higher education reform ministry of education
TRANSCRIPT
G.J.Kim Higher Education Seminar Moscow, July 5, 2005
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July 5, 2005July 5, 2005July 5, 2005July 5, 2005
Higher Education Reform in South KoreaHigher Education Reform in South Korea
- Policy Responses to a Changing World -- Policy Responses to a Changing World -
Gwang-Jo Kim, Ed.DGwang-Jo Kim, Ed.DMinistry of Education & Human Resources Development
Republic of Korea
Gwang-Jo Kim, Ed.DGwang-Jo Kim, Ed.DMinistry of Education & Human Resources Development
Republic of Korea
G.J.Kim Higher Education Seminar Moscow, July 5, 2005
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ContentsContents
I.I. Overview Overview
II.II. State of Higher EducationState of Higher Education
III.III. Issues and Challenges Issues and Challenges
IV.IV. Reform InitiativesReform Initiatives
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I. OVERVIEW
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South Korea at a GlanceSouth Korea at a Glance
Seoul
Busan
P’yongyang
Kwangju
Korea
Chongjin
DaeguTaech’on
About 100 thousand sq kms
48 Million People
7 metropolitan cities & 9 provinces
GNI: US$ 576.4 Bil.(per capita GNI US$12,020 as of FY03)
Unemployment: 3.5% in 2004(Youth unemployment 7.9%)
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Brief history and cultureBrief history and culture
Brief History 3 Kingdoms (BC 1C–AD 7C) – Shilla(7-10C) - Koryo(10-14C)
- Chosun(1392-1910)“Country of Morning Calm”, “Hermit Nation” Japanese Colonial Rule (1910-1945) - Korean War (1950-’53) Authoritarian Regime (until 1980s) - Democratization (1990s~)
Cultural Features Homogeneous people & language: prevalence of egalitarianism Tradition of Confucianism: high regard for learning & zeal for edu
cation excessive demand for education Education ideal: Broadly Benefiting All Human Being (“Hong-ik I
n-gan”) Traditional hierarchy of professions: scholars – farmers –engineers
/scientists – merchants; preference for “generalists”
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Economic developmentEconomic development
1970 1980 1990 1997 1998 2000 2004
Population (Millions) 32 38 43 46 46 47 48
GNI per capita (US$)
650 2,324 7,751 10,363 6,843 9,675 12,646
Unemployment rate (%) 4.4 5.2 2.4 2.6 6.8 4.1 3.5
Labor force (Millions) 10 14 19 21 21 22
23(2003)
Labor force Participation rate
(%)47.6 59.0 60.0 62.2 60.5 60.7
61.4(2003)
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Economy and education (’60s-’70s)Economy and education (’60s-’70s)
1960s – mid-1970s
EconomyTake-off & export-driven in ‘60s; export acceleration in early ‘70s
Major Industry/Exports
Light manufacturing goods (clothing, textile, shoes, etc)
Electronic goods (television, radios)
General Education
Expansion of primary & lower secondary education
School equalization policy
VET/HE
Emphasis on VET(late ‘60s)
Separate VET track
Limited access to university education
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Economy and education (’70s-’80s)Economy and education (’70s-’80s)
mid-1970s – 1980s
Economy Structural adjustments in late ‘70s: from imitation to innovation in ‘80s
Major Industry/Exports
Heavy & Chemical industry
Iron industry, shipyard, precision manufacture
General Education Expansion of upper secondary education
VET/HE Strengthening Junior College & Open University
Expansion of HE (Graduation enrollment quota)
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Economy and education (’90s ~)Economy and education (’90s ~)
1990s through the present
Economy National competitiveness in early ‘90s; Knowledge-based economy in mid-’90s
Major Industry/ Exports
Semiconductor, Information & communication technology
Computer, Cellular phone, Memory chips
General Education
Establish life-long learning infra-structure
Promote deregulation & diversity
VET/HECurriculum integration & School diversification
Employment Insurance system
Cyber university, credit bank system, etc.
