of prevention of vertical fire spread
• Conflict between insulation and safety
• A robust approach to safety
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The need for insulation
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Impact of insulation on fire
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Design Fire
0 120 240
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Design Fire
0 120 240
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Design Fire
0 120 240
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Design Fire
0 120 240
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Impact of Insulation on Fires
• Heat is contained
• Fire grow quicker?
• Fires are hotter and longer?
• Therefore:
- Should fire resistance be increased?
- Fire fighting procedures?
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Impact of fire on insulation
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Rapid vertical fire spread
Al Tayer Tower, Sharjah, (UAE) Islamabad Marriott Hotel 20/9/2008 high
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Conclusions – Part 2
• Acceptability of fire safety is judged by precedent
• We have hundreds of years’ experience with:
• Stone, concrete, steel, etc.
• Is the rapid introduction in quantity and type of new insulation material:
• Changing the behaviour of fires?
• Providing a mechanism for rapid fire spread?
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Part 3
• Importance of prevention of vertical fire spread
• Conflict between insulation and safety
• A robust approach to safety
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Capability
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Fire Scientists
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
z (m
)
Time (s)
Smoke Layer Height (z)
Design Layer Height (z)
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
450.0
Ave
. Sm
oke
Te
mp
era
ture
(oC
)
Time (s)
Smoke Layer Temperature (T_s)
Fire and smoke modelling
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Computational Evacuation Simulation
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CFD Image
Computational Fluid
Dynamics
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Structural Fire
Modelling
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Fire systems specialists
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Total Design
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All Design Decisions
All credible scenarios &
failures
Evacuation
Containment
Resistance
Suppression
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Integrate Design
Safety Strategy
Prepare
Design
Specify Construct
Use
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Organised Team
Safety Strategy
Client
Design Team
Fire Security
Systems
Specialists
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Conclusions
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Conclusions
• Rapid advanced in building design mean that acceptability by precedent is no longer possible.
• Consequence of fire spread in super-tall buildings are very high
• We must proactively identify acceptable levels of risk and design accordingly.
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Conclusions
• Great reliance is placed on the efficacy of the fire protection features and systems that we incorporate into our strategies.
• There is limited margin of safety for failure.
• We must design, specify, install, operate and maintain our systems correctly.
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Conclusions
• Design assumptions that are valid for high rise design are not necessarily appropriate for super-high rise strategies.
• The consequence of incorrect assumptions is very high.
• We must consider all relevant design fire scenarios and test against potential system failure.
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58
Conclusions
• We have the capability, and the tools but…
• Fire can no longer be considered in isolation.
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59
Ove Arup - Total Architecture
Great things can happen when, "all relevant design
decisions have been considered together and have
been integrated into a whole by a well organised
team.”
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60
Ove Arup - Total Architecture
Great things can happen when, "all relevant design
decisions have been considered together and have
been integrated into a whole by a well organised
team.”
Safety is relevant and must be integrated into design.
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Part of the BRE Trust
BRE: The Fire Performance of Building
Envelopes
Stephen Howard
Passive Fire
May 2013
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Objectives
Façade systems Examples of fires involving building envelope Mechanisms of fire spread Regulation in the UK Testing and Third party approval
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Test Facilities
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Façades
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What is a Façade ?
– The building envelope (typically 15 °to the
building face)
– Materials
– Timber
– Plastics
– GRP
– Glazing
– Polymeric composites
– Cement based products
– With and without insulation
– ‘Green’
– It is frequently a kit of parts
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Façade Fire Examples
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Fire Spread in Building
Envelopes
– Fires involving multi-storey buildings
– are a risk to life – property loss – disruption to commercial business or – domestic life if dwellings are involved.
– You Tube
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Fire Spread in Building
Envelopes
– Knowsley Heights - 1991
– Basingstoke - 1992
– Irvine - 1999
– Paddington, London – 2003
– The Edge, Manchester – 2004
– Windsor Tower, Madrid – 2005
– Berlin 2005
– Hungary 2009
– Dijon France 2010
– Chechnya
– UAE
– USA
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Fire Spread in Building
Envelopes
– Al Nahda Tower, Sharjah 28th April 2012
– Mermoz Roubaix, France 15th May 2012
– Polat Tower, Instanbul, Turkey, 17th July 2012
– Tamweel Tower, Dubai, 18th November 2012
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Knowsley Heights - 1991
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Knowsley Heights – 1991
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External Fire Spread – Irvine
1999 – 11th June 1999
– 5th Floor Flat
– 14 Storey Block
– In the summer of 1999, a
Parliamentary inquiry into the
potential risk of fire spread in
buildings via External Cladding
was held by the Environment
Sub-committee of the
Environment Transport and
Regional affairs committee.
