hilda nissimi (2006), "mau mau and the decolonisation of kenya", journal of military and strategic...

7/31/2019 Hilda Nissimi (2006), "Mau Mau and the Decolonisation of Kenya", Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, Vol. 8,

1/35

Nezrhgl ec Malapgrq gh` Tprgpjkad Tpzàjt, Tvrahk ?663, Sel( 2, Attzj 4(

Djhprj cer Malapgrq gh` Tprgpjkad Tpzàjt, Dghgàgh @jcjhdj # Cerjakh Gccgart Ahtpapzpj, ?663(

MGZ MGZ GH@ PBJ @JDELEHATGPAEH EC IJHQG

Bal`g HattamaKjhjrgl Batperq @jvgrpmjhp, Ogr-Algh Zhasjrtapq, _gmgp-Kgh, Atrgjl

Ahpre`zdpaeh

Pbj Mgz Mgz rjojllaeh tzrvratj` pbj Orapatb kesjrhmjhp ah 71:? oq apt cjredapq

gh` apt ahapagl tzddjtt( Glpbezkb pbj jvjdpgpaeh ec g tvjj`q tzvvrjttaeh ec {bgp

gvvjgrj` pe oj vramapasj gh` gpgsatpad krezvt {apbezp carjgrmt {gt crztprgpj`, lg{ gh`

er`jr {gt rjtperj` oq 71::%3( Pbj `zrgpaeh gh` vreprgdpj` jccerp ec pbj

dezhpjrahtzrkjhdq ojk gh jsglzgpaeh ec apt ahclzjhdj eh pbj cgpj ec Ijhqg gt g delehq(

Qjp, `jdelehatgpaeh à` hep grrasj zhpal hjgrlq g `jdg`j lgpjr( Bjhdj, pbj dehpjhpaeh esjr

pbj vettaolj jccjdp ec pbj Mgz Mgz eh pbj Orapatb rjprjgp crem Ijhqg(

Ah pbj àtdzttaeh ec Ijhqgh `jdelehatgpaeh, p{e mgah gvvregdbjt dgh oj

`jpjdpj`( Ehj, cedztjt eh pbj vredjttjt ah Ijhqgh tedajpq, pbj epbjr eh pbj Orapatb

jtpgolatbmjhp( [apbah pbj cartp gvvregdb, evahaeh mgq rghkj crem pbj gttjrpaeh pbgp {apb

`jdelehatgpaeh pbj Mgz Mgz {eh g ojlgpj` sadperq pe pbj tpgpjmjhp pbgp pbj hgpaehglatp

tprzkklj `zrahk pbj vjrae` ec 71:3-7134 dehtpapzpj` gh glpjrhgpasj pe pbj Mgz Mgz

tprzkklj(7 Pbj epbjr gvvregdb leeit cer cgdpert ahclzjhdahk amvjragl `jdataeh-mgiahk(

Metp ec pbj rjtjgrdb eh pbj Lehèh tdjhj leeit cer kjhjrgl cgdpert pbgp tbgvj` pbj

{a`jr vredjtt ec `jdelehatgpaeh gh` `jsepjt ozp lapplj tvgdj pe Ijhqg aptjlc(? Pbj

rjtjgrdb `jglahk tvjdacadgllq {apb pbj `jdelehatgpaeh ec Ijhqg at metplq g sgragpaeh eh

7 O( G( Ekep, +Pbj @jdattasj Qjgrt 71:3-7134+, @jdeleha~gpaeh # Ah`jvjh`jhdj ah Ijhqg 7106-7114"Lehèh, Hgareoa, 711:!, v(:79 Ijapb Iqlj, Pbj Velapadt ec Ah`jvjh`jhdj ec Ijhqg"Lehèh, 7111! v( 2;(? P{e eosaezt jgmvljt {all tzccadj, N( @gr{ah, Nebh @gr{ah , Pbj Jh` ec pbj Orapatb Jmvarj> pbj Batperadgl @jogpj( "Ecer`, 7117!

gh` C( Bjahljah, Orapatb Kesjrhmjhp Veladq gh` @jdelehatgpaeh 710:-7134( Tdrzpahatahk pbj Eccadagl Mah`"Lehèh, ?66?!(


2/35

Nezrhgl ec Malapgrq gh` Tprgpjkad Tpzàjt, Tvrahk ?663, Sel( 2, Attzj 4( ?

cermjr Delehagl Tjdrjpgrq Elasjr Lqppjlpeh+t jvlghgpaeh pbgp ap dgmj goezp gt g rjtzlp ec

g kjhjrgl zh`jrtpghàhk pbgp dehpahzghdj ec Orapgah+t rzlj {ezl` jhpgal g ztj ec cerdj

zhgddjvpgolj pe pbj Orapatb vzolad(4 @( C( Kerèh+t {gt vreogolq pbj cartp tpz`q ah pbat

sjah(0 Bj pbezkbp pbgp gt g rjtzlp ec pbj rjojllaeh, pbj Orapatb rjglatj` pbj pjhzezthjtt ec

pbj Jzrevjgh Tjppljrt+ bel` eh Ijhqg( Gdderàhk pe pbat ahpjrvrjpgpaeh, pbj Belg dgmv

ahda`jhp, {bjh 77 Gcradgh `jpgahjjt {jrj iallj` `zrahk {bgp pzrhj` ezp pe oj g mgppjr ec

rjkzlgr `jpgahjj-dgmv vrgdpadj, {gt pbj `jdatasj jsjhp eh Ijhqg+t vgpb pe

ah`jvjh`jhdj( @gsa` Gh`jrteh+t metp rjdjhp tpz`q pgijt pbj tgmj rezpj, hepahk pbgp

gcpjr 71:3, pbj Orapatb vzolad {jrj djrpgahlq g{grj pbgp +pbj dgmvgakh ah Ijhqg {gt g

àrpq oztahjtt+(: Jhedb Ve{jll+t vzolad ahàkhgpaeh gp pbj Belg iallahk vresj` pbgp ac bj, g

ratahk tpgr ec pbj _akbp, ojlajsj` pbgp Orapgah bg` he rakbp pe oj pbjrj ac tbj dezl` hep

tbe{ mergl ljg`jrtbav ec pbj bakbjtp er`jr, pbjh pbj kgmj ec jmvarj {gt zv(3

Hehj ec pbjtj tpzàjt gdihe{lj`kjt pbj pamj pbgp jlgvtj` zhpal pbj rjojllaeh+t

ahclzjhdj gdpzgllq peei jccjdp( Her è pbjq jccjdpasjlq jvlgah {bq pbj tgmj laojrgl

pjh`jhdajt cgalj` pe tpev pbj àrpq {gr pbj Orapatb deh`zdpj` gkgahtp pbj Mgz Mgz ah

Ijhqg {balj ap {gt rgkahk eh( Laij{atj, g rjdjhp tpz`q tzkkjtpt g pbjerq {bjrjoq

`jmedrgdajt letj tmgll {grt, qjp Orapgah at dehtvadzeztlq gotjhp crem pbj latp pbgp

4 Elasjr Lqppjlpeh, Pbj Mjmearjt ec Ler` Dbghèt, "Lehèh 713?! v( (0 @( C( Kerèh, +Mgz-Mgz gh` @jdeleha~gpaeh> Ijhqg gh` pbj @jcjgp ec Mzlpa _gdaglatm ah Jgtp gh` Djhprgl Gcradg+, Ijhqg

Batperadgl _jsaj{, laa,"71;;!, vv( 406-7(: @gsa` Gh`jrteh, Batperq ec pbj Bghkj`( Pbj [gr ah Ijhqg gh` pbj Jh` ec Jmvarj, "Hj{ Qeri, Lehèh, ?66:!, vv( 4?3-;( Ehjec pbj metp rjdjhp tpzàjt tbe{ahk nztp be{ àrpq> Dgrelahj Jliaht, Amvjragl _jdiehahk( Pbj Zhpel` Tperq ec Orapgah+t Kzlgk ahIjhqg"Hj{ Qeri, ?66:!(3 Gh`jrteh, led( dap(


3/35


4/35

Nezrhgl ec Malapgrq gh` Tprgpjkad Tpzàjt, Tvrahk ?663, Sel( 2, Attzj 4( 0

glte bg` g dbghdj ec ojahk zh`jrtpee` {apbah pbj dehpjp ec gh jgdjrogpahk dehcladp

ojp{jjh pbj [jtp gh` pbj Tesajp oledi(

Qjp hepbahk ec pbj goesj bgvvjhj`( Pbjrj {jrj tjsjrgl rjgteht cer pbj

jwzghamapq {apb {badb pbj rjojllaeh gh` pbj tzvvrjttaeh {jrj mjp( Gp cartp pbj rjojllaeh

{gt àtdezhpj` ojdgztj ec pbj pjdbhadgl ogdi{gr`hjtt gh` ahcjraerapq ec pbj

demogpghpt, {badb jhdezrgkj` bevjt cer g t{acp `jcjgp(2 Ozp jsjh gt pbj Orapatb cezh`

pbjmtjlsjt vle`àhk pbjar {gq pbrezkb pbj jhpghkljmjhpt ec gh zhihe{h Gcradgh

pjrrgah, ehlq pbj grmq dgmj pe rjkgr` pbj rjojllaeh cer {bgp ap {gt( Mgz Mgz {gt g

malapgrq dbglljhkj {apb tjraezt velapadgl amvladgpaeht( Pbj grmq {gt pbj cartp pe rjglatj pbj

Mgz Mgz dbglljhkj, jtvjdagllq zh`jr g delehagl ve{jr demvljpjlq zh{allahk pe

gddemme`gpj velapadgl gtvargpaeht(1

Pbj kesjrhmjhp ah Lehèh {gt lapplj vjrpzroj`( Ijhqg hjsjr pevvj` pbj

dgoahjpt gkjh`g, gh` pbj kesjrhmjhp {gt tle{ pe krghp rjahcerdjmjhpt zrkjhplq

rjwzjtpj` oq pbj malapgrq( 76 Tamalgrlq, `jlaojrgpaeht {apb pbj Ijhqg kesjrhmjhp esjr

ceepahk pbj oall {jrj dgrraj` ezp ljatzrjlq ah tvapj ec grmq {grhahkt ah Cjorzgrq 71:4 pbgp

pbjq {jrj belàhk zv tzvvrjttaeh gdpasapajt(77 Ehlq ah pbj lgpjr vgrp ec 71:4 à` pbj

2 Mjme( Oq Elasjr Lqppjlpeh, Tjdrjpgrq ec Tpgpj cer pbj Delehajt, 70 Hes( 71:?, D":?!06;, V_JM 77%0;? Pbj Hgpaehgl

Grdbasjt%Vzolad _jder` Eccadj "Ij{!"V_E!, Ler` Glverp, Pbj Tz``jh Gttakhmjhp> Ojahk g _jder` ec Tjrsadj ah Djhprgl Gcradg,

`zrahk pbj Lgtp Dehpresjrtagl Qjgrt ec Cj`jrgpaeh _be`jtag gh` Hqgtglgh`"Lehèh, 713:!, v( 20(1 Mgn( Kjhjrgl [( _( H( Bah`j, Orajc cer D-ah-D Batperadgl Hepj eh Mgz Mgz gh` pbj Jmjrkjhdq, 3 Nzhj 71:4, Mtt( Gcr( t(

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5/35

Nezrhgl ec Malapgrq gh` Tprgpjkad Tpzàjt, Tvrahk ?663, Sel( 2, Attzj 4( :

kesjrhmjhp ojkah pe rjglatj pbgp pbj rjojllaeh {gt keahk pe oj g `rg{h-ezp

ghheqghdj(7?