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II. STATE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
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Formal education systemFormal education system
2323
2222
2121
2020
1919
1818
1717
1616
1515
1414
1313
1212
1111
1010
99
88
77
66 KindergartenKindergarten
Elementary SchoolElementary School
Middle SchoolMiddle School
General High SchoolGeneral High School
College/University(4-year College, University of Technology, Industrial University)
College/University(4-year College, University of Technology, Industrial University)
Graduate SchoolGraduate School
Vocational High School(agricultural, technical, industrial,
commercial, fishery, home, economies)
Vocational High School(agricultural, technical, industrial,
commercial, fishery, home, economies)
Junior CollegeJunior College
AgeAge
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Education Finance (Public Investment)Education Finance (Public Investment)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
'60 '90'80'70
Gov't Budget Share
GNP Share
s,
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
K-12 Higher Ed
KoreaOECD
(Source : Education at a Glance, 2004)
Public educational expenditures (% GDP)Public educational expenditures (% GDP)
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Governance of educationGovernance of educationMinistry of Education & Human Resources Development Responsible for policies related to human resources development includi
ng school education, higher education, and lifelong learning Headed by Deputy Prime Minister: Super-Ministry status, the national c
oordinating authority for human resources development (HRD)
National HRD Committee Composed of 14 line ministries (sub-cabinet meeting) Monitor and evaluate the implementation of HRD policies
Educational Policy Advisory Councils Ministrerial Education Policy Council Presidential Commission on Educational Innovation Council
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Higher education sector is divided intoHigher education sector is divided intothe following segments :the following segments :
Universities 182 universities (1.8 million enrolments each year)
Polytechnics 18 Industrial Universities (200,000 enrolments each year) 1 technical college (196 enrolments)
Junior Colleges 158 junior colleges (900,000 enrolments each year)
Others 1 Air & corr. University (300,000 enrolments each year) 17 Cyber Colleges & Universities (40,000 enrolments each year)
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Qualification frameworkQualification framework
HE TypeHE Type Academic QualificationsAcademic Qualifications Vocational QualificationsVocational Qualifications
Junior College Associate Degree Industrial Engineer
University Bachelor’s Degree Engineer
Master Craftsman
Graduate School
Master’s Degree
Doctoral Degree Professional Engineer
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Financial and human resources invested in HEFinancial and human resources invested in HE
• Source : Education at a Glance (OECD Indicators, 2004) (PPP $)
KoreaKorea OECDOECD USUS JapanJapan
GDP per capita(’01)GDP per capita(’01) $ 15,916$ 15,916 $ 26,685$ 26,685 $ 35,179$ 35,179 $ 26,636$ 26,636
Expenditure per student(’01)Expenditure per student(’01) $ 6,618 $ 6,618 $ 12,319$ 12,319 $ 22,234$ 22,234 $11,164 $11,164
Public expenditure on HE as Public expenditure on HE as a percentage of GDPa percentage of GDP
0.50.5 1.31.3 1.51.5 0.50.5
Ratio of students to teaching Ratio of students to teaching staffstaff
- - 15.415.4 17.117.1 11.211.2
Survival rates in Survival rates in tertiary educationtertiary education
Type A *Type A * 7979 7070 6666 9494
Type B**Type B** 7474 7373 6262 8686
Note) *Type A : University, Graduate School **Type B : Junior college, Technical college
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University Graduates by Field of Study (%)University Graduates by Field of Study (%)
* Source : Education at a Glance (OECD Indicators, 2002)
Education Humanities & Art
Social Sciences, Business,
Law
Services Engineer-ing, Manu-fa
cturing
Agri-culture
Health & Welfare
Physical sciences
KoreaKorea 5.2 21.4 22.3 2.9 27.4 2.6 7.1 3.5
U.S.A.U.S.A. 13.2 14.4 41.4 3.5 6.3 2.3 9.6 1.4
GermanyGermany 8.0 14.7 27.4 1.8 17.6 1.9 15.2 5.0
HungaryHungary 20.0 8.7 38.7 8.4 9.1 3.7 8.5 0.7
PolandPoland 11.5 6.5 40.0 3.6 7.3 1.7 1.9 1.2
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Expansion of higher educationExpansion of higher education
’70 ’80 ’90 ’00 ’04
5.4%11.4%
23.6%
61.7%52.5%
EliteElite MassMass UniversalUniversal(Trow)
※ The Percentage of Higher Education Attendance = (enrolled students/school age population)
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School leavers choice 2002 (1990)School leavers choice 2002 (1990)
Graduation Graduation from Year from Year
12 12 Secondary Secondary
SchoolSchool
Graduation Graduation from Year from Year
12 12 Secondary Secondary
SchoolSchool
4 year Universities4 year Universities4 year Universities4 year Universities
2 year Jr. Colleges 2 year Jr. Colleges 2 year Jr. Colleges 2 year Jr. Colleges
18.1%(33.7%)
Post Grad StudyPost Grad StudyPost Grad StudyPost Grad Study
8.6% (7.7%) of
Graduates
56.4% (52.3%) of Graduates
Non-economic activity Non-economic activity populationpopulation
Non-economic activity Non-economic activity populationpopulation
WorkWorkWorkWork
9.7%(37.8%)
23.9%(11.7%)
54.3%(20.0%)
37.7% (48.2%) of Graduates
12.4% (7.4%) of
Graduates
25.0% (22.4%) of Graduates
31.1% (37.0%) of Graduates
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Employment rate by education levelEmployment rate by education level
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Voc. high school Jr .collegePolytech. univ. Polytech. collegeVocational inst.