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External Fire Spread – Basingstoke 1992
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Mechanisms of fire spread in
Façades
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External Fire Spread
– Fires allowed to develop
may flash over and break
out through windows.
– Flames spread up over or
through the cladding.
– Flames can extend over
2m above window
opening. Regardless of
cladding materials.
– If fire re-enters building
secondary fires may then
develop
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Mechanisms of External Fire Spread
– Combustible materials
– Cavities either
– Part of system.
– Created by delamination.
– Flames in cavities can
extend 5 to 10 times
original length regardless of
materials present.
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Experimental Programmes – Fire Spread
13 min 14 min 15 min
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Experimental investigations
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Building Regulation Guidance –
Approved Document B
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Building Regulations - Fire safety
Functional Requirements
B1 Means of Warning and Escape
B2 Internal Fire Spread (Linings)
B3 Internal Fire Spread (Structure)
B4 External Fire Spread
B5 Access and Facilities for the Fire Service
Address Life Safety Issues
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Building Regulations (Fire Safety )– Guidance
– Approved Document B (ADB)
– Two Volumes
www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_ADB1_2006.pdf www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_App_Doc_B_v2.pdf
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B2 B3 & B4 – Limiting fire spread
B2 Internal Fire Spread (Linings)
B3 Internal Fire Spread (Structure)
Compartmentation
Loadbearing elements
Cavity barriers
B4 External Fire Spread
External Walls
Roofs
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ADB - External Surfaces
– Approved Document B (ADB) considers:
– Building Use; schools, dwellings,
industrial etc
– Building Heights
– Distances to Boundaries
– Fire Performance Characteristics of :
• Components and / or
• Complete systems for use over 18m
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ADB - External Surfaces
Diagram 40, restricts the
combustibility of external walls
of high buildings, to reduce the
danger from fire spread up the
external face of the building.
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External Walls over 18m in Height
– A summary of Volume 2 Section 12 guidance based on
components for Buildings Over 18m
– External surfaces comply with Diagram 40
– All insulation and filler materials should be A2-s3,d2
or better
– All cavity barriers and fire stopping guidance needs
to be followed
– OR
– Test the complete system to BS 8414
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BS 8414: Part 1: 2002
– Test method for non-load
bearing external cladding
systems applied to the face of
the building
– This test method was
developed to address systems
installed to masonry
structures.
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Test Facility
– Minimum height of sample:
– 6 m above chamber
opening
– ground to full height on wing
– Width:
– 2.8 m main face
– 1.5 m wing
– Depth:
– Part 1 - Maximum sample
depth 200 mm
Main Face
2800 1500
9675
2000Combustion
Chamber
2000 550250
Wing
Level 1
Level 2
25
00
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Location of Thermocouples at Level 2
Internal structure
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Test Principles
The duration of the fire load is 30 minutes. Test runs up to 60 minutes
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Post Test
– Damage is recorded in the
following areas:
– flame spread on surface
– flame spread in cavities or
insulation
– area of façade damaged or
detached
– Primary Pass/Failure criteria
– Time/temperature at Level 2, 600
deg C at 15 minutes
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Graphical Output
-10 0 10 20 30 40
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (mins)
Tem
pera
ture
ris
e, above T
s (
'C)
Sample Graph
Origin of time axis
passes through ts
ts
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Set one
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Set two
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Assessment of System Performance
– Test method to assess whole system
performance including fire breaks
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BS 8414 series for Full Scale testing
Classification to BR135
Part 1 – Masonry Backed Systems (2002)
Part 2 – Lightweight Frame Systems (2005)
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External Fire Spread Classification
–Second Edition of BR
135
–Sets the performance
criteria
–Third edition of BR
135 currently in draft,
to be published
shortly.
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Lightweight Frame Systems
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Modern Methods of Construction
– BS 8414 - 2 : 2005
– For systems where the
masonry structure is no
longer present.
– Same fire load and
methodology at BS
8414-1:2002
– Classification is in
Annex B to BR135
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Europe
– ETAG 004 – no large-scale
fire test specified
– Many European states
have similar tests for
façade systems
recognising the need to
understand the system
interactions.
– EOTA group now working
developing a full scale test
method.
– CEN mandate ???
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Property Protection - Insurers
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LPS Schemes & Technical Approval
– Building Regulations and Approved Document B only
address Life Safety
– LPS approval provides on going certification and
market support for products against both life safety and
property protection performance criteria.
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Loss Prevention schemes
– LPS 1581 Based on BS
8414-1 for masonry
backed systems
– LPS 1582 Based on BS
8414-2 for non-masonry
backed systems
Standards and listings are
free to download from:
www.redbooklive.com
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Thank you
– www.brandfolkene.dk/cm-
webpic/pp_isolering_engelsk.pdf.