Ah pbj Orapatb kesjrhmjhp, pbj le{ malapgrq gttjttmjhp ec pbj krezvt ap {gt

cakbpahk {jhp bgh` ah bgh` {apb g `jhagl ec pbj velapadgl dbgrgdpjr ec pbj mesjmjhp(

Kasjh pbj kesjrhmjhpt veladq cer Ijhqg, ap {gt sarpzgllq amvettaolj pe gddjvp pbj

rjojllaeht velapadgl dbgrgdpjr( G vetapasj rjtvehtj pe `jmgh`t cer pbj rjpzrh ec lgh`t

gh` cer vgttahk ve{jr pe pbj Gcradgh mgnerapq {gt ezp ec pbj wzjtpaeh gt lehk gt pbj

Orapatb tg{ pbj Jzrevjgh demmzhapq gt pbj `rasahk cerdj ec pbj delehq( Lehèh bg` lapplj

ahpjhpaeh ec vgqahk pbj ahtzrkjhpt pbj demvlamjhp ec prjgpahk pbjm gt rjojlt, gh` `jhaj`

pbj velapadgl gtvjdp ec pbj Mgz Mgz, dehta`jrahk pbjm hepbahk merj pbgh gpgsatpad, ghpa-

me`jrhatp pjrreratpt(74 Pbj t{jgrahk-ah djrjmehq ec Mgz Mgz g`bjrjhpt gh` mjmojrt,

cer jgmvlj, {gt dehta`jrj` vreec ec pbj ogrograd dbgrgdpjr ec pbj erkghatgpaeh9 ap

jmvbgtatj` g vramapasj gh` mgkadgl dehpjp, hep pe oj matpgijh cer g velapadgllq

oahàhk demmapmjhp(70 Pbj Orapatb kesjrhmjhp {gt ah cgdp èahk g sjrq kee` neo ec

`jmehatahk pbj jhjmq, gt Lqppjlpeh+t rjpretvjdpasj `jtdravpaeh ec g tbgè{ ec g berhj`

cakzrj besjrahk esjr bam {bjh `jglahk {apb vgvjrt dehdjrhahk Ijhqg mgijt dljgr( 7:

@jmehatahk pbj ahtzrkjhpt, {balj `jhqahk velapadgl jh`t pe pbjar tprzkklj, {jhp g lehk

7? Bjg` pe Lqppjlpeh, 7; Nzlq 71:4 DE 2??%0;;, Bjg` pe Dbzrdball, 47 Gzk( 71:4, V_JM 77%0;? V_E74 Tar Gh`rj{ Debjh, Orapatb Veladq ah Dbghkahk Gcradg, "Lehèh, 71:1!(70 Jsjh oq laojrgl mah`t laij Pbemgt Gti{apb {be à` tjj tedagl gh` velapadgl gtvjdpt ah pbj rjojllaeh ozp hep ah pbj egpb, D(

Jliaht, Pbj Tprzkklj cer Mgz Mgz _jbgoalapgpaeh ah Lgpj Delehagl Ijhqg, Ahpjrhgpaehgl Nezrhgl ec Gcradgh Batperadgl Tpzàjt, ,7, "?666!, vv( 43-4;( Bj {gt ogdij` oq vrecjttaehglt( L(T(O( Ljgijq, pbj Jzrevjgh gzpberapq eh Iaizqz lerj, ah oepb bat oeeit

bjl` g tamalgr evahaeh> L(T(O( Ljgijq, @jcjgpahk Mgz Mgz"Lehèh, 71:0!, ;;-14, L(T(O( Ljgijq, Mgz Mgz gh` pbj Iaizqz "Lehèh, 71:?!, db( 1( laij{atj, @r( N(D( Dgrepbjrt, ghjpbhevtqdbagpratp {apb takhacadghp Gcradgh jvjrajhdj bakblq vrgatj` Gti{apb+t vlgh - @r( N(D( Dgrepbjrt, Pbj Vtqdbelekq ec Mgz

Mgz"Hgareoa, 71:0!(7: Lqppjlpeh, Pbj Mjmeart ec Ler` Dbghèt, vv( 410-41:( @( Ijhhj`q, Dehtprzdpahk pbj Delehagl Mqpb ec Mgz Mgz, PbjAhpjrhgpaehgl Nezrhgl ec Gcradgh Batperadgl Tpzàjt, s, he( ? "711?!, v( ?:49 C( Deevjr, _jsaj{ Grpadlj> Mgz Mgz gh` pbj@atdezrtjt ec @jdeleha~gpaeh, Nezrhgl ec Gcradgh Batperq, a "7122! vv( 473-47;, 471-4?6, @( Pbrezv, Jdehemad gh` Tedagl

Erakaht ec Mgz Mgz 710:-71:4"Lehèh, 712;!, vv( 0?-4(


6/35


{gq pe{gr` dglmahk pbj Orapatb eccadagl mah` gh` rjgttzrahk ap ec pbj jsjhpzgl tzddjtt ec

pbj tzvvrjttaeh(

Glpbezkb pbj delehagl jtpgolatbmjhp `jhaj` ghq velapadgl gppraozpjt ec pbj Mgz

Mgz mesjmjhp, IGZ, pbj Gcradgh velapadgl mesjmjhp, {gt vretdraoj` gt gh glljkj`

desjr erkghatgpaeh, pe pbj krjgp tgpatcgdpaeh ec pbj tjppljrt( Pbat mesj {gt ah czll

gdder`ghdj {apb pbj {grhahk attzj` oq pbj vremahjhp tjppljr ljg`jr Madbgjl Olzh`jll>

Vjevlj grj ojkahhahk pe wzjtpaeh {bjpbjr gll Gcradght be{jsjr tecp tveijh gh`

j`zdgpj` grj hep nztp pbj tgmj gh` {bjpbjr pbjq grj {atj pe pgli goezp ghq czpzrj

rjlgpaehtbavt {apb pbjm epbjr pbgh eh pbj ogtat ec tpradp àtdavlahj gh` dehprel(

73

Ap {gt cerpzhgpj gh` vreogolq ahjsapgolj pbgp pbj vretdravpaeh glte mgpdbj` pbj Jzrevjgh

rjgàhkt ec pbj Gcradgh velapadgl mgv( Gcpjr gll, pbj dezhpjrahtzrkjhdq {gt `jjvlq

ah`jopj` pe pbj Jzrevjgh tjppljrt+ jccerp( Pbjar ihe{lj`kj ec pbj dezhprq gh` apt

lghkzgkj {gt ahàtvjhtgolj ah kzjrrallg {grcgrj( De-evjrgpaeh {apb pbj tjppljrt czrpbjr

amvresj` {apb pbj drjgpaeh ah 71:0 ec g {gr dgoahjp dehtatpahk ec pbrjj mjmojrt> pbj

Kesjrher, Kjhjrgl Tar K( Jrtiahj, gh` g mahatpjr crem pbj tjppljrt Olzh`jll( Pbj

cjjlahk pbgp pbj tjppljrt {jrj vjevlj pe oj rjdiehj` {apb lahkjrj` eh( 7;

Pbj rjojllaeh glte rjahcerdj` cjjlahkt ec tqmvgpbq pe{gr`t pbj tjppljrt gt +iapb

gh` iah+, gh` gt vgrphjrt ah g demmeh Jzrevjgh dasalatgpaeh( Pbj tzvvrjttaeh ec gh

ahtzrkjhdq ah g vlgdj {bjrj esjr{bjlmahk Jzrevjgh pjdbhelekadgl tzvjraerapq {gt

mghacjtp à` hepbahk pe dehsahdj ghqehj pbgp pbj Gcradght bg` pbj wzglacadgpaeht pe rzh g

sagolj me`jrh tpgpj( Pbj merj `jmehad pbj Mgz Mgz {jrj mg`j ezp pe oj, pbj merj

73 Olzh`jll pe Bzkb Crgtjr MV, ? Mgq 71:4, Mtt( Gcr( t ;03%7?%4, OLZH@JLL, _Ybe`jt]BYeztj] Jliaht, Pbj Tprzkklj cer MgzMgz _jbgoalapgpaeh, vv( ?1, 44(7; N( E( Merpeh pe B( V( Bgll, 70(2(71:4, DE 2??%31;9 Mah( ec mpk( ec Ijhqg Ahpjllakjhdj Demmappjj, ?: Mgrdb 71:4, 7:%;%71:4,

[E ?;3%3? V_E, Jrtiahj pe bat {acj, ; Mgrdb 71:0, J_TIAHJ 7%;% ;:%740 A[M


7/35

Nezrhgl ec Malapgrq gh` Tprgpjkad Tpzàjt, Tvrahk ?663, Sel( 2, Attzj 4( ;

dehsahdj` pbj Orapatb {jrj pbgp Ijhqg+t tpgolj czpzrj `jvjh`j` eh Jzrevjgh ljg`jrtbav

gh` kza`ghdj(72 Gcradgh `jmgh`t cer velapadgl g`sghdjmjhp, ljp glehj velapadgl jwzglapq,

mjrapj` lapplj ozp at`gah(71

Pbj rjojllaeh glte cappj` og`lq ahpe pbj ghpa-demmzhatp bqtpjrag( Pbjrj {jrj he

demmzhatpt ah Ijhqg( Pbj Ijhqgh g`mahatprgpaeh bg` pe mgij è {apb g satap ec Neme

Ijhqgppg, pbj glljkj` ljg`jr ec pbj Mgz Mgz, pe Metde{ pe bahp gp pbj velapadgl delezr ec

pbj prezoljmgijrt(?6 Pbj ehlq jvrjttaeh ec Jgtp-[jtp pjhtaeht dgmj ah pbj {jll-

jvjdpj` parg`j gkgahtp Orapgah crem dezhprajt laij pbj Tesajp Zhaeh, Ahàg gh` Jkqvp( ?7

Orapgah oerj ap wzapj tpeadgllq(

Glpbezkb pbj Orapatb vzolad {gt ahcermj`, pbj tjsjrapq ec pbj tzvvrjttaeh ljcp

pbjm zhvjrpzroj` cer g lehk pamj( [balj pbj cakbpahk {gt keahk eh, pbjrj {gt lapplj

ahàdgpaeh pbgp pbj `gqt ec Jmvarj {jrj demahk pe gh jh`( Ghpa-amvjragl vjraeàdglt gh`

velapadaght {jrj sedgl gkgahtp pbj `jpgahjj veladq crem jgrlq eh gh` vresa`j` pbj

vlgpcerm {bjrj drapadatm gkgahtp pbj Mgz Mgz dezhpjrahtzrkjhdq er apt amvladgpaeh {gt

ijvp glasj( Pbj @galq Marrer pbgp pbezkbp pbj tzvvrjttaeh orzpgl gh` tjlc-`gmgkahk glte

gkrjj` pbgp Mgz Mgz {jrj kzalpq ec +ojgtplq gpredapajt+(??

