high rise structural systems and services

High-rise Building : Structural System & Services

Abhinav Chunchu [2010BARC001]Sandeep Verma [2010BARC057]Vishal Ekka [2010BARC058]Shrivan W [2010BARC079]

25 Sept 2014

• Definition of High-rise • Evolution • Structural Systems • Comparative analysis of structural systems• Wind load and Effects• Foundation Types• Damping Systems• Services

Fire fighting systemsVertical circulationPlumbing

• Wind tunnel testing• Case-Study : Hines Tower, Shanghai

Content

Definition of High-rise

A tall building is not defined by its height or number of stories. It is the building in which“tallness” strongly influences planning, Designing and use. It is a building whose height createsdifferent conditions in design, construction and operation from those that exist in “common”buildings of a certain region and period.

Ref. : Building Structure Illustrated by Francis DK Ching, Barry S. Onouye, Douglas ZberbuhlerHigh-rise security and fire life safety by Geoff Craighead

A high-rise structure is considered to be one extends higher than the maximum reach of availablefire fighting equipment in absolute numbers, This has been set variously between 75-100 ft.

Definition of High-rise

India

Hyderabad : High-rise building is one with 18m or more in height

Ref. : High-rise security and fire life safety by Geoff CraigheadBhopal Building Bye lawsBrihan Mumbai Municipal Corporation (BMMC)Bangalore mahnagarapalika Building Bye Laws (2003)Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC)Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA)

Bhopal : High-rise building is one with 18m or more in building height

Mumbai : High-rise building is one with 7 floors or more, or one with 24m or more in building height

Bangalore : High-rise building is one with ground floor plus four or more floors above the ground floors.

Chennai : High-rise building is one with ground floor plus four or more floors above the ground floors.

Kolkata : High-rise building is one with ground floor plus four or more floors above the ground floors.

What is Tall Building?

Ref. : CTBUH (Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat)

a) Height Relative to Context

b) Proportion

c) Tall Building Technology

Evolution

Spire or Dome Heights

Skyscraper evolved in two different urban environment

• Chicago (Banking, Finance)• New York (Commercial activities clustered around broadways)

These factors served as the setting for cast-iron framed structures which augured the skyscrapers

Evolution

A.T. stewart’s second store, New York, 1859-62 illustrated the capacity of new iron construction

Around 1880 builder gave rise to elevator buildings

Equitable Life Assurance Society Building (Begun 1868, Enlarged 1875-76, 1886-89)

Ref. : The Tall Building Reference Book by Dave Parker & Antony Wood(Data as of January 2013)Building Structure Illustrated by Francis DK Ching, Barry S. Onouye, Douglas Zberbuhler

Evolution

A.T. stewart’s second store, New York, 1859-62 illustrated the capacity of new iron construction

Around 1880 builder gave rise to elevator buildings

Ref. : The Tall Building Reference Book by Dave Parker & Antony Wood(Data as of January 2013)Building Structure Illustrated by Francis DK Ching, Barry S. Onouye, Douglas Zberbuhler

History of the World’s Tallest Building

Ref. : The Tall Building Reference Book by Dave Parker & Antony Wood(Data as of January 2013)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

19

30

19

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19

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150169 170

178197

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ght

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met

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Average Height of the 100 tallest buildings

Ref. : The Tall Building Reference Book by Dave Parker & Antony Wood(Data as of January 2013)

External Loads

Wind Load• Direct pressure• Suction• Drag

Seismic Load• Inertial force

• P -Delta Effect• Overturning Moment• Vortex Shedding

Ref. : Building Structure Illustrated by Francis DK Ching, Barry S. Onouye, Douglas ZberbuhlerHigh-rise security and fire life safety by Geoff Craighead

Effects of lateral loads

Drag

Suction

Direct PressureDirect Pressure

Received by building surfaces perpendicular to wind’s path(windward direction)

Suction

Side and leeward building surfaces, as well as windward roof surfaces having a slope of less that 30 °This results in negative pressure which may result in roofing or cladding failure

Drag

Generated on the surfaces parallel to the windward direction

In contrast to vertical gravity loads, the effect of lateral loads on buildings are not linear and intensify rapidly with increase in height

When gravity load is displaced laterally by a distance (delta) due to wind, seismic, or balanced gravity loads, it generates forces and additional deflections throughout the structure added deflection generate further p delta effect.

