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Higher Education, Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Hiroyuki YoshikawaNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

Japanese National Commission of UNESCO

UNU/UNESCO International Conference

Pathways towards a Shared Future:Changing Roles of Higher Education in a Globalized World

29 – 30 August 2007, UNU Tokyo

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Contents

(1) Why do we need Innovative Entrepreneur?

(3) New Disciplines in Science (2) Innovation Process

(4) Synthesis-oriented Education in Engineering(5) Entrepreneurship

There are various factors which we need consider for educating innovative entrepreneurs.

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(1) Why do we need Innovations?

HY

In the process of realizing sustainability, we must solve various problems which we have never experienced in the past. As progresses along continuous path do not solve them, we must take a step toward unknown space. It is innovation.

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Sustainability

Development

(+)

(+)(-)

(-)

PresentFeasibleSolutions

Sustainable Development

Science and Technology

Sustainable Development by G.H.Brundtland (1987)= (Sustain the earth) ^ (Develop Less-developed Regions)

Sustainable Development

HY

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Making a Shift toward Sustainability “Industrial Transformation by Innovations”

Development

Environment

Sustainable development:concurrent realization ofdevelopment and preservationby industrial transformation

Traditional development:development at the expense of environment

Traditional environmental preservation:preservation by suppressing growth

6持続性に向けた産業科学技術委員会(AIST)

Move of Centre of Gravity of Industries (Japan)Preliminary Metrics by AIST

Emission of CO2(tons)

Raw-materialIndustry

ManufacturingIndustry

Service Industry

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

1,0

00,0

00

10,0

00,0

00

100,0

00,0

00

1,0

00,0

00,0

00

Val

ue a

dded

(mill

ion y

en)

Expansionof Size

Diminutionof Size

Direction ofImprovement

1990-1995-2000

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We have successfully observed changes of global environment by science and technology. Now, we should make more scientific and technological efforts toward actions to prevent the growth of and to protect us from the deterioration of sustainability.

We shall discuss manufacturing industry here, that is based upon science and technology and the most useful to develop less developed regions and, on the other hand, the most crucial to influence the global environment,

and try to find a way for society to realize sustainable development by industry.

From Observation to Action

HY

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Actions in Society Information Cycle for Sustainable Evolution

EngineeringScientists

Actors

Useful knowledge for sustainability(Utilization Knowledge,Factual knowledge)

Data(Judgment ofgoodness forsustainability) Facts

ObservingScientists

Social StateValues Environment

Actions for sustainability

Actors in Societyare:

statesmen,policymakers,business humans, administrators,engineers,educators,writers,artists,journalists,etc…

who move society.

We must design evolutional loops in society for sustainability.HY

SocietySociety

Science Science CommunityCommunity

*

*

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Elaboration of Actions in Manufacturing

Manufacturing

InverseManufacturing

UseInverse Inverse UseUse

Production planning/management,Production Facilities, Processing

Distribution,Selection,Utilization,Pause, Maintenance,Termination

Extraction of data of use,Waste management (reuse/recycle), Waste-processing facilities,Processing

Analysis of use,Design of products, Preparation of manufacturing,Material selection/processing/ supply

Products

Used products,Record of useJudge of

products

Revised designof products

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(2) Innovation Process

Innovation is not realized within a single discipline. Whenever an action is innovative, it is based upon the integration of diversified disciplines. Normally,it takes years to integrate them.

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An Economical Innovation to Eradicate Poverty

1980 1990 20001974 2006

1974 Conception

1976 Experiment, Bangladesh University of Chittagong

1979 First success, Village of Jobra

1983 Legislated, Independent Bank

2006 2100 Branches

2006 Nobel Prize

Dr.Muhammad Yunus of Grameen Bank has successfully developed a bank which encourages women and ameliorated the poverty in Bangladesh. The bank is innovative. It is interesting to investigate the process of development after conception.

Yunus of Grameen Bank

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Dreams, Nightmares and Reality General pattern of science-technology based innovation process

Dream(scientificdiscovery,epoch-makinginvention)

Nightmare Reality

People’sinterest

Social support

Time for research and development →

1985 J.Hatvany, H.Yoshikawa

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Thought process in “intersection” of many disciplines

Nightmare Research

Thought process within their own disciplines

Dream Research

Integration of Disciplines is Necessary

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Conceptual picture of full research in life science for health

EnterprisesUniversities

Basic Research in Life Science

Pharmacy

Hospital

Medical Instrument

Housing

Environmental Remedy

Food

Agriculture

Gymnastics

Basic researches inphysics,chemistry,material science,computer science,etc

Synthetic researches inmechanical,electrical,environmental,computational, sociological,economical, etc

Type-1 Basic Research

Type-2Basic Research

Product RealizationResearch Production

etc

Independent Agencies ( AIST etc)

Collaborationamong disciplines

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Full Research

Universities Industries

Dream Nightmare Reality

National Research Institutes (ex. AIST)

Type-1 Basic Research Type-2 Basic Research Product Realization

Full Research

People’sreaction

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University-Industry Cooperation through Full Research

Full Researchat AIST or otherResearch Institutes

Type-1 Type-2 P.P.R*

Type-1

Type-1

Type-1

Type-2

Product Realization

Product Realization

Product Realization

Start-upsStart-ups

Type-1

UniversityIndustry

Type-2

* P.P.R : Product Realization Research

A Method to Implement the Network of Excellence

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(3) New Disciplines in Science

In order to realize sustainability scientifically, we need new engineering knowledge based on new disciplines in science. Universities and research institutes must pioneer for them and professors of different disciplinesshould make collaboration.