Gt jgrlq gt @jdjmojr 71:4, pbj Ijhqg Demmappjj cer @jmedrgpad _akbpt cer

Ijhqg Gcradght erkghatj` g `gq ec hgpaehgl vrepjtp gkgahtp pbj +kre{ahk mgttgdrj+ gh`

72 Gh` Gmjradgh glte> G``rjtt oq N(D( Tgppjrpb{gapj, Gttatpghp Tjdrj pgrq ec Tpgpj cer Gcradgh Gccgart, ojcerj pbj [jtpjrh_jkaehgl Gttjmolq, Lgij Grre{bjg`, 1 Edp(71:2, ah@edzmjhpt eh Gmjradgh Cerjakh _jlgpaehtY@GC_], 71:2, V(J( âhhjr"j`(!,

H(Q(, 71:1, v( 42171 +g veer lep+, {gt {bgp Lqppjlpeh dgllj` pbjm, Pjljk( Lqppjlpeh pe VM, 7: Mgrdb 71:0, V_JM 77% 313 V_E(?6 Mjme oq Tjdzrapq Lagateh Eccadjr pe pbj Ijhqg Ahpjllakjhdj demmappjj, ? Mgrdb 71:4, [E?;3%3? tjj glte g vgvjr pbgp

prgsjrtjt pbj batperq ec Demmzhatp dehpgdpt {apb Ijhqg, M(D( Mghoq, àrjdper ec Ahpjllakjhdj, ?2 Hes( 713?, Mtt( Gcr( t( ?7:1oe ?%?, _B?7 Mgz Mgz ah Tesajp vrjtt ? Mgrdb 71:4 [E ?;3%3? 46 Nzhj 71:4 CE 4;7%76?:3? gh` glte 71:; DE 2??%7??; V_E(?? /+@g``q [ezl`h+p Ozq Mj g Mgz Mgz+, Pbj Orapatb Vevzlgr Vrjtt # pbj @jmergla~gpaeh ec Jmvarj/, Mgz Mgz # Hgpaehglatm, J (

T( Gpajhe E`bagmoe gh` Nebh Leht`glj "j`(!"Ecer`, Hgareoa, ?664!, vv( ?42-?07(


8/35


dgllj` cer gh jh` pe pbj cakbpahk(?4 Ah 71::, {bjh pbj calm Tamog {gt rjljgtj`, pbj

Ijhqg Demmappjj peei dgrj pe derrjdp pbj vadperagl amgkj ec pbj Gcradgh tprzkklj gh` pbj

Gcradgh vzolad( Pbj Gcradgh Ozlljpahgh` pbj Gcradgh @akjtp{jrj jsjh tbgrvjr, tvjgiahk

ec 7,?:6,7?6 Gcradght iallj` er `jpgahj` tahdj pbj `jdlgrgpaeh ec pbj tpgpj ec

Jmjrkjhdq( Pbj demmappjj {gt tzrjlq g{grj pbgp pbj hzmojr `jpgahj` {gt cgr krjgpjr

pbgh pbj hzmojr iallj` ozp demoahj` pbj hzmojrt cer velapadgl jccjdp( Ah g tamalgr sjah,

ehj ljgcljp dapj` g dljrkqmght rjszltaeh gp pbj bgrtb dehàpaeht ah pbj `jpgahjj dgmvt>

Dgh {j gkrjj pe Orapatb Ojl~jht ah Ijhqg5?0 Pe oj tzrj, pbjtj seadjt {jrj hep sjrq

hzmjrezt, gh` temjpamjt gt drapadgl ec pbj Lgoezr Vgrpq+t pee-pama` rjgdpaeht gt ec pbj

kesjrhmjhp(?: Pbj tmgll gh` velapadgllq dehpgahj` drapadatm glte mgrkahglatj` ap( Pbj

sarpzgl taljhdj ec pbj kjhjrgl vzolad {gt jsa`jhdj ec be{ {a`jlq pbj kesjrhmjhpt saj{

ec pbj rjojllaeh {gt gddjvpj`(?3

Mgz Mgz _jdehtprzdpj`

Pbj Mgz Mgz pzrhj` ezp pe oj g wzglacaj` tzddjtt, be{jsjr, ac ehlq ojdgztj pbj

demogpghpt rjcztj` pe g`map jcjgp( Mgz Mgz gh` epbjr Gcradght ojlajsj` pbgp pbj mjrj

tzrsasgl ec pbj mesjmjhp {gt g takh ec sadperq( M+pbjhkj, ehj ec pbj cerjtp ljg`jrt, pel`

bat telàjrt pbgp jsjh ehj tahklj telàjr dezl` orahk pbj jhparj Orapatb grmq pe apt ihjjt

oq bat vjrtjsjrghdj(?; Hjj`ljtt pe tgq, pbj Orapatb cgalj` pe tbgrj bat evahaeh( Ah lgpj

?4 Dardzlgr, oq C( Lgtia, dbgarvjrteh, 7;(4(71:0, K :47 GHPA TLGSJ_Q TEDAJPQ, _B(?0 Gcradgh Ozlljpah, Sel( ?, He( 77, Hes( 71::, v( ?6, Mtt( Orap( Jmv( t( ??, K :41, GHPA TLGSJ_Q TEDAJPQ, _B9 dardzlgr, 7:Tjvp( 71:0, Mtt( Orap( Jmv( t( ??, K :47, tjj glte Ljgcljp, Cjo( 71::, Mtt( Orap ( Jmv( t( ??, K :40, GHPA TLGSJ_Q TEDAJPQ,_B?: @rgcp ec gh grpadlj gh` g ljppjr oq Demmgh`jr P( Ce-Vapp pe Jàper ec Hj{ Tpgpjtmgh gh` Hgpaeh, 76 Mgrdb 71:3, Mtt( Orap(Jmv( t( ??, K :4;, GHPA TLGSJ_Q TEDAJPQ?3 Jliaht, Amvjragl _jdiehahk, vv( 46;-462?; @( L( Ogrhjpp gh` I( Hngmg, Mgz Mgz crem [apbah( Gzpeoaekrgvbq gh` Ghglqtat ec Ijhqgt Vjgtjhp _jselp "Lehèh, 7133!, vv (

0?4-0?0(


9/35


71::, Lajzpjhghp Kjhjrgl K(L( Lgpbozrq cjlp tzrj jhezkb ec tzvrjmgdq pe rj`zdj pbj

grmq cerdjt pe glmetp vrj-Mgz Mgz ljsjlt(?2 Hjsjrpbjljtt, bj {grhj` pbgp g rjhj{gl ec

pbj tpgpj ec Jmjrkjhdq tbezl` hjsjr oj dehta`jrj` g lehk tbep gh` pbjrjcerj

rjdemmjh`j` ljgsahk pbj rjmgahahk cerdjt zh`jr [gr Eccadj g`mahatprgpaeh( ?1

Crem pbat veahp eh, temjpbahk rgpbjr vjdzlagr ojkgh pe bgvvjh( Pbj Mgz Mgz

ojdgmj gh jsjr-lzriahk pbrjgp( Ap ojdgmj g kbetp bgzhpahk pbj delehagl kesjrhmjhp ah

Ijhqg gh`, pbrezkb pbjm, pbj Orapatb dgoahjp( Ap ojdgmj pbj qgr`tpadi, g vgrgàkm, cer

czpzrj prezolj temjpbahk pe oj `rjg`j` {bjh `jglahk {apb epbjr delehajt gh` epbjr

àter`jrt( Ap besjrj` laij g tbgè{ pbgp makbp oj rjpzrh jltj{bjrj gh` rjwzarj g

tamalgrlq /àrpq/ tzvvrjttaeh(

Ah Ijhqg, pbj all-cgpj` a`jhpacadgpaeh ec pbj Mgz Mgz {apb pbj velapadgl mesjmjhp

jhtzrj` apt demjogdi pe oj`jsal gh` reo pbj Orapatb ec pbj crzapt ec pbj

dezhpjrahtzrkjhdq+t tzddjtt( Pbzt, g tzddjttczl gdp ec velapadgl vrepjtp {gt g dljgr takh

cer pbetj eh pbj leeiezp cer Mgz Mgzt( Ah 71:2, pbj oeqdepp gkgahtp pbj oztjt gh`

gkgahtp dakgrjppjt gh` ojjr "?;?1 Mgq! dgllj` oq Pem Moeqg, kjhjrgl tjdrjpgrq ec pbj

Ijhqg Cj`jrgpaeh ec Lgoezr, vresj` tzddjttczl( Glpbezkb pbat gh` epbjr oeqdeppt {jrj

hep saeljhp gh` dgrraj` ezp +{apb lapplj er he ahpama`gpaeh+, ahpjllakjhdj rjverpt rjlgpj` pbj

tzddjtt gp ljgtp ah vgrp pe mjmerajt ec pbj Mgz Mgz gh` Mgz Mgzjhcerdj` àtdavlahj(

Gdder ahk pe M(D( Mghoq, àrjdper ec Ahpjllakjhdj, +pbj Gcradgh, gt g rjtzlp ec Mgz Mgz,

at tpall sjrq dehtdaezt ec pbj vettaolj dehtjwzjhdjt ec hep ojahk /ghpa-Kesjrhmjhp/+(