P DELTA EFFECT

Lateral LoadsP = KV²P= PressureK= coefficient of wind V = velocity of wind

K= 0.006 for conventional rectangular building

OVERTURNING MOMENT

Any lateral load applied at a distance above grade generates an overturning moment at the base of a structure. For equilibrium , the overturning moment and an internal resisting moment provided by forces developed in columns members and shear walls

VORTEX SHEDDING In fluid dynamics, vortex shedding is an oscillating flow that takes place when a fluid such as air or water flows past a cylindrical body at certain velocities, depending on the size and shape of the body. In this flow, vortices are created at the back of the body and detach periodically from either side of the body.

JOHN HANCOCK BUILDING, CHICAGO

Wind Tunnel test

• Determine the nature and intensity of wind forces acting on the structure

• Model of scale 1:100 or 1:200 or 1:400• For model of 1:400, wind speed in tunnel and full

scale wind of 1:3 is chosen.• This results in time scale of 1:133

• To limit damage to the cladding on the building façade and to partitions and interior finishes.

• To reduce effect of motion perceptibility. • To limit the P- delta effect.

OUTRIGGER SYSTEM

• Generally in form of steel truss or reinforced concrete or composite.

• Tied to the core and combined with exterior columns• Reduce overturning moment and lateral shift • Under load shear core tend to bend and the out rigger

act as lever arm• Use at different levels: create mechanical floors

• Placed on exterior wall panels• Strong and stiff subsystem • Reduce the shear lag • Entire story depth can be used to construct

mechanical floor• It distributes loads equally on exterior columns

BELT TRUSS SYSTEM

BRACED FRAME RIGID TUBE TUBE IN TUBE DIAGRID TRUSSED TUBES BUNDLED TUBES SPACE FRAMES MEGRAFRAME

TYPES OF STRUCTURES

RIGID FRAME SRUCTURE

• Resist Shear+ bending moment• Height efficiency

Steel = 30 floorsConcrete = 20 floors

• Column size increases towards the base of the building.

• become cost-prohibit for use in buildings exceeding 35 stories.

Lake shore drive apartment, Chicago

Ingallas Building,Cincinnati Ohio

• Shear walls and rigid moment resisting frames.

• Greater lateral rigidity for building • Capacity to rise unto 60 floors.

Seagram Building Cook County Administration

Building,Chicago

SHEAR WALL CORE RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE:

A typical column and beam frame is assumed To be joined with pin or hinged connections, Which can potentially resist applied vertical loads.

Four hinged quadrilateral is inherently unstable,However, and would be unable to resist a laterallyApplied load.

The additional of diagonal bracing system Would provide the requisite lateral stability To the frame.

Single diagonal braces: able to handle both tension and compression.

Knee braces used in pairs to resist the lateral forces From either directions.

K bracing consist of two diagonal braces that meet near the Midpoint of vertical frame member. Each diagonal member Can be subject to either tension or compression, depending On lateral force acting on the frame.

V bracing consist of diagonal braces that meet near the midpoint Of horizontal frame member .

TYPES OF BRACINGS.

Chevron bracing is similar to V bracing but its orientation Allows for passage through the space below the inverted V.

Diagonal bracing consists a pair of diagonals. A certain degreeof redundancy is achieved If each diagonal alone is capable of

stabilizing the frame.

Diagonal tension counter systems consist of cable or rods that Work primarily in tension. A pair of cables or rods is alwaysnecessary to Stabilize the frame against lateral forces from eitherdirections. For each force direction, one cable of road will operate

effectively in Tension while the other becomes slack and it assumed to carry no load.

• The link beam absorb energy from seismic activity through plastic deformations of other members.• Eccentrically braced frames

may also be designed to control frame deformations and minimize damage to architectural elements during cyclical seismic load.

• Steel is ideal material for braces frames because of its ductility- the capacity to deform without fractures combined with its high strength.