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Integrated Knowledgein Real World

(indigenous knowledge)

Separate Knowledge in Abstract World

(Science)

Integrated Knowledgein Abstract World

(Integrated Science)

Knowledge Integration for Sustainable Science

Abstraction

Integration

Fact + Use + Meaning

Natural Science

Social Science

Integrated Science

Design Science

MeaningUseFact

(1)Modern masters

(2)Collaboration of different scientists

(3)Theoretical studyon disciplinary integration New Disciplines?

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(4) Synthesis-oriented Education in Engineering

Two cases of education for innovation at University and Research Institute will be shown. The case of University of Tokyo is based on general design theory, which is extracting the commonality from disciplines of diversified conventional engineering departments. The case of AIST is education for post doctoral fellows, which offers opportunity of type-2 research.

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Traditional Departmental Curricula which educate disciplinary specialists

Manufacturing Practice

Design Practice

Optimization technique

Theory

Mathematics

Mec

hani

cal E

ng.

Elec

tric

al E

ng.

Met

allu

rgy

Che

mic

al E

ng.

Bio

logi

cal E

ng.

Engineering knowledge

Departmental knowledge

( Methods for synthesis )

( Fac

tual

kno

wle

dge

)

Laws

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(4) Synthesis-oriented Education in Engineering

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An Inverted Curriculum

Manufacturing Practice

Design Practice

Optimization

Theory

Laws

Mathematics

Mec

hani

cal E

ng.

Elec

tric

al E

ng.

Met

allu

rgy

Che

mic

al E

ng.

Bio

logi

cal E

ng.

Engineering knowledge

Systematic factual laws

Gen

eral

theo

ry o

f syn

thes

is

HY

education for sustainable development (ESD of UNESCO)

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A curriculum named“Flames”炎のカリキュラム

(Factual Lawsand Methods of Synthesis)

Actually practiced at the Precision Engineering Department, University of Tokyo for 1975 -1994.

SUSTAINABLE SOCIETYSUSTAINABLE SOCIETYSUSTAINABLE SOCIETY

HY

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(5) Entrepreneurship

In Japan, social and economical condition foryoung people to challenge for entrepreneur isnot good. We are now developing it in the systemof education and university-industry cooperation.

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Development of Types of University-Industry Cooperation

Three dimensionalcooperation

Type-A Univ. in Company Type-B Company in Univ.

University Company University Company

Two dimensional cooperation

HY

University Company

Researchers from university and company live and work together within a laboratory.

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Architects in 3-dimensional Interface between University and Industry

Architects as connectorSupplier of Knowledge

(University and Research Institute)

User of Knowledge(Industry)

Innovation Architect Industrial architectInformation architectRobotics architect

3-dimentional interface between University and Industry

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Architects know both research frontiers and user’s demands (like building architects).Architects are either employed by or independent of research institutes.Architects who are matured may run their own companies.Architects are educated in the 3-dimensional interface.

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Education for Innovators in AIST

UniversityDoctoral Course

Post Doctoral Researchersin University

Institute employment

Project employment

Education for Innovators

Researchersin Companies

Innovators in Companies

High-techStart-ups

PermanentResearchersin AIST

Post Doctoral Researchersin AIST

Post DoctoralResearchers In AIST

AIST SCHOOL of INNOVATIONAIST SCHOOL of INNOVATIONProfessors are Heads of Unit of AIST

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Schools for Innovative Entrepreneurs

UniversityDoctoral Course

Post Doctoral Researchersin University

Education for Innovators

Post DoctoralResearchers In AIST

AIST SCHOOL of INNOVATIONAIST SCHOOL of INNOVATION

School of InnovationSchool of Innovationin

Economical Research Institute

inSocial Research Institute

School of InnovationSchool of Innovation

etc

InnovationsScience-technology based,Economical,Social,Cultural,

in Society and Industry,and for Sustainability

Entrepreneurs from schools(Innovation Architects)will make:

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end

Higher Education, Innovation �and EntrepreneurshipContentsWhy do we need Innovations? �Sustainable DevelopmentMaking a Shift toward Sustainability�“Industrial Transformation by Innovations”Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Actions in Society� Information Cycle for Sustainable Evolution Elaboration of Actions in Manufacturing(2) Innovation ProcessAn Economical Innovation to Eradicate PovertyDreams, Nightmares and Reality�General pattern of science-technology based innovation processSlide Number 13Conceptual picture of full research �in life science for healthFull ResearchUniversity-Industry Cooperation through Full Research�(3) New Disciplines in Science Slide Number 18(4) Synthesis-oriented Education �in EngineeringTraditional Departmental Curricula�which educate disciplinary specialists�An Inverted Curriculum��Slide Number 22(5) EntrepreneurshipDevelopment of Types �of University-Industry CooperationArchitects in 3-dimensional Interface between University and IndustryEducation for Innovators in AISTSchools for Innovative Entrepreneursend