Ehdj rjtjmolghdj pe Mgz Mgz {gt tzvvetj`lq jtpgolatbj`, ahpjllakjhdj eccadaglt

?2 @jcjhdj Demmappjj 77pb Mjjpahk, mah 4, 71 Edp( 71::, @D"::!, DGO747%73 V_E(?1 Lgpbozrq pe pbj Zh`jr Tjdrjpgrq ec Tpgpj [E, 7? @jd( 71:: [E?;3%2 V_E(


10/35


jvjdpj` pbj oeqdeppt pe oj celle{j`, laij ah pbj cartp rjojllaeh, oq dasal àteojàjhdj,

grteh, gh` tgoepgkj(46

Delehagl Tjdrjpgrq, Gllgh Ljhhe-Oeq` pbezkbp ap {gt vramgralq g {gr ec hjrsjt(

Czrpbjrmerj, bj gttjttj` pbj ahda`jhpt pbjmtjlsjt gt +maher ah dbgrgdpjr+( Be{jsjr,

pbjq gttzmj` g pbrjgpjhahk wzglapq ah g vetp-Mgz Mgz dehpjp> Bj dehta`jrj` pbjm

+tpraiahklq rjmahatdjhp ec ahda`jhpt {badb {jrj pgiahk vlgdj ojcerj pbj Mgz Mgz rjojllaeh

oreij ezp+(47 Hep ehlq {gt bj zvkrgàhk pbj Mgz Mgz vetpbzmeztlq pe g rjojllaeh, ozp ap

glte ojdgmj pbj qgr`tpadi gkgahtp {badb epbjr vettaolj àtpzroghdjt {jrj mjgtzrj`(

Ljhhe-Oeq`, `jpjrmahj` ojlajsjr ah pbj mzlpargdagl telzpaeh pbgp bj {gt, ojdgmj

dehsahdj` pbgp dehpahzgpaeh ec pbj tpgpzt wze {gt jvletasj, jsjh ac bj {gt dehca`jhp

pbgp Ijhqg dezl` +`jgl {apb g tjraezt pbrjgp pe er`jr+(4? Pbjrj {gt g lzriahk cjgr pbgp

prezoljt ah ehj delehq {ezl` tjp ecc àtpzroghdjt ah ghepbjr, japbjr ojdgztj pbjq {jrj

de-eràhgpj` oq Gcradgh Hgpaehglatpt /gamj` gp tzosjrpahk Orapatb gzpberapq ah oepb

Djhprgl gh` Jgtp Gcradg/ er ojdgztj pbjrj {jrj vepjhpagl pbrjgpt pe er`jr gratahk crem

pbj èmjtpad velapadgl tapzgpaeh ah jgdb/( Prezoljt ah Pghkghqaig {ezl` tjp ecc

`jmehtprgpaeht ah Hgareoa(44

Pbj Belg dgmv ahda`jhp gh` Hqgtglgh` Jmjrkjhdq glte dehpraozpj` pe pbj

czrpbjr ozalàhk zv ec pbj hakbpmgrj( Pe pbj dgoahjp, pbj lgppjr jtvjdagllq dehnzrj`

mjmerajt ec pbj Mgz Mgz gt g `rjg`j` zvratahk pbgp {ezl` ahselsj g

dezhpjrahtzrkjhdq `rgtpad pamjt dgllahk cer `rgtpad mjgtzrjt mzdb laij pbj Ahàgh

46 Mghoq, Orajc cer DEVDEH ?2, 7 Cjo( 46 Mgq 71:2, v( 4, gh` Mjme gh` Ghhj eh Vetapasj Gdpaeh ah Ijhqg, 7? Hes( 71:2,Mtt Gcr( t( ?7:1, MGHOQ, oe ?%?, _B(47 Mjme( oq G( Ljhhe-Oeq`, Delehagl Tjdrjpgrq, +Tjdzrapq Mjgtzrjt ah Ijhqg+, pbj : Mgrdb 71:1 D":1!0?, DGO 7?1%13 V_E(4? Mjme oq Ljhhe-Oeq`, eh pbj Czpzrj Veladq ah Jgtp Gcradg, 76 Gvral 71:1, DVD":1!?, v( 4, vgrg( ;, v( 0, vgrg( 2-1 DGO740%7::2, V_9 Glte mjme oq Delehagl Eccadj pe pbj Gcradg Eccadagl Demmappjj, eh pbj Vretvjdpt cer pbj Gcradgh Pjrraperajt cer[badb pbj Delehagl Eccadj at _jtvehtaolj, vgrg( 3, Ngh 71:1 GC":1!:, DGO740%74:4, V_E(44 Mjme oq Ljhhe-Oeq`, /Vettaoalapq ec @atpzroghdjt ah Jgtp Gcradg/, 7? Mgrdb 71:1 D":1!:3 DGO 7?1%1; V_E(


11/35


mzpahq lehk ojcerj( Pbzt, ap {gt bevj` pbgp pbj tpradp drapadatm ec pbj @jslah rjverp eh pbj

Hqgtglgh` Jmjrkjhdq {ezl` oj `jcljdpj` oq g demvgrateh {apb vrjsaezt jvjrajhdjt(

Te pbj dgoahjp mztj`> +g demvgrateh makbp oj `rg{h {apb pbj Mgz Mgz Ahtzrrjdpaeh ah

Ijhqg gh` vettaolq {apb pbj Ahàgh Mzpahq+(40 Pbj dehhjdpaeh ojp{jjh pbj p{e

jmjrkjhdajt {gt glrjg`q +pbezkbp dehsjhajhp+ {bjh pbj @jslah rjverp, pbj rjverp eh pbj

àtdavlahgrq vredjjàhkt celle{ahk pbj ahda`jhp gp pbj Belg dgmv, gh` g rjlgpj` àtvgpdb

crem pbj Kesjrher ec Ijhqg {jrj vzolatbj` pekjpbjr(4:

Pbj a`jg pbzt dehnzrj` {gt hep rjlahwzatbj` zhpal pbj lgtp `gqt ec delehagl rzlj(

@zrahk 7136, g hjrsezt delehagl jtpgolatbmjhp àtdesjrj` ghepbjr +rjtzrkjhdj ec Mgz

Mgz+ ah pbj Ijhqg Lgh` Crjjèm Grmq( Pbat pamj pbj rjtjmolghdj lgq glte ah pbj

hgmj pbgp @j`gh Iamgpba bg` ztj` ojcerj {bjh bj bg` praj` pe tjp zv g de-eràhgpahk

oe`q cer pbj Mgz Mgz( Pbj delehagl g`mahatprgpaeh dehta`jrj` pbj hj{ erkghatgpaeh

hje-Mgz Mgz gh` gt malapghp gt apt vrjdzrter( Pbjrj {jrj glgrmahk vrjàdpaeht ec cerjtp

cakbpahk gh` ahpjr-praogl zhrjtp( Ah tvapj ec pbj tamalgrapajt, przj gh` amgkahgrq, pbj glgrmt

gkgah vresj` zhtzotpghpagpj`> pbj erkghatgpaeh {gt oreijh zv `zrahk g orajc evjrgpaeh

"?3 Mgrdb pe 46 Gvral 7134!(43 Lehèh ojdgmj merj glgrmatp pbgh Ijhqg> Ap {gt Jrad

Kraccapb-Nehjt, pbj Gpperhjq Kjhjrgl gh` gdpahk kesjrher, {be rjgttzrj` pbj delehagl

40 Dgoahjp dehdlztaeht, ?6 Nzlq 71:1, DD":1!04 DGO 7?2%44 V_E(4: Dgoahjp dehdlztaeht, 73 Nzlq 71:1, DD":1!0? DGO 7?2%44 V_E( Vevzlgr vrjtt glte bg` tamalgr gttedagpaeht> @galq Marrer, 0Mgrdb 71:1, dap ah Neghhg Lj{at, /Pbj Orapatb Vevzlgr Vrjtt/, v( ?04(43 Mghoq ah g Dardzlgr cer Tvjdagl Orghdb, 7; Mgq 713?, Mtt( Gcr( t( ?7:1 Oe 7%4 MGHOQ9 tjj glte, rjverpt oq Mghoq, ojp{jjh

1 Tjvp(7136 pe 47 Mgq 7134, aoa`, oe ?%4, _jverp, 7 Cjo(-47 Gzk( 713?, aoa`, oe ?%7, Nebh Tpehjbeztj, MV, dgllj` cer gtdajhpacad jhwzarq ac ah`jj` pbj mesjmjhp {gt /g rjtzrkjhdj ec Mgz Mgz/( Mtt( Orap( Jmv( t( ??, K :03, GHPA TLGSJ_QTEDAJPQ, _B( P( Igheke,Twzgppjrt gh` pbj _eept ec Mgz Mgz "Lehèh, 712;!, vv( 730-7319 @(G( Vjrde, +Ahpjrhgl Tjdzrapqgh` @jdeleha~gpaeh ah Ijhqg, 71:3-7134+, Pbj Nezrhgl ec Amvjragl gh` Demmeh{jglpb Batperq, a vp 7 "?667!, vv( 11-766(


12/35

Nezrhgl ec Malapgrq gh` Tprgpjkad Tpzàjt, Tvrahk ?663, Sel( 2, Attzj 4( 7?

eccadj(4; Jsjh {bjh ahpjllakjhdj rjsjglj` pbj àccjrjhdj ojp{jjh pbj erakahgl gh` pbj

hj{ krezvt gh` eddzrrjhdjt, pbj hgmj Mgz Mgz tpzdi(42

Tmgll {eh`jr pbjh, pbgp oq 7137, Mgz Mgz {gt gt kee` gt gh ah`jvjh`jhp

dehdjvp( [bjh Vramj Mahatpjr Bgrel` Mgdmallgh {gt dehpjmvlgpahk pbj `rg{ogdit ec

belàhk ogdi ah`jvjh`jhdj cer Ijhqg gt demvgrj` pe pbj `rg{ogdit ec mesahk gbjg`,

bj {gt hep pbahiahk ec ghq vgrpadzlgr àtpzroghdjt, ljp glehj ghq tvjdacad ghpa-Orapatb

mesjmjhp( Gh` qjp bj ojlajsj` pbgp +ac {j bel` eh, ap {all mjgh g lehk gh` drzjl

dgmvgakh Mgz Mgz gh` gll pbgp(+41

Pbj Orapatb Eccadagl Mah` @asa`j`

Pbj glgrmahk saj{ ec pbj tjdzrapq tapzgpaeh ah Ijhqg bg` merj pe è {apb vgtp

vjrdjvpaeht pbgh {apb vrjtjhp cgdpt( Ap at bgr` pe jtpgolatb pbj cgdp ec g rjgl {ertjhahk ec

pbj tjdzrapq tapzgpaeh gp pbj jh` ec pbj 71:6t, metplq ojdgztj ahtpgoalapq {gt g ozalp-ah

dehàpaeh ah Ijhqg, pbj Mgz Mgz tamvlq gh ezptpghàhk zvtzrkj( Oj pbgp gt ap mgq, pbj

jtpgolatbmjhp+t rjvjgpj` rjcjrjhdj pe mjmerajt ec pbj Mgz Mgz drjgpj` pbj Mgz Mgz

kbetp ah pbj delehagl mah`(06

Ah 7116 Nebh Leht`glj neahj` g lehk latp ec tdbelgrt {be tpresj pe gttjtt pbj

Mgz Mgz crem pbj velapadgl gt {jll gt pbj malapgrq veahp ec saj{( Be{jsjr, bj lamapj` bat

rjtjgrdb pe pbj vjrae` ec pbj rjojllaeh aptjlc( Bj dljgrlq jvrjttj` pbat vgrgmjpjr oq