• Eccentrically braced frames are generally placed in the exterior wall planes of a structure but are also sometimes used to brace steel frame cores.

ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAMES

BRACED FRAME SRUCTURE

• Vertical truss: resist lateral loads

• K,V,X members eliminating bending under lateral loading.

• Column girder and diagonal bracing are connected by pin joints.

• Fabrication is more economical than other moment resisting connection in rigid framed structure

• John Hancock building, chicago

BRACED FRAME SRUCTURE WITH SHEAR CORE

• Shear walls: To resist the lateral load caused by wind & earthquake

• Relatively thin: height/width • The assembly of shear walls is

known as “coupled shear wall”• Belt trusses distribute the

tensile and compressive force to the large no. of exterior trusses

Shanghai Financial Centre, Chaina

Empire State

Building (NewYork)

• Shear Resisting core• Minimized possibility of torsion due to

lateral load• May contain one or more cores

Connected by outriggers to provide column free space

BRACED CORE STRUCTURE:

• Out rigger generally form of steel trusses or reinforced concrete

• connect core to the peripheral columns, reduce the overturning moment and lateral drift in the building.

• Utilize entire building to resist lateral loads.

• Outer frame: closely spaced columns rigidly connected to deep spandrel beams.

• Loads are transferred by external frame

TUBE STRUCTURE:

Shear lag reduced by use of belt truss placed on exterior wall panels.Belt truss used to equalize tension and compression forces due to shear lag.

Shanghai world financial center

Exterior column spacing 5ft to 15 ft (1.5 m-4.5 m)Spandrel beam depth 24 in-48 inch (600-1200mm)

• Stiffness of framed tube is improved by using structural core.

• Resist gravity as well as lateral loads.• Floor diaphragms tie the exterior and

interior tube together• Allowing two tubes to resist as one unit

TUBE IN TUBE STRUCTURE: Tabung haji tower, malesia

One shell plazaTexas DDA building, new

Delhi

• Framed tube + Diagonals = braced tube

• Diagonal braces and spandrel beams give wall like rigidity against lateral loads

• Stiffening the parameter frames overcomes the shear lag problem faced by framed tube.

BRACED TUBE STRUCTURE:

John Hancock centre, Chicago

• Cluster of individual tubes tied together to act as a single unit

• framed tubes are bundled at the base and terminates at different levels, without loss of structural integrity

• Single tube : height restriction –slenderness ratio

• Height efficiency : 110 story• Advantage: flexibility of organizing floor

areas• Individual tube can be of any shape

rectangular, triangular, hexagonal

110 story sears tower designed by SOM• Framed steel tubes- each with structural

integrity • Individual tubes bundled together in

varying configuration and terminated at various levels breaking the wind sway by breaking flow of the wind.

Sears Tower, ChicagoSkidmore, Owings & Merrill (Bruce Graham)

BUNDLED TUBE STRUCTURE:

• Building rise above 60 stories• Utilizes mega columns comprise the chords of

oversized braced frames at building corners.• Linked by multi story trusses at every 15-20

story intervals.• Often at mechanical floor levels • Mechanical floors can be used to construct stiff

horizontal sub system.

MEGAFRAME STRUCTURE:

Example : Tuntex sky Tower, Taiwan

Hotel de las Artes, madrid

• IDEA of stacking triangulated prisms which contain diagonal bracing the exterior and interior frame.

• Resist both lateral + vertical loads • Diagonals prominent part of interior

parts.

bank of china building – I.M.Pie

SPACE TRUSS STRUCTURE:

Diagonal TowerSouth korea, by SOM

Hearst Tower (Above)Swiss Re Headquarters (left below)IBM Building (Right below)

DIAGRID STRUCTURE

Proposed by Sir Norman FosterHeight efficiency:Concrete: 60Steel : 100

• Lattice work on exterior• Resist both lateral & gravity loads• Vertical columns eliminated

• Triangulation ( gravity and lateral loads) - uniformly distributed

• Shear deformation minimized • Resist shear through axial action rather

than by bending vertical columns & spandrel

• Both shear & bending rigidity to resist the effects of drift & overturning moment.

• Highly redundant – can transfer loads through multiple paths in case of a localized structural failure.

