high tunnels: realities...
TRANSCRIPT
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CaryL.Rivard,Ph.D.
November19,2011
KRCSustainableAgriculture
Conference
HighTunnels:RealitiesandPossibilitiesHighTunnels:RealitiesandPossibilities
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Photo courtesy: S. O’Connell (NCSU)
• All shapes and sizes– Three or four seaaon
• Climate Control– Season Extesnion– Use of low tunnels, etc.– Protection
• Reduced Foliar Disese
• Access to new market windows
• Production stability
Why High Tunnels?
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Construction
•Site location / preparation– Soil, wind, water– HT orientation
•Plumbing, electrical, heating ?•Soil preparatation
High Tunnel / Hoophouse Construction
Prevailing winds from
the South-SW
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Structure Assembly•Set the footers with precision
– Concrete ?
•Baseboards
•Bow Assembly
•Purlin Assembly
•Hipboards
•Sidewalls and Endwalls
Construction
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Construction
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ConstructionStructure Assembly•Set the footers with precision
– Concrete ?
•Bow Assembly
•Purlin Assembly
•Tools– Ratchet/Socket– Cordless drivers (ALOT)– Ladder / Scaffolding
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Construction
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Protective Eyeware
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ConstructionSidewalls and Endwalls•Roll-up or Roll-down sidewalls
•Endwalls– Doors– Ventilation
•Organic certification?– Treated wood cannot touch soil
Cedar or Untreated Pine (coated with Linseed Oil)
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Construction
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Cedar footer tied to treated lumber
Secure Sidewalls
Motorized Shutter
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• Maintain good soil quality
• Irrigation– No rain in the tunnels– Overhead irrigation ?– Fertilizer injector when possible
• Nutrient management– Similar to field– Be careful of soil salt build-up– Always use compost wisely
ManagementManaging the High Tunnel
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•Manage/Ventilate sidewalls – Summer Crops – close when nights are <55oF– Winter Crops – Varies with crop/climate– Automated sidewall curtains
Hand crank for sidewalls
Note: metal brackets to hold sidewall
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• Reduced foliar disease– Leaf wetness
• Foliar diseases in tunnels– Powdery mildews– Botrytis– Viruses
• Reduced crop rotation– Soilborne pathogens– Moveable tunnels
ManagementDisease Management in High Tunnels
From: G.N. Agrios. 2005. Plant Pathology. 5th edition. Elsevier AP.
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Verticillium wilt - Tomato
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Early Tomato Production
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• Rootstock and scion are held together with a small silicon clip.
• Grafts are held in a “healing chamber for 7- 9 days”.
http://www4.ncsu.edu/~clrivard/Resources.html
Tomato Grafting
ScionScion
RootstockRootstock
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Management
•Also known a “green manures”, cover crops are extremely important for soil health
– Organic matter– Soil microbial health
•Suppress Weeds•Add / Recover nitrogen
– Highly-leachable N03– Legume cover crops fix N
•Can be used as mulch– No-till or strip-tillage
•Can reduce excess nutrients (P)•Reduce soil erosion
Cover Crops
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Beneficial habitat planted around the tunnel
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What Crops to Grow
•Grow high-value crops that help to pay for the structure and the labor that goes into maintaining it
– $500-$800 per year (30 x 96 ft) for structure alone
– Market niche•Increase value of crops that can be grown outdoors
– Summer spinach / greens•Learning curve•Most crops do well inside
Economics
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Cut Flowers
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•Blackberries•Blueberries•Raspberries
•Strawberries
•Sweet Cherries
•Tree fruit ???
High-Value Small Fruit
Small Fruits
Growing apples in a high tunnel in Alaska
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Blueberry yields – Olathe, 2008 (Harvest 6/25 to 7/30)
lb/acre @$6/lb
Blue Crop (Mid) In 4,368 26,443
Out 1,852 11,211
Duke (Early) In 5,203 31,496
Out 2,904 17,577
Jersey (Late) In 7,408 44,846
Out 3,022 18,296
Patriot (Early) In 7,927 47,984
Out 4,118 24,925
Sierra (Mid) In 10,200 61,745
Out 4,207 25,467
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Blueberries in a multi-bay tunnel
“Three-season” has no cover in winter
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• Heritage, Autumn Britten, Kiwi Gold (Nourse Farms, Deerfield, MA)
• Planted on raised bed, 2.5’ within row and 8’ between rows.
• Mulched heavily with chopped alfalfa
• Pruned to the ground, winter 2005-2006.
Raspberry Cultivar Trial
Small Fruits
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Fall Bearing Raspberry – Olathe, 2007
Frt wt (g) lb/acre @$8/lb
Autumn Britten
In 1.9 3,428 27,427
Out 1.7 3,061 24,488
Heritage In 1.5 8,170 65,359
Out 1.1 5,535 44,281
Kiwi Gold In 1.4 9,015 72,116
Out 1.1 5,532 41,056
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•Earlier Spring market
•Late Fall market•Planted earlier
– Shade cloth
•Day Neutral Varieties•Watch for mites
•Strawberries in KS??
Strawberries
Small Fruits
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Strawberries grown in “Grow Soxx”
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Cool Season Warm SeasonLettuce Tomatoes
Radishes PeppersSpinach CucumbersPotatoes MelonsOnions Sweetpotatoes
Peas PumpkinCarrots Squash
Cabbage Eggplant
Asparagus Beans
Vegetable Crops
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•Cool-weather crop that is cold-tolerant•Leaf types
– Loose– Romaine or cos– Butterhead– Crisphead– Mixed greens
•Mid-March to early April•Good for containers•Aphids can be a problem
Lettuce and other leafy greens
Vegetable Crops
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Use space efficiently by growing “partner crops”
Vegetable Crops
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Lettuce (greens) grown in containers
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•Transplants can be grown in high tunnel•Sow seeds in tunnel (late fall)•Transplant to field (late March)
Onions
Vegetable Crops
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Spinach•Nutritious, hardy greens crop•cvs. Long Standing Bloomsdale, Melody, Space, Avon, Tyee•Sow directly
– Mid- to late March– August to early September
•Fertile, well-drained soil•Clip leaves when they are large enough to eat•Quick to bolt in spring
Vegetable Crops
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Summer Spinach Production•39% shade•Sprinkler irrigation
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•Utilize vertical trellises to maximize space•English types•cvs. Diva, Dasher, Sprint, Marketmore, Sweet Slice•Direct Sow or Transplants
– Soil temperature (60oF)– 2’ x 3’ rows
•Roots susceptible to damage•Use shears to cut off fruit
Cucumbers / Melons
Vegetable Crops
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Melons - Olathe, 2005
Vegetable Crops
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Peppers•Related to tomato and eggplant•cvs. Ace, Bell Boy, Jupiter, Aristotle, Valencia, Purple Bell, Karma, Jackpot•Less cold-tolerant then tomatoes
– Seedlings
•Transplants– Mid-May– 18-24” in rows 15” apart
•Fall Peppers
Vegetable Crops
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•Most popular vegetable grown in the garden•cvs. MANY MANY varieties
– Heirlooms: Cherokee Purple, Brandywine, Green Zebra– (Semi) Determinates: Mtn Fresh, Celebrity, FL 91– Indeterminates: Jetstar, Better Boy, Whopper, Sungold
•Transplants– Early May to Early June– 18-24” in 3-5’ rows
•Hotset / heatset varieties– Can be grown in the fall
Tomatoes
Vegetable Crops
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Come and visit any time
Cary Rivard, 35230 W 135th St., Olathe, KS 66061 913-856-2335 ext 120; [email protected]