4; Vjrde, +Ahpjrhgl Tjdzrapq+, vv( 762-142 M(D( Mghoq, àrjdper ec Ahpjllakjhdj, rjkaehglatpaeh gh` Mgahpjhghdj ec Lg{ gh` Er`jr, Lgtp _jsaj{, Gzk( 7134, eh pbjàccjrjhdj( [apbah pbj tgmj rjsaj{ g dardzlgr cer Tvjdagl Orghdb, 7; Mgq 713?, hgmjt /hje Mgz Mgz/ gh ahpjllakjhdj pgrkjp( MttGcr( t( ?7:1, MGHOQ, oe 7%4, gh` ah cezr rjverpt ojp{jjh 1 Tjvp( 7136 pe 47 Mgq 7134, dbjdiahk rjtzrkjhdjt ec Mgz Mgz,

aoa`, oe ?%4, _B(_B41 Mgdmallght àgrq jhprq cer 71 @jd( 7137 dap ah bat mjmeart, Mgdmallgh, Gp pbj Jh` ec pbj @gq, 7137-7134"Lehèh, 71;4!, v(?17(06 Pbj evvetapj dgtj at mg`j oq Vjrde, /Ahpjrhgl Tjdzrapq/, pbrezkbezp pbj grpadlj, ozp bj glte tbe{t pbgp pbjtj vbjhemjheh

{jrj jgtalq esjrdemj(


13/35


àtgse{ahk ghq gppjmvp pe jvlgah pbj dehhjdpaeh ojp{jjh pbj Mgz Mgz gh`

`jdelehatgpaeh ah bat tpz`q( Pbj cgdp pbgp pbj p{e tzonjdpt dghhep oj jhparjlq àserdj` at

vresj` oq pbj rjdzrrahk rjcjrjhdjt pe pbj `jdelehatgpaeh vjrae` ah pbgp tgmj grpadlj(07

Nztp gt pbj erakahgl vbjhemjheh jhkjh`jrj` àccjrjhp +Mgz Mgzt ec pbj mah`+

"Leht`gljt pjrm! gdderàhk pe pbj velapadgl ojlajct gh` keglt ec pbj sgraezt vgrpajt {be

{jrj ahselsj`, te à` pbj kbetplq pbrjgp( @accjrjhp velapadgl vzrvetjt zh`jrlgq

vjrdjvpaeht ec pbj Mgz Mgz gvvgrapaeh( Pbj Ijhqg Jzrevjght gh` jsjh pbj delehagl

kesjrhmjhp bg` àccjrjhp vzrvetjt pbgh pbetj ec Orapgah( Pbj a`jgt ec Mgdmallgh, gh`

Agah Mgdlje` gt Delehagl Tjdrjpgrq àccjrj` crem pbetj ec Ljhhe-Oeq`( Pbj Cerjakh

Eccadj gh` pbj Demmeh{jglpb _jlgpaeht Eccadj bg` g àccjrjhp saj{ ec pbj {erl` pbgh

pbgp ec pbj grmq(

Cer pbetj {be tzvverpj` pbj a`jg ec g mzlpargdagl tedajpq ah Ijhqg er ah Lehèh,

pbj rjgvvjgrghdj ec pbj Mgz Mgz {gt jgtalq vrjàdpj`( Zhpal 71:1 g mzlpargdagl tedajpq

{gt pbj kegl ec Orapatb veladq ah Ijhqg, glpbezkb Ljhhe-Oeq` {gt g{grj pbgp pbat

vetapaeh {gt hep wzapj gddjvpgolj pe pbj jprjmatpt gmehk pbj tjppljrt( Bj glte pbezkbp

pbgp pbj dehtpapzpaehgl dbghkjt ec 71:; bg` +pbj sarpzjt ec vlgdahk g ogrrajr eh pbj

drjgpaeh ec czrpbjr demmzhgl dehtpapzjhdajt gh` dletahk pbj èer pe pbj rgdaglatp

g`sghdj ec Gcradgh hzmojrt+(0? G dehpahzgpaeh ec pbj vretdravpaeh ec pbj IGZ gh` ghq

epbjr hgpaehgl Gcradgh erkghatgpaeh {gt vgrp gh` vgrdjl ec pbat veladq(

Pbj glgrm gp pbj Delehagl Eccadj gh` ah pbj Ijhqg kesjrhmjhp mgahlq rjcljdpj`

pbj vredjtt ec rgàdglatgpaeh pbgp pbj Gcradgh vzolad {gt jvjrajhdahk( Pbat vredjtt at

07 N( Leht`glj, /Mgz Mgzt ec pbj Mah`> Mgiahk Mgz Mgz gh` _jmgiahk Ijhqg/, Pbj Nezrhgl ec Gcradgh Batperq, a vp 4 "7116!,vv( 414-0?7( jtvjdagllq, v( 06:(0? Mjme( Oq Ljhhe-Oeq`, 74 Hes( 71:;, D":;!?33 DGO 7?1%16, v( ?( G Delehagl Eccadj eccadagl jmvbgtatj`> +[bgp {j rjgllq{ghp pe è at pe jhtzrj pbgp pbj maherapajt eopgah hep vreverpaehgpj ozp àtvreverpaehgpj rjvrjtjhpgpaeh ah jjdzpasj gh` ah

ljkatlgpzrj+, wzepj` oq, Iqlj, Pbj velapadt ec Ah`jvjh`jhdj , v( 31(


14/35


ojtp `jmehtprgpj` oq pbj ahapagl gddjvpghdj ec pbj vrahdavlj ec mzlpargdaglatm ah 71:? oq

pbj jljdpj` Gcradgh rjvrjtjhpgpasjt pe czll rjnjdpaeh ec ap oq 71:1(04 Ap mg`j pbj Orapatb

rjglatj pbgp gcpjr Mgz Mgz, pbj dbglljhkj {gt he lehkjr g mgppjr ec gdbajsahk Gcradgh

vgrpadavgpaeh ah pbj kesjrhghdj ec Ijhqg ozp ahtpjg` `jglahk {apb Gcradgh èmahgpaeh ec

ap(

Qjp pbat rgàdglatgpaeh à` hep tpjm crem Mgz Mgz g`bjrjhpt er crem Mgz Mgz

velapadgl tzddjtt( Ahtpjg`, pbj jvlghgpaeh dgh oj cezh` ah prgàpaehgl pbjerajt

dehhjdpahk ratahk hgpaehgl tjhpamjhp {apb g kre{ahk oezrkjeataj( Pbj Gcradgh

oezrkjeataj bg` ojjh kre{ahk gt g rjtzlp ec jdehemad gh` tedagl dbghkjt tahdj [erl`

[gr AA, gh` czrpbjr jccerpt gh` ahsjtpmjhpt mg`j `zrahk pbj dezhpjrahtzrkjhdq ehlq

gddjljrgpj` ap( Gh glpjrhgpasj pbjerq cah`t rgàdglatgpaeh dehhjdpj` pe pbj hj{ tjhtj ec

ve{jr pbgp pbj Mgz Mgz orezkbp pe Gcradght ozp {apbezp g dehpahzgpaeh ec saeljhdj(00

Glpbezkb rgàdglatgpaeh {gt hep vreec ec pbj `rjg`j` rjhj{gl ec Mgz Mgz, pghkaolj

vreec {gt pbjrj cer pbetj {be leeij` cer ap( Jsjh {bjh gdpasj cakbpahk {gt esjr, Mgz

Mgz bgr`lq àtgvvjgrj`( Pbj lgrkj hzmojr ec `jpgahjjt vresa`j` dehtpghp vreec9 mghq

Iaizqz {jrj `jpgahj` nztp pe `jdrjgtj pbj betpalj vevzlgpaeh(0: Ah rjgdpaeh gkgahtp pbj

kesjrhmjhpt veladq ec dehprel gh` àtdavlahj, pbjtj dgmvt ojdgmj hj{ sjhzjt cer pbj

Mgz Mgz tprzkklj( Belg dgmv {gt ehj ec tjsjrgl `jpjhpaeh dgmvt {eriahk gdderàhk

pe pbj De{gh vlgh ec rjbgoalapgpaeh oq {eri g vlgh oq {badb tjsjhpq pbeztgh`

04 Vrjtt Demmzhawz oq Gcradgh Mjmojrt, 70 Gvral 71:3, K :00, GHPA TLGSJ_Q9Ijhqg Cj`jrgpaeh ec Lgoezr, 74 Cjo( 71:3,ah Mtt( Orap( Jmv( t( 43:, 7?6%7 CDO9 Jjdzpasj Demmappjj ec pbj Gcradg Ozrjgz, Veladq cer Ijhqg, zveh pbj Dehcjrjhdj eh

Ijhqg bjl` oq pbj Gcradg Ozrjgz eh 7? Mgq 71:3, Mtt( Orap( Jmv( t( ??, K:4; GC_ADG OZ_JGZ, _B, Jliah, Amvjragl_jdiehahk, v( 4:; gttjttjt pbgp pbj tprzkklj gkgahtp pbj `jpgahjjt +tbgvj` ve{jr nztp gt mzdb gt Orapatb Ve{jr tbgvj` pbjarrjtatpghdj+(00 O( G( Ekep gh` P( ^jlj~g, Ijhqg> Pbj _eg` pe Ah`jvjh`jhdj gh` Gcpjr, @jdeleha~gpaeh gh` Gcradgh Ah`jvjh`jhdj( PbjPrghtcjrt ec Ve{jr, 7136-7126 "Lehèh, 7122!, vv( 06?-2( Mgahg-[g- Iahqgppa, Mgz Mgz> Pbj Vjgi ec Gcradgh Hgpaehglatm ahIjhqg, Ijhqg Batperadgl _jsaj{, s, ?"71;;!, v(766( Jjdzpasj Demmappjj ec pbj Gcradg Ozrjgz, Veladq cer Ijhqg, zveh pbjDehcjrjhdj eh Ijhqg bjl` oq pbj Gcradg Ozrjgz eh 7? Mgq 71:3, Mtt( Orap( Jmv( t( ??% K:4; Gcradg Ozrjgz, _B(0: Vgrpadzlgrlq `zrahk evjrgpaeh Ghsal> Jrtiahj, Dehca`jhpagl Ghhj pe DET":0!77pb Mjjpahk Mah(, 0, 4(?(71:0, @JCJ 0%32 V_E(