Category Sub-

Category Material / Configuration

Efficient Height Limit

Advantages Disadvantages Building Examples

Rigid Frames Steel 30 Provide in floor planning. Fast construction flexibility.

Expensive moment

connections.Expensive fire proofing.

Lake Shore Drive

Apartments (Chicago, USA)

Assurance Tower (Kansas

City)

Concrete 20 Provide flexibility in floor planning. Easily mouldable.

Expensive formwork. Slow construction.

Ingalls Building (Cincinnati, USA)

Braced HingedFrames

Steel Shear Trusses + Steel Hinged Frames

10 Efficiently resist lateral loads by axial forces in the shear truss members. Allows shallower beams compared with the rigid frames without diagonals.

Interior planning limitations due to diagonals in the shear trusses. Expensive diagonal connections.

Low-rise buildings

Shear Wall / Hinged Frames

Concrete Shear Wall + Steel Hinged Frame

35 Effectively resists lateral shear by concrete shear walls.

Interior planning limitations due to shear walls.

77 West Wacker Drive (Chicago, USA), CasseldenPlace(Melbourne, Australia)

Outrigger Structures

Shear Cores(Steel Trusses or Concrete Shear Walls) + Outriggers (Steel Trusses or Concrete Walls) + (BeltTrusses) + Steel or Concrete Composite (Super) Columns

150 Effectively resists bending by exterior columns connected to outriggers extended from the core.

Outrigger structure does not add shear resistance.

Taipei 101 (Taipei, Taiwan), Jin Mao Building (Shanghai, China)

Category Sub-Category

Material / Configuration



Shear Wall (or Shear Truss) -Frame Interaction System

Braced Rigid Frames

Steel Shear Trusses + Steel Rigid Frames

40 Effectively resists lateral loads by producing shear truss - frame interacting system.

Interior planning limitations due to shear trusses.

Empire State Building (New York, USA), SeagramBuilding

Shear Wall / Rigid Frames

Concrete Shear Wall + Steel Rigid Frame

60 Effectively resists lateral loads by producing shear wall - frame interacting system.

Interior planning limitations due to shear walls.

Seagram Building, (New York, USA)

Concrete Shear Wall + Concrete Frame

70 _ _ _

Tube

Framed tube steel 80 Efficiently resist lateral loads by locatinglateral system at the building perimeter.

Shear lag hinders true tubular behaviour Narrowcolumn spacing obstruct the view

AON Centre ( Chicago, USA)

concrete 60 “ “ Water tower place (Chicago, USA)

Braced tube steel 100( + interior) / 150( - interior)

Efficiently resist lateral shear by axial forces in the diagonal members.Wider column spacing possible compared with framed tubes.Reduced shear lag.

Bracing obstruct the view. John Hancock Centre ( Chicago , USA)

concrete 100 “ “ Onterie Centre ( Chicago)

Bundled tube steel 110 Reduced shear lag. Interior planning limitations

Sears Tower ( Chicago)

Tube in tube Ext. Framed Tube (Steel or Concrete) + Int. Core Tube (Steel or Concrete)

80 Effectively resists lateral loads by producing interior shear core - exterior framed tube interacting system.

Interior planning limitations due to shear core.

181 West Madison Street (Chicago, USA)

Category Sub-Category

Material / Configuration



Diagrid -

steel 100 Efficiently resists lateral shear by axial forces in the diagonal members.

Complicated joints. Hearst Building (New York,USA), 30 St Mary Axe, also known as Swiss Re Building (London, UK)

concrete 60 “ Expensive formwork. Slow construction.

O-14 Building (Dubai)

Space Truss Structures

- steel 150 Efficiently resists lateral shear by axial forces in the space truss members.

Obstruct the view. May obstruct the view.

Bank of China (Hong Kong, China)

Super frames

- steel 160 Could produce super tall buildings.

Building form depends to a great degree on the structural system.