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Earnings differentialsEarnings differentials
0
50
100
150
200
250
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998year
perc
ent below middle
junior collegeabove university
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III. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
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College admission dominates k-12 eCollege admission dominates k-12 educationducation
Dominance of prestigious institutions Ministers graduated from ‘SKY University’: 68.4%, 288/421(1980~2002) Chief public prosecutors graduated from ‘SNU’ : 72.5%(2002) CEO graduated from ‘SKY University’ : 39.8%, 1,703/4,281(2002) Congressmen graduated from ‘SKY University’ : 57.1%, 156/273(2002)
Severe competition to get into prestigious colleges : “exam hell”
Teachers: Pressure to focus on test-taking skills rather than life skills Students: Learning burden, lack of motivation to learn Parents : Private costs of education (2% of GDP on private tutoring)
Policies to subdue excess competition Ban on private tutoring High School Leveling Policy for last 30 years Debate between egalitarianism and elitism
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Concentration in Seoul metropolitan Concentration in Seoul metropolitan area poses another problemarea poses another problem
19601960 19701970 19801980 19901990 20002000
Business Business FirmsFirms
# Firms# Firms 26.726.7 32.832.8 43.843.8 58.158.1 56.656.6
OutputsOutputs 41.241.2 46.346.3 38.638.6 43.743.7 36.836.8
FinancialFinancialInstitutionsInstitutions
DepositsDeposits 59.759.7 68.268.2 69.869.8 65.565.5 67.967.9
LoansLoans 44.544.5 67.167.1 69.269.2 62.962.9 62.262.2
UniversitiesUniversities# Institutions# Institutions 52.952.9 56.356.3 49.449.4 45.845.8 41.841.8
EnrollmentsEnrollments 55.855.8 69.169.1 48.648.6 41.541.5 39.839.8
Hospitals Hospitals 42.042.0 48.748.7 43.443.4 49.249.2 47.547.5
* Source : National Census Data (%)
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Relative performance of HE is not as good as..Relative performance of HE is not as good as..Science Citation Index
6,341
9,744
13,669
16,638
23,366
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
GER as of 2001 Primary: 98%, Secondary: 96%, Tertiary: 84%.
PISA 2003 2nd in total rank, 1st in problem solving abilities, 2nd in reading, 3rd in math, 4th in science
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Extent of specialization is too lowExtent of specialization is too low
AssociateAssociate Bachelor Bachelor Master Master DoctorateDoctorate
53%53% 19%19% 20%20% 8%8%
44%44% 4%4% 13%13% 39%39%
No differences among universities monotonous system the Number of programs per university : 38 (’90) 57 (’04)
Excess supply in graduate students Unemployment rate (engineering) : 9.8%(’97) 16.6%(’03) 139 of 200 4-year universities offer doctoral degree
KoreaKorea
U SU S
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HE is not pertinent enoughHE is not pertinent enough
87%Practice&field exp
75%Creativity
68%Field
experience offaculty
70%instructions
72%CurriculumFederation of Korean
Industries, 2002.