15/35

Nezrhgl ec Malapgrq gh` Tprgpjkad Tpzàjt, Tvrahk ?663, Sel( 2, Attzj 4( 7:

`jpgahjjt {jrj vredjttj`, ljgsahk ehj pbeztgh` /bgr`derj/ {be mesj` pbj Mgz Mgz

tprzkklj ahpe pbj dgmvt( Gt lehk gt pbj tprzkklj {gt prjgpj` gt g mglg`q pe oj dzrj`

rgpbjr pbgh g velapadgl tprzkklj, pbj dgmvt {jrj oezh` pe jh`zrj gt djhprjt ec

rjtjhpmjhp(03

Dehpahzgpaeh ec pbj dgmv tqtpjm ijvp pbj Mgz Mgz keahk cer Orapatb, Ijhqg-

Jzrevjgh gh` Gcradght glaij( Delehagl eccadaglt gp gll ljsjlt {jrj dehpahzgllq tprzkklahk pe

+rjbgoalapgpj+ gh` mgij esjr pbj Mgz Mgz mjmojrt ahpe ahàsa`zglt {be deevjrgpj`

{apb pbj kesjrhmjhp, ozp pbjq drjgpj` pbjar e{h hjmjtat ahtpjg`( Pbjq {jrj g{grj ec

pbj eh-keahk Mgz Mgz tprzkklj ojbah` pbj ogroj` {arj, qjp pbjq {jrj glte g{grj pbgp ap

{ezl` hep gvvjgr drjàolj pe epbjrt( Pbj `jpgahjj dgmvt {jrj saelgpaeht ec pbj Bzmgh

_akbpt Dehsjhpaeh gt {jll gt pbj ALD Cerdj` Lgoezr Dehsjhpaeh ec 7146( Etpjhtaolq pbj

krezh`t cer pbjtj saelgpaeht {jrj pbgp pbj Orapatb ojlajsj` pbgp prezolj dezl` ozal` zv ah g

memjhp jtvapj pbj tjjmahk prghwzallapq ah Ijhqg( 0;

Eh pbj ezpta`j, ap {gt he ojppjr( G`bjrjhpt {jrj hjsjr dgzkbp pe pbj lgtp mgh(

Tvjdagl Orghdb mehpblq gttjttmjhpt ec pbj cgllahk hzmojr ec Mgz Mgz pjrreratpt tpall

crjj tbe{j` hjapbjr gddzrgdq her ghq takh ec àtgvvjgrghdj(02 Pbzt eh Ngh( 71:2, g

rjverp eh Mgz Mgz egpbahk djrjmehajt ah pbj Mjrz @atpradp ah ledgpaeht vrjsaeztlq

zhgccjdpj` {gt dehta`jrj` jprjmjlq tjraezt ojdgztj pbjq {jhp eh dehpahzeztlq

`zrahk 71:;, vadij` zv krjgpjr tvjj` lgpjr ah pbj qjgr, gh` {jrj +pqvadgllq Mgz Mgz

{apb ledgl Mjrz jmojllatbmjhpt+( Ozp jsjh pbjh pbj rjverp {gt ijvp gp g le{jr eccadagl

03 Jliaht, Amvjragl _jdiehahk, vv( 71?-?4?(0; @(K( Kerèh-Tmapb, eh ojbglc ec B( Tpjjl, DE pe C(G( Sgllgp, @jvzpq Ljkgl G`satjr, CE, ?0 Gvral 71:;9 Sgllgp pe Tpjjl ?2 Mgq71:;, DE 2??%773; V_E(02 Tvjdagl Orghdb bjg`wzgrpjrt pe Tjhaer Tzvjrahpjh`jhp ec Veladj : Ngh pe 3 @jd( 71:3, [E?;3%:?1


16/35


ljsjl(01 Lgpjr ah @jdjmojr g mjmergh`zm oq pbj Jzrevjgh mahatpjr {apbezp verpcelae

{grhj` gkgahtp g cerpbdemahk `jpjraergpaeh ah ahpjr-rgdagl rjlgpaeht gh` tzkkjtpj`

gljrpahk pbj Bemj Kzgr` ah er`jr pe gsea` g rjvjpapaeh ec pbj jvjrajhdj +`zrahk pbj Mgz

Mgz+ {bjh pbj ozal`-zv ec pbj tqtpjm peei tzdb g lehk pamj(:6

Ijhqg tjhp pbjtj tpgpatpadt eh pe pbj Mahatprq ec @jcjhdj( Eddgtaehgllq, {bjh

prezolj tjjmj` pe orj{ merj tjraeztlq, pbj ahcermgpaeh {ezl` oj tjhp eh pe pbj Delehagl

Eccadj( Lapplj gppjhpaeh {gt vga`9 pbjrj at he jsa`jhdj pbgp pbjq rjgdbj` pbj tjdrjpgrajt

ec tpgpj ec japbjr `jvgrpmjhp( Pbat mgq bgsj vresa`j` tbgè{t ozp hep pbj kbetp( Ah

tvapj ec gll pbj ghajpq pbgp {gt ozalàhk zv, oq ma` 71:1 pbj delehagl g`mahatprgpaeh

dezl` hep jhsatgkj ah`jvjh`jhdj cer Ijhqg ojcerj 71;:(:7

Ah`jj`, pbjtj lgpjtp pbrjgpt {jrj hepbahk laij pbj erakahgl Mgz Mgz rjojllaeh( Ac

pbjrj bg` ojjh g rjgl pbrjgp, tzrjlq pbj grmq {ezl` bgsj ojjh pbj cartp pe tezh` pbj

glgrm( Pbj rjgteh pbj dezhprq+t grmj` cerdjt bg` ojjh ljcp zh`jr [gr Eccadj demmgh`

{gt pe jhtzrj g wzadi gljrp gh` erkghatgpaeh ah dgtj ec gh jmjrkjhdq(:? Merjesjr, nztp

gt velapadaght {jrj ojdemahk {erraj` pbgp Gcradgh gtvargpaeht makbp ljg` pe g rjhj{j`

oleeògpb, pbj grmq {gt dehta`jrahk pbj ozalàhk ec g hj{ ogtj( Ah`jj` ah 71:2, pbj

grmq+t vlght rjcljdpj` g rjhj{j` rjdekhapaeh ec pbj hjdjttapq ec vlgdahk vgrp ec pbj

Djhprgl Tprgpjkad _jtjrsj dletj pe pbj mgah pbjgprjt ec gdpaeh> pbj Ma``lj Jgtp gh` pbj

Vjrtagh Kzlc(:4 Oq @jdjmojr 7136, pbj dbajct ec tpgcc `jtdraoj` Ijhqg gt sapgl cer

01 Tvjdagl Orghdb rjverp tjhp oq mgner J([(M( Mgker Mahatprq ec @jcjhdj, pe N( C( L( Ozatp"Jgtp Gcradg @jvp!, ah pbj Delehagleccadj, ?: Ngh 71:2, DE 2??%7?:0(:6 Mjme( oq Jzrevjgh Mahatpjr {%e Verpcelae pe pbj Tjdzrapq Dezhdal g`saterq pe Kesjrher, 1 @jd( 71:2, cer{gr`j` oq Mgner

Mgker pe Ozatp ah Jgtp Gcradg `jvgrpmjhp Delehagl Eccadj DE 2??%7?:0(:7 D( @ezklgt-Bemj, Jsjlqh Ograhk> pbj Lgtp Vredehtzl"Lehèh, 71;2!, v( ?24(:? Lp( Kjhjrgl K(L( Lgpbozrq pe Zh`jr Tjdrjpgrq ec Tpgpj, [gr Eccadj, 7? @jd( 71::, [E ?;3%2(:4 G( Ozdbgh, Orapgaht @jcjhdj Vreoljm, Eotjrsjr Cerjakh Tjrsadj, ?4 Ngh( 71:;( _jverp eh @jcjhdj> Orapgaht Dehpraozpaeh pe

Vjgdj gh` Tjdzrapq"Lehèh, 71:2!, vv( 3-;( Mjmergh`zm ec pbj Tjdrjpgrq ec Tpgpj cer [gr _jlgpahk pe pbj Grmq Jtpamgpjt


17/35

Nezrhgl ec Malapgrq gh` Tprgpjkad Tpzàjt, Tvrahk ?663, Sel( 2, Attzj 4( 7;

veladahk hep ehlq Gcradg ozp glte pbj Ma``lj Jgtp( Pbjq gttzmj` pbgp e{ahk pe Ijhqgt

ahdrjgtahk kje-tprgpjkad amverpghdj, Orapgah tbezl` rjpgah dehprel cer gt lehk gt

vettaolj, g`àhk pbat {grhahk> Ac pbat at pbezkbp pe oj esjr-evpamatpad er zhrjglatpad, g

rgàdgl dbghkj ah ezr tprgpjkq {all oj hjdjttgrq( :0 Pbj Ijhqg Lgh` Crjjèm Grmq à`

hep tjjm g tjsjrj jhezkb pbrjgp pe oj dehta`jrj` g hj{ Mgz Mgz, er pbj dbajct ec

tpgcc {jrj esjr-evpamatpad, er {bgp at metp laijlq, pbjq {jrj cgr merj ahpjrjtpj` ah pbj

vretvjdp ec letahk pbj +lgtp vjrmghjhp ceepbel` ah Gcradg+(::

Pbj hj{ Mgz Mgz mqpb rjtehgpj` {apb pbj Cerjakh Eccadj+t saj{t eh pbj jccjdp

ec g vettaolj `jpjraergpaeh ec pbj tapzgpaeh ah Ijhqg( Ah pbj tjdeh` bglc ec pbj 71:6t, pbj

Mgz Mgz dezl` he lehkjr oj jvjdpj` pe rjmgah gh atelgpj` Ijhqgh vbjhemjheh(

Zhlaij pbj cartp pamj grezh`, ac ap rjgvvjgrj` ah Ijhqg er jltj{bjrj, pbj rgmacadgpaeht cer