Chicago World Trade Center(Chicago, USA)

concrete 100 “ “ Parque Central Tower (Caracas, Venezuela)

100 Tallest Buildings by structural material

Ref. : The Tall Building Reference Book by Dave Parker & Antony Wood(Data as of January 2013)CTBUH (Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat)

SteelconcretecompositeMixedUnknown

Damping systems in high-rise buildings

Damping System

Passive DampingActive Damping

• Aerodynamic Damper

Tuned MassActive

TendonTuned Liquid• Viscous Dampers

• Friction Dampers• Yielding Dampers

DAMPING SYSTEMS IN HIGHRISE BUILDINGS

Minimizing the effects of wind –induced vibrations and earthquake shaking on tall buildings as well as non structural architectural elements and mechanical components.

ACTIVE DAMPING SYSTEM:• Requires power for motors sensors and computers control.• Constant external power is required and may be undependable

during a seismic event on disruption of power supply. • more suitable for tall buildings: where wind induced loading rather

than the unpredictable cyclic loading caused by earthquake.

SEMI ACTIVE DAMPING SYSTEM:• Use of controlled resistive force to reduce motion • They are fully controllable yet require little input power. • More useful in reducing sway during storm.

• Less satisfactory for building deflections during seismic event.

TUNED LIQUID DAMPERS• Tank moves back and forth in the

opposing direction transferring its momentum to the building and counteracting the effect of wind vibration.

ACTIVE TENDON DAMPING SYSTEM: • Uses a conceptualized controller that

responds to the building moment• Adjust member which are connected to

an array of steel tendons disposed adjacent to structures main support members.

TUNED MASS DAMPERS:• Consist of huge mass of concrete or

steel suspended from a cable like pendulum mounted in tracks in upper stones of a building.

• Lateral force -> swaying in the building -> computer senses the motion and signals motor to move the weight in an opposing direction and neutralize the motion.

Where it dangles: Taipei 101Diameter: 18 ft.Weight: 730 tonsCable thickness: 3 1/2 in.Protects against: Earthquakes, high winds,oversize gorillas.

PASSIVE DAMPING SYSTEMS• Absorb a portion of wind induced or seismic energy• reducing the need for primary structural elements to

dissipate energy.

Viscous Damper

Friction Damper

Yielding Damper

Factors for foundation system design

• soil conditions

• load transfer pattern

• shape and size of building

• site constraints

Types of foundation system

Shallow Foundation: Those that transfers the load to the earth at the base of the column or wall of substructure.

Deep Foundation:Those that transfers load at a point deep below the substructure.

Foundation Systems

Deep Foundation Systems

Shallow Foundation Systems

Displacement Replacement

CaissonsBarrette

PileBored PilePrecast Pile

Driven cast In Place Piles

Timber Piles Steel PilesReinforced concrete

Piles

Isolated footing

Wall footingCombined

footingMat footing

Foundation Systems

Ref. : Construction Technology for Tall Buildings Book by CHEW Yit Lin, Michael

Shallow Foundations in tall buildings

In situation where the allowable bearingcapacity of the soil is low in relation to theweight of building, column footing becomelarge enough so that it is more economicalto merge them into single mat or raftfoundation that supports entire building.

Shell tower, Hitachi tower, SingaporeOcean building, Singapore Raffles city, SingaporeTung Centre, Singapore

Hitachi tower- 128m(33 storey) has 2.8m thick raft 40X68m in plan

Hitachi tower

Examples

• Deep foundations are used when adequate soil capacity is not available close to the surface.

• The common type of deep foundations are caissons and piles.

• These are classified in two types displacement and replacement

Deep Foundations in tall buildings

• Displacement piles refers to piles that are driven, thus displacing the soil. examples are pre cast and driven cast in place piles.

• Replacement piles formed by boring/ removing a column of soil replaced with steel reinforcement and wet concrete. Examples are caissons and bored piles

Services

Fire Fighting SystemsVertical CirculationPlumbing

Ref. : The Tall Building Reference Book by Dave Parker & Antony Wood(Data as of January 2013)CTBUH (Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat)National Building Code

Metal brake

Safety lift

Equitable life assurance building, New York Burj Khalifa, Dubai

Vertical circulation in high rise building

In very tall buildings, elevator efficiency can be increased by a system that combines express and local elevators. The express elevators stop at designated floors called sky lobbies. There, passengers can transfer to local elevators that will take them to their desired floor. By dividing the building into levels served by the express elevators, the local elevators can be stacked to occupy the same shaft space. That way, each zone can be served simultaneously by its own bank of local elevators.