24.131.6
26.727.9
15.815.0
33.325.4
Jr.CollegeUniversity
Well Matched
Matched MismatchedBadly Mismatched
Source: Office of Statistics, 2003
(%)
Extent of dissatisfaction: CEO’s view on HE
Mismatch between jobs and majors
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Stakeholders are disconnectedStakeholders are disconnectedLimited university-industry partnership Low mobility between academia and business University portion of industry's R&D investment: 2.4%(’00) → 1.7% (’03) (MOST, ‘04)
Low commercialization of university-based IPRs Patent share (90~’01) : universities 0.5%, companies 78.8%, re
search institutes 2.9%, individuals 17.8%
Un-coordinated financial support to universities Duplication of funding for the same purpose by several line mi
nistries
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HE is not prepared for an aging HE is not prepared for an aging populationpopulation
18%
37%
18% 19%
30%
36%32%
25%
50%48%46%
25%
1995 2000 2010 2020
15-29 30-54 Over 55
<Source : National Statistical Office>
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Nor is it matched up to a structural Nor is it matched up to a structural change in the economychange in the economy
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1970 1980 1990 1995 1998 2000 2003year
%
Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing
Mining & Manufacturing
Service and Others
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Knowledge workers are in great Knowledge workers are in great demanddemand
ClassificationClassification 19931993 19981998 20002000 20022002Change(02~93)Change(02~93)
Legislators, senior official and managersLegislators, senior official and managers
523(2.6)523
(2.6)494
(2.5)494
(2.5)465
(2.2)465
(2.2)570
(2.6)570
(2.6)47(0)47(0)
Professionals, technicians & associate professionalsProfessionals, technicians & associate professionals
2,417(12.6)2,417(12.6)
3,254(16.3)3,254(16.3)
3,477(16.4)3,477(16.4)
3,692(16.7)3,692(16.7)
1,275(4.1)
1,275(4.1)
ClerksClerks 2,474(12.9)2,474(12.9)
2,481(12.4)2,481(12.4)
2,512(11.9)2,512(11.9)
2,822(12.7)2,822(12.7)
348(▽0.2)
348(▽0.2)
Service workers and shop and market sales workersService workers and shop and market sales workers
4,053(21.1)4,053(21.1)
4,712(23.6)4,712(23.6)
5,501(26.0)5,501(26.0)
5,795(26.1)5,795(26.1)
1,742(5.0)
1,742(5.0)
Skilled agricultural and fishery workersSkilled agricultural and fishery workers
2,322(12.1)2,322(12.1)
2,284(11.5)2,284(11.5)
2,115(10.0)2,115(10.0)
1,964(8.9)
1,964(8.9)
▽358(▽3.2)▽358
(▽3.2)
Craft, machine operators and assemblersCraft, machine operators and assemblers
5,341(27.8)5,341(27.8)
4,643(23.3)4,643(23.3)
4,980(23.5)4,980(23.5)
5,070(22.9)5,070(22.9)
▽271(▽4.9)▽271
(▽4.9)
Elementary occupationsElementary occupations 2,105(10.9)2,105(10.9)
2,069(10.4)2,069(10.4)
2,107(10.0)2,107(10.0)
2,255(10.2)2,255(10.2)
150(▽0.7)
150(▽0.7)
Total Employed PersonsTotal Employed Persons 19,234(100)
19,234(100)
19,938(100)
19,938(100)
21,156(100)
21,156(100)
22,169(100)
22,169(100)
2,935(0)
2,935(0)
(Unit : thousands)
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The trend of knowledge-based economy The trend of knowledge-based economy is acceleratingis accelerating
< Source : MOCIE>
The Portion of knowledge-intensive industry
67%
51%
60%
40%
Secondaryindustry
Services
2000
2010
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IV. REFORM INITIATIVES
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Top-notch Top-notch professionalsprofessionals
(Graduate Schools)
Regional Regional innovation innovation initiatorsinitiators
(Universities)
Industrial Industrial engineers engineers
(Junior Colleges )
LB information LB information
Restructuring & competition
Restructuring & competition
PartnershipsPartnerships
Selected funding for specializationSelected funding for specialization
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Major strategiesMajor strategiesMinimum regulations to maintain social solidarity college admission policies with the “three-Nos” policy (no entran
ce exam, no use of HS ranking, no admission with donations)
Promotion of restructuring and competition through market discipline use of various incentives and disincentives
Funding based on “selection and concentration” targeted funding for specialization and regional parity
Financing learners rather than providers learner-oriented/demand-side financing (student loans)
Improvement of HE/labor market information manpower forcasting and assessment of skill requirements
Enhancement of networking and partnerships with local governments and business community
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Reform of college admission policyReform of college admission policy
NOWNOW 20082008
SAT (Scholastic SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test)Aptitude Test)
Test scoresTest scores
Annual preparation of Annual preparation of
test itemstest items
Ranking (1-9th grade)Ranking (1-9th grade) Item poolsItem pools
GPA (HS grade point GPA (HS grade point average)average)
Letter Grade (A,B,C..)Letter Grade (A,B,C..) Raw Scores Raw Scores
with Mean and SDwith Mean and SD
InterviewInterview Less ImportantLess Important More important
Admission based on Admission based on residence, SES..residence, SES..