Orapgah+t cerjakh rjlgpaeht, vgrpadzlgrlq {apb pbj Zhapj` Tpgpjt, {ezl` oj `jsgtpgpahk( Pbj

Cerjakh Eccadj {gt {jll g{grj pbgp ghpa-delehaglatm, demoahj` {apb gh zrkj pe gvvjgtj

Gcre-Gtagh gkapgpert, à` hep oe`j {jll cer pbj dehpahzgpaeh ec g Orapatb Jmvarj ah Gcradg(

Jsjh vgtp sepahk rjder`t gp pbj Zhapj` Hgpaeht tbe{j` pbj Zhapj` Tpgpjt ah dletjr

gccahapq {apb Ahàg gh` Laojrag pbgh {apb pbj ZI(:3

Ijhqg+t ahpjrrgdagl pjhtaeht mg`j bjr vgrpadzlgrlq szlhjrgolj pe Tesajp ahcalprgpaeh(

Pbzt, Ijhqg, pbj Cerjakh Eccadj cjgrj`, {ezl` ojdemj g `jtpgoalatahk cerdj cer pbj

{belj ec Gcradg zh`jrmahahk pbj dehpahjhp+t goalapq pe {apbtpgh` demmzhatp

ahpjrcjrjhdj( Orapatb delehagl veladq ah Jgtp gh` Djhprgl Gcradg, vgrpadzlgrlq ghqpbahk pbgp

71:;-:2"Lehèh, 71:;!, Dm`( 7:6, v( 769 Tpgpjmjhp eh @jcjhdj, 71::, v( 49 ghhj pe mjme, DET, ?: Tjvp( 71:;, DET":;!?70, @JCJ :%;2 V_E(:0 _jverp oq H( Oreei, Dbgarmgh ec pbj Eccadagl Demmappjj eh Delehagl Veladq eh Czpzrj Dehtpapzpaehgl @jsjlevmjhp ah pbj

Delehajt, 3 Tjvp( 71:;, DVD":;!46 "rjsatj`!, v( ;, DGO 740%7::39 mjme, Dbajct ec Tpgcc demmappjj, Tprgpjkad Cgdalapajt ahOrapatb Pjrraperajt Laijlq pe Gdbajsj Ah`jvjh`jhdj, Tjvp( 71:;, DET ":;!?70, @JCJ :%;2 V_E( Dapgpaeh crem _jverp, DET, 46@jd( 7136, DET "36!4;7, @JCJ :%761 V_E(:: 46 @jd( 7136, Ghhj pe DET"36!4;7 , ev( dap(, vv(4-0 @JCJ :%761 V_E(:3 Mahzpj oq V( J( _gmtoepbgm, pe Tar C( Beqjr Mallgr, 0 Nzhj 71:1 CE 4;7%7043;7 V_E(


18/35


dezl` gvvjgr pe mgahpgah +{bapj tzvrjmgdq,+ {gt drzdagl ah `jpjrmahahk pbj gppapz`j ec

Gcradg pe{gr`t pbj [jtp(:; Pbj Orapatb ojlajsj` pbgp Gcradg bg` pe `jsjlev vjgdjczllq

{apb mgamzm ahpjrhgl tpgoalapq gh` pe rjmgah ah crajh`lq rjlgpaeht {apb pbj [jtp( Pbgp

mjghp pbgp ah pbj delehagl grjgt, pbj rgpj ec velapadgl g`sghdjmjhp cer pbj Gcradght {ezl`

bgsj pe oj cgtp jhezkb pe tgpatcq pbjar ammjàgpj `jtarjt(:2 Pe vzp ap ah g hzptbjll>

ghqpbahk rjmahatdjhp ec g rjdzrrjhdj ec pbj Mgz Mgz {ezl` oj `jpramjhpgl pe pbj [jtp+t

ahpjrjtpt ah Gcradg(

Pbj Cerjakh Eccadj zh`jrtpee` pbj àccjrjhp saj{ pbgp pbj grmq {gt pgiahk gh`

glte pbj hjj` cer cgdalapajt ah Ijhqg gh` tprgpjkad demmzhadgpaeht {apb pbj Grgoagh

Vjhahtzlg gh` pbj Cgr Jgtp( Pbjq {jrj {allahk pe dehdj`j pbgp pbjrj {gt g dehcladp

ojp{jjh Orapgah+t ahpjrjtpt ah Gcradg vjr tj gh` pbjar ahpjrjtpt ah pbj {a`jr dehpjp( Pbj

Cerjakh Eccadj ahtatpj` eh g demvrjbjhtasj hep mjrjlq malapgrq jsglzgpaeh ec tzdb g

`jsjlevmjhp(:1 Ap {gt dljgr {bjrj pbjar rjdemmjh`gpaeh {ezl` ke>

Ac ezr vramgrq tprgpjkad ahpjrjtp ah Ijhqg at gt g ogtj cer ezr tprgpjkad

rjtjrsj, pbat rjtjrsj mztp rjpgah apt meoalapq( Pbj àter`jrt vreseij` oqpbj gvvladgpaeh ec pbj veladq rjdemmjh`j` oq pbj Delehagl Eccadj dezl`

ahselsj pbj rjtjrsj ledgl pgdpadgl demmapmjhpt gh` pbzt sapagpj apt vramgrqczhdpaeh(

Pbjq {jrj tdjvpadgl ec pbj malapgrqt goalapq pe wzjll àtpzroghdjt, kasjh pbj vgtp

rjtvehtj pe tamalgr eddzrrjhdjt> +pbj Glkjragh, Mglgqgh, Dqvraep gh` epbjr jgmvljt

grj hep jhdezrgkahk(+ 36

:; Hepj oq pbj Cerjakh Eccadj pe pbj Gcradg Eccadagl Demmappjj eh /Gcradg Tezpb ec pbj Tgbgrg> pbj Czpzrj ec pbj CerjakhPjrraperajt/, GC":1!4 7? Ngh(71:1, DGO 740%74:4(:2 Hepj oq pbj Cerjakh Eccadj eh Gcradg Tezpb ec pbj Tgbgrg> Pbj Hgpzrj ec Orapatb Ahpjrjtp ah pbj Cerjakh Pjrraperajt, 7? Ngh(71:1, GC":1!0, DGO 740%74:4, V_E(:1 Aoa`(36 Oepb dapgpaeht> Demmjhpt eh pbj Delehagl eccadj mjme( Oq pbj Cerjakh Eccadj, eh pbj vretvjdpt cer Gcradgh Pjrraperajt cer {badb

pbj Delehagl Eccadj at _jtvehtaolj, ?3 Cjo( 71:1, GC":1!??, DGO 740%74:0(


19/35


Ah Ijhqg, tzdb g dezhpjrahtzrkjhdq {ezl` oj ahpjrvrjpj` oq ahpjrhgpaehgl evahaeh

gt g lgtp-àpdb gppjmvp pe vjrvjpzgpj {bapj tzvrjmgdq( Pbzt, pbjq {jrj metp dehdjrhj`

oq pbj laijlq ahpjrhgpaehgl amvladgpaeht gh` ah`jj` pbj velapadgl rgmacadgpaeht gp bemj( Gt

pbj hzmojr ec ah`jvjh`jhp Gcradgh mjmojrt ahdrjgtj`, pbj vrjttzrj ah pbj ZH esjr

Ijhqg {ezl` oj he àccjrjhp pbgh pbgp esjr Zkgh`g gh` {ezl` glte ahdrjgtj( @ater`jrt

eh ghqpbahk laij pbj Glkjragh tdglj {ezl` ljg` pe g racp {apb pbj Zhapj` Tpgpjt, `zj pe pbj

kre{ahk amverpghdj ec apt Hjkre sepj gh` apt {atb pe tpev pbj Gcradght crem pzrhahk pe

pbj Tesajp Zhaeh cer ljg`jrtbav( Gt pbj Tesajpt {jrj oezh` pe prq gh` pgij g`sghpgkj ec

ghq àtta`jhp gdpasapq ah Jgtp Gcradg, pbat ah pzrh {ezl` ahdrjgtj pbj ghajpq ec Orapgah+t

crajh`t gh` pbjar evvetapaeh pe apt veladq( 37

G `jtpgoalatgpaeh ec Ijhqg {ezl` rjtzrrjdp Gmjradgh ghpa-delehaglatm {apb g

sjhkjghdj( Gt Tar Gh`rj{ Debjh vzp ap, YA]h g del` {erl` temj ah pbj Zhapj` Tpgpjt cah`

ghpa-delehaglatm g demcerpgolj olghijp(3? [apbah pbj dehpjp ec pbj del` {gr, pbj Zhapj`

Tpgpjt {ezl` hep oj golj pe gccer` pe tpgh` oq Orapgah gh` {ezl` teeh pzrh gkgahtp ap ac g

dezhpjrahtzrkjhdq `jsjlevj`( Ap {gt demmeh {atèm ah Gmjradg gt {jll gt Orapgah pbgp

Tesajp ahcalprgpaeh ah ghq dezhprq {ezl` oj pbj ammjàgpj celle{-zv pe jdehemad er tedagl

ahtpgoalapq( Qjp {bgp gh ghpa-demmzhatp delehagl veladq mjghp ah vrgdpadj {gt ztzgllq cgr

crem tjlc-jsa`jhp, 34 jdjvp ah dgtjt laij Ijhqg, {bjrj ap {gt dljgr pbgp àtpzroghdjt

bg` pe oj gsea`j` gp gll detpt(

37 Demmjhpt eh pbj Delehagl eccadj mjme( Aoa`(3? Tar G( Debjh, Orapatb Veladq ah Dbghkahk Gcradg "Lehèh, 71:1!, v( 2:( Tpgpjmjhp eh @jcjhdj, 71:: "Lehèh, 71::!, Dm`(1417,v( 3 vgrg( 70(34 Del` {gr dehta`jrgpaeht gt g cgdper ah `jdelehatgpaeh tjj glte _ehgl` Bqmgh, [ah`t ec Dbghkj> Pbj Jmvarj gh`Demmeh{jglpb, dap ah Vbalav Mzrvbq, /@jdelehatgpaeh zh`jr Mgdmallgh ahpre`zdperq Jttgq/, Mgdmallgh Dgoahjp Vgvjrt, 71:;-

7134, eh D@-_EM gh` eh-lahjde-jàper "7111!(


20/35

Nezrhgl ec Malapgrq gh` Tprgpjkad Tpzàjt, Tvrahk ?663, Sel( 2, Attzj 4( ?6

Oq pbj lgpj 71:6t, pbj Zhapj` Tpgpjt {gt merj dehsahdj` pbgh jsjr pbgp

delehaglatm {gt g mgppjr ec pbj vgtp( Ah bat g``rjtt pe pbj ZH Kjhjrgl Gttjmolq ah