Sky lobby

Pudong and Shanghai World Financial Center

Double-deck elevatorsOne car stops at even floors and the other stopsat the odd floors. Depending on theirdestination, passengers can mount one car in thelobby or take an escalator to a landing for thealternate car.

The single-deckunits are designed for speeds in excess of 10 metersper second and ultimately will meet speeds of 15meters per second, while the double-deck units aredesigned for 10 meters per second.

ELEVATORS

• Low rise go from lobby to level 12.• Medium rise lifts go from lobby to 22 stopping from level 11.• High rise lifts go from lobby to 34 stopping from level 22.

• Shuttle lift goes from level 34 to level 39.

Twenty-First Floor PlanGround Floor Plan

30 St' Mary Axe ,London

Compass Destination Entry System of traffic control.

As office workers use their pass to go through a lobby gate, they are directed by the system to a car that will take them to their floor.

By assigning passengers to specific floors, it allows each car to make only about a quarter of the stops normally required in heavy traffic periods.

1. Conventional system2. Compass dispatching system

1. Enter destination floor.

2. Proceed to assigned elevator.

3. Enter assigned car.

4. Travel to designated floor.

Pneumatic waste collection systems

Pneumatic waste collection systems is anautomatic garbage collection system

The system is based on pipes connected tobuildings which are operated by vacuum.

Collection into closed compactors

Waste inlet in each floorPneumatic pipeline transfer system

Powerful vacuum unit with filter solution

Network of high powered fans pumps clean air through fire resisting ducts

RUFUGE AREA • AT EVERY 30 FLOORS• CONCRETE WALLS.• 2 HOURS FIRE RESISTANCE

Heat sensor

Smoke detector

Fresh air pushes the smoke down back

Sprinkler system

Sprinkler system

Fire safety in burj khalifa

THE REFUGE AREA

The refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the floor & open to air at least on one side protected with suitable railing.a) For floors above 24m & up to 39m one refuge area on

the floor immediately above 24m.b) For floors above 39m one refuge area on the floor

immediately above 39m & so on after 15m refuge area shall be provided.

Ref : As per section 8.12.3 on part IV of NBC

Plumbing

Physical realities

Water in a typical 10 storey building exerts a pressure of 3.3 bar

3.3 Bar10 storey building

Ref : NORR Architects Engineers & Planners

Water in 30 storey tall building will exerts a pressure of

= 3.3 X (pressure exerted by water in 10 storey building)

= 3.3 X 3

10 bar

10 bar

10 storey

10 storey

10 storey

Plumbing


10 storey

10 storey

10 storey

10 storey

10 storey

10 storey

10 storey

10 storey

High pressure zone

Medium pressure zone

Upper building zone

Pressure breaks


Case study -Hines Jing’an Tower, Shanghai

Key features

• Construction of new tower on an existing foundation

• Curtain wall design based on reflectivity studies

• Integration of Metro rail station with project circulation

1,93,000 Site area (in sqft)2 million Total built area (in sqft)1.4 million Tower area (in sqft)55 Number of floors above ground4 Number of floors below ground820 Height of the tower (in ft)7.58 FAR

Case study - Hines Jing’an Tower, Shanghai

The numbers

Basement location


Site parameters

Case study Hines Tower, Shanghai

Typical floor plan


Loading map


Column and wall variations

Case studyHines Tower, Shanghai

Typical tower section I Comparison4.45 METER FLOOR-TO-FLOOR 4.38 METER FLOOR-TO-FLOOR

Outrigger elevation A

Outrigger elevation B

Outrigger truss & Belt truss plan

Truss Details


Level 11 Level 49


Vertical circulation

Wooden skyscraper

Linkhttp://www.ted.com/talks/michael_green_why_we_should_build_wooden_skyscrapers

http://www.ted.com/talks/michael_green_why_we_should_build_wooden_skyscrapers

Thank you

high rise structural systems and services

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