Small portionSmall portion More portionMore portion
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Improvement of professional trainingImprovement of professional training
Internalization of professional programs Encourage collaboration with world-class
institutions Provide financial incentives (e.g., BK21)
Institutionalization of professional schools in high value-added service sector Law, medicine, MBA, international finance, etc. Promote training at graduate level rather than at
undergraduate level
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Strengthening of research trainingStrengthening of research training
Brain Korea 21 (BK21) Project Goals: 1) to develop a world class R&D Manpower; 2) to refo
rm university education and R&D Funding based on “performance contracts”: Invest $1.2billion
s for 7 years(1999-2005) Major outputs:
• SCI : 4,414 (1999) → 7,477(2003) • Patent : 103(1999) → 261(2003) • Prof. Whang Woo-suk (SNU) : stem cell resear
ch
Preparation of a 2nd stage BK21 (2006-2013) Building on the successful features of BK21 and scaling up “Selection and Concentration” on a few key areas Strengthen industry-university partnerships
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Universities for regional innovationUniversities for regional innovationNew University for Regional Innovation(NURI) Project Goal: Capacity building of regional universities to promote
innovation and HRD at regional level Target: Universities located outside the Seoul metropolitan area Performance based funding: Invest US $ 1.4 billions for 5 years
(US $ 0.24 billions in 2005)
• Lack of investment & innovation• Low productivity• Low RGDP, limited job opportunities
• Investment & high competitiveness• RGDP growth & Job creation• Balanced national development
Vicious Cycle Virtuous Cycle
NURI
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Creation of external pressureCreation of external pressure
Introduction of a new HE quality assurance system External review of institutional performance Overhaul the quality assurance system including the accreditation and
certification process Financial provisions aligned with institutional evaluations Create a buffer body between government and university
Disclosure of information Data on key inputs: PT ratio, unit expenditure, occupancy/ enrollment rate, etc. Outcome measures: persistence/graduation rate, employment rate, repu
tation of graduates, customer satisfaction, IPRs, etc.
Financial incentives for reform and restructuring Subsidies linked to M&A among institutions
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Improving HE policy coordinationImproving HE policy coordination
Increasing the role of National HRD Committee Public expenditure review of HE investment projects Coordination and prioritization of various HE projects Increasing policy linkage for synergy effects (e.g., R&D and
HRD)
Realignment of role division between line Ministries MOE&HRD focuses on HRD and basic research training Ministry of Science & Technology specializes in university
based R&D and applied research Other Ministries finances sector-specific investment projects
(e.g., IT, BT)
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Facilitation of university-industry partnershipsFacilitation of university-industry partnerships
“Connect Korea” Project Establishing Consortium between TLOs (Technology Licensing Of
fices) in Universities Connection between Demand (Industry) and Supply (University) R&D and Tech. Development → Transfer Results/Products → Co
mmercialization → Reinvest in Technology Development Dissemination of best practices
Researchers
Prospective R&D Results
Purchase R&D Products
Connect(TLO)
Connect(TLO)
Firms, Investors
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Linking LB information to HELinking LB information to HE
Improvement of LB information Periodic skill/manpower projections: by industry,
occupation and educational attainment Investment in data collection, analysis and forecasting
Provision of LB data to stakeholders HE institutions use information for adjustment of programs
and curricula Student/parents make “informed decision” on career paths