– You Tube
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Andy Dean
BSc (Hons), MCIOB, FSFE
Al Futtaim Exova, & Exova Warringtonfire
Middle Eastern Perspective
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Agenda • Geographies
• Regulatory overview - products - installation - inspection
• Codes
• Facades in particular
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Geographical Focus GCC and Levant
GCC
• United Arab Emirates
• Qatar
• (Ko) Saudi Arabia
• Kuwait
• Bahrain
• Oman
Levant +
• Jordan
• Syria
• Iran
• Iraq
• Palestine
• Israel
• Egypt
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Specific Examples (1)
Sharjah
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Specific Examples (2)
Abu Dhabi
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Specific Examples (3)
Tamweel Tower
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
General Context • Developing markets
- maturing - new concepts (eg FR & RTF) - old perspectives - highly aspirational
• Highly multicultural - a variety of expectations - variety in cultural norms
• Regulation of products and processes - products, installation and inspection
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Regulation of Approvals (Products) • Regulation of products and
processes - products, installation and inspection
• Previously testing
• Now certification
• ISO Guide 67, System 5
• Independent sampling
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Products – Certification Process • Application • Document review • Factory Production Control (FPC)
audit • Quality Management System (QMS)
audit • Product sampling (must be
independent) • Type testing • Assessment • Certification decision
• On-going monitoring (periodical
audits and audit testing)
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Regulation of Approvals (Installation)
• Regulation of products and processes - products, installation and inspection
• Rarely structured
• Usually in-house training
• Could be multi-layered
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Regulation of Approvals (Inspections)
• Regulation of products and processes - products, installation and inspections
• Outsourced
• Construction stage (HoE)
• CD at completion
• Occasionally during operation
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Codes • Still a combination
- British - American
• Can cause issues
• British / European products annexed
• Need to focus on equivalence in standards
• Needs coordination and leadership
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Facades in Particular
Videos:
• Fire rated
• Non-fire rated
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Facades in Particular
Three main issues:
• Fire compartmentation (FR) - unusual - normal rules apply
• Flame spread (RTF) - materials issue - beginning to be understood - comb’n of large & small tests
• Perimeter firestopping - a challenge for architects
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Fire-stopping in High Rise Cladding Construction
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Cavity Fire Barriers for
Curtain Wall & Rainscreen Façades
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
30 different façade types
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Curtain Wall
• Gap between slab edge and façade
• Inside the building
• Contributes to compartmentation
• Fire
• Smoke
• Sound
• Water
• Horizontal and vertical
• Must accommodate façade movement
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Integrity
Insulation
...the product should be in accordance with a specification or design which has been shown by test to capable of meeting that performance; or have been assessed from test evidence against appropriate standards…
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
All cavity barriers shall be capable of accommodating all structural, settlement, drying shrinkage, creep, thermal and moisture movements of the building frame and/or façade without dislodging.
Typical Specification
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Torre Windsor Madrid • Built in 1970’s
• No slab edge firestops
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Torre Windsor Madrid • Built in 1970’s
• No slab edge firestops
• Fire started on 21st floor
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Torre Windsor Madrid • Built in 1970’s
• No slab edge firestops
• Fire started on 21st floor
• Between 3.00 am and 7.00 am the fire
spread to all 29 above ground floors
• Basement floors untouched
• Burning droplets
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Rainscreen
• Gap between external skin and façade
• Outside the building
• Fire
• Must accommodate air flow
• Closure time critical
• Horizontal and vertical
• Age resistant
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
CWCT Performance Standard
Cavity barriers shall be provided
• On the line of any compartment wall or floor
• To close the cavity around penetrations through the rainscreen for windows or doors
• Sub-divide the cavity with horizontal and vertical barriers
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
• Head
• Cill
Vertical Barrier
at edge of cavity
Vertical Barriers
@ max 20m centres *
Horizontal Barriers to
all compartment floors
Barriers to all
openings
Compartmentation
AD B
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Limit spread of fire in cavity
England, Wales, NI 30 minutes integrity 15 minutes insulation Scotland 30 minutes integrity No requirement for insulation
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
Design of Cavity Barriers
•Seals cavity in the event of a fire
•Activated at critical temperature
•‘Integrity’ re-established
•Continues to expand to close void.
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
DIFFERENT MATERIALS
DIFFERENT PROPERTIES
DIFFERENT INSTALLS
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk
3rd Party Certified Product
3rd Party Certified Installation
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A Seminar Presented by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection www.asfp.org.uk