7137, Vrjta`jhp Nebh Ijhhj`q ghhezhdj` dljgrlq pbgp pbj kre{ahk {gsj ec

ah`jvjh`jhdj bg` pbj czll tqmvgpbq gh` tzvverp ec pbj Zhapj` Tpgpjt( 30 Ah epbjr {er`t,

ghqehj jvjdpahk g rjdzrrjhdj ec pbj Mgz Mgz {ezl` bgsj pe gddjvp glte pbgp ap {ezl`

oj `jpramjhpgl pe Orapgaht rjlgpaeht {apb pbj Zhapj` Tpgpjt( Orapgah {ezl` oj vgrpadzlgrlq

szlhjrgolj gcpjr 7136, {bjh tbj {ezl` ojdemj pbj ehlq pgrkjp ec ghpa-delehaglatp

cjjlahkt9 bjhdj pbj zrkjhp hjj` pe tberj zv Orapatb veladq ah Ijhqg( Pbj Zhapj` Tpgpjt

dezl` gddjvp pbj `jlgq ec Ijhqgt ah`jvjh`jhdj ehlq {balj pbj dezhprq rjmgahj`

vjgdjczl( Be{jsjr, pbj Orapatb hakbpmgrj ec g rjdzrrahk Mgz Mgz {gt g cgr drq crem pbgp

vadpzrj(3:

Pbj amverpghdj ec pbj rjlgpaehtbav {apb pbj Zhapj` Tpgpjt bg` ojdemj g tprgpjkad

gaem cer Orapgah gcpjr pbj Tzj~ dratat, gt tbj ojdgmj vgahczllq g{grj ec bjr àmahatbj`

tpgpzt gh` vgrpadzlgr szlhjrgoalapq {apb rjkgr` pe Gmjradg( Pbj amvgdp ec pbj Zhapj`

Tpgpjt eh Orapatb jdelehatgpaeh at {jll gddjvpj` ah `jdelehatgpaeh tpzàjt(

Pbj cjgr ec pbj amvgdp ec g rjdzrrahk Mgz Mgz zvratahk eh rjlgpaeht {apb

[gtbahkpeh at g kee` sghpgkj veahp cer zh`jrtpghàhk be{ pbj `jtarj cer kee` rjlgpaeht

{apb pbj Zhapj` Tpgpjt gh` cer ijjvahk pbj Demmzhatpt gp ogq {erij` jsjh {bjh he

gdpzgl cradpaeh eddzrrj`( Pbjrjcerj jsjh {bjh pbj Zhapj` Tpgpjt {gt hep jjrpahk àrjdp

vrjttzrj, pbj vrj-jmvpasj gdpaeh ec bgtpjhj` `jdelehatgpaeh pe vrjsjhp g

dezhpjrahtzrkjhdq dezl` oj dehtprzj` gt tzdb ahclzjhdj(

30 G``rjtt oq Tgppjrpb{gapj, 1 Edp( 71:2, ah @GC_, 71:2, v( 421( Da pgpaeh ah G``rjtt oq K( Mjhhjh [allagmt, Gttatpghp Tjdrjpgrqec Tpgpj cer Gcradgh Gccgart, 2 Ngh( 71:1, @GC_,713?, v( 46(3: G``rjtt oq N( [gqhj Crj`jradit, @jvzpq Gttatpghp Tjdrjpgrq ec Tpgpj cer Gcradgh Gccgart, 72(;(7134, @GC_, 7134, v( 4?1(


21/35


Pbjrj {gt he Gmjradgh vrjttzrj esjr Ijhqg {bjh pbj `jdatasj memjhp dgmj glehk(

@zrahk pglit ah @jdjmojr 71:1, pbj Gmjradgh gh` Dghgàght jvrjttj` ghajpq goezp

Tezpb Gcradg gh` pbj Cj`jrgpaeh ec _be`jtag gh` Hqgtglgh` ozp hep Ijhqg( Ah pbj

dgtj ec pbj Cj`jrgpaeh, pbj Gmjradght dljgrlq {grhj` pbgp ah +gh amvettaolj tapzgpaeh+

vrjttzrj {ezl` mezhp( Hjapbjr pbj Gmjradgh her pbj Dghgàght bg` ojppjr a`jgt pe

eccjr jdjvp +g krjgpjr tvjj` ec g`sghdj+(33 Ec dezrtj, ehj dezl` gttzmj g tamalgr

rjgdpaeh ah dgtj vzolad er`jr oreij e{h ah Ijhqg(

Ah`jj`, pbat sjrq wzjtpaeh {gt pgdilj` jgrlajr ah Nzhj 71:1 ah g Cerjakh Eccadj

vgvjr eh pbj czpzrj ec Ghkle Gmjradgh rjlgpaeht, {apb pbj gttjttmjhp pbgp +ah Gcradg pbj

`ghkjr ec ezr cgllahk ezp at mzdb merj àtpghp( Ozp ap jatpt(+ Ac ghpa-delehaglatp tjhpamjhp

{jrj pe oj àrjdpj` gkgahtp pbj ZI, jsjh ah g dgtj ec mjrj gttedagpaeh gt pbgp ec pbj

Djhprgl Gcradgh Cj`jrgpaeh, +Gmjradght {all rjkgr` pbj ZI gt ojahk, mglkr lza, ehj ec

pbj eotpgdljt pe pbj gdbajsjmjhp ec ZT gamt ah Gcradg> pbj drjgpaeh ec g tela`, vre-

[jtpjrh oled ec ah`jvjh`jhp tpgpjt er, gp ljgtp, ec tpgolj gh` ojhjseljhplq hjzprgl

dezhprajt {badb dgh tpgh` zv pe Demmzhatp vjhjprgpaeh(+ Zhnztp gt ap tjjmj` pe pbj

Cerjakh Eccadj, pbat tjhpamjhp {ezl` rjtzlp crem g demoahgpaeh ec ahoerh Gmjradgh

àtprztp ec delehagl rzlj gh` pbj jvjàjhdq ec gvvjgtahk Gcre-Gtagh gkapgpert( Pbj

Orapatb dqhadgllq mztj` pbgp pbj Gmjradght makbp leei pbj epbjr {gq ac pbjq dehta`jrj`

Orapatb crajh`tbav ahàtvjhtgolj, ozp pbjq {jrj rgpbjr vjttamatpad eh pbgp tderj Crghdj

gh` [jtpjrh Kjrmghq+t kre{ahk amverpghdj gt malapgrq gh` vjrbgvt hzdljgr ve{jrt gt

33 Mr( _ett, CE, Mr( Cgtp{ee`, DE, Mr( Bzhp, D_E, _jverp eh g Satap pe [gtbahkpeh gh` Eppg{g, pe àtdztt Gcradgh Gccgart"Gcradg> pbj hjp pjh qjgrt!, Hes( 71:1, 76 @jd( 71:1 CE4;7%74;1;09 tjj glte, pbj g``rjtt ec , gttatpghp tjdrjpgrq ec tpgpj cer

Gcradgh Gccgart ojcerj gh gttjmolq ec pbj Dbgzpgwzg ahtpapzpaeh, ?6 Gzkztp 71:1, CE4;7%74;13;


22/35

Nezrhgl ec Malapgrq gh` Tprgpjkad Tpzàjt, Tvrahk ?663, Sel( 2, Attzj 4( ??

{jll gh` pbj `{ah`lahk è{h ec Orapatb delehagl pjrraperajt {ezl` àmahatb Orapgah+t

amverpghdj( 3;

Ah pbj jh`, pbj tvjdagl rjlgpaehtbav rjtpj` eh pbj tvjdzlgpaeh pbgp pbj Orapatb dezl`

dehsahdj pbj Gmjradght pbgp pbjq {jrj g krjgpjr ve{jr pbgh pbjq rjgllq {jrj( Cer pbgp

pbjq bg` pe gsea` +zhhjdjttgrq vahvradit+ gh` lasj zv pe pbj Gmjradght+ dehdjvpaeh ec g

rjlagolj tjhaer vgrphjr(32

Be{ dezl` g vreprgdpj` dezhpjrahtzrkjhdq, gh` g àrpq ehj gp pbgp, bjlv tzdb gh

+esjr-gttjttmjhp+ er vresj pbj +demmeh velapadgl ahbjrapghdj+ zveh {badb pbj

rjlgpaehtbav {gt tzvvetj`lq cezh`j`5 Mgdmallgh dehta`jrj` pbj vreoljmt ec pbj

Crjhdb ah Glkjrag gh` pbj Orapatb ah Ijhqg gh` _be`jtag demvgrgolj gh` g ogtat cer

demmeh tqmvgpbq( Dehtjwzjhplq, laij-mah`j` vjevlj mztp bgsj ojjh {erraj` {bjh

Nebh Ijhhj`q {gt jljdpj` vrjta`jhp ah 7136 gcpjr dgllahk cer pbj Crjhdb pe {apb`rg{

crem Glkjrag `zrahk bat jljdpaeh dgmvgakh gh` vlghhahk `rgtpad dzpt ah malapgrq ga` pe pbj

Crghdj(31 Moeqg eh bat satap pe pbj Tpgpjt ah 71:1 {gt bg` praj` pe dehsahdj _adbgr`

Haeh, pbjh sadj vrjta`jhp zh`jr @{akbp Jatjhbe{jr, gh` Ijhhj`q, pbjh tjhgper, ec pbj

tgmj a`jg( Pbj Orapatb veladq ah Ijhqg gh` Herpbjrh _be`jtag, gh` Crjhdb veladq ah

Glkjrag "gh` _zttagh veladq ah Bzhkgrq cer pbgp mgppjr! {jrj gll jwzgllq deh`jmhgolj(

Gh` bj {gt kjppahk g mzdb merj cgsezrgolj bjgrahk pbgh pbj Orapatb laij`(;6

3; V(J( _gmtoepbgm, +Pbj Czpzrj ec Ghkle-Gmjradgh _jlgpaeht+, 0 Nzhj 71:1 CE4;7%7043;7 pbj Gmjradght gvvrjdagpj` pbj

Orapatb goalapq pe vresa`j cgdalapajt {apbah jgtq rjgdb gll esjr pbj {erl`( Mgppbj{ Nehjt, /+Mgamzm @atgse{golj Ga`+> Orapgah, pbjZhapj` Tpgpjt, gh` pbj Ahèhjtagh _jojllaeh/, Pbj Jhklatb Batperadgl _jsaj{, das, he( 0:1 "7111!, v( 7?7:(32 _gmtoepbgm, aoa`(31 Ghpbehq Dlgqpeh, Pbj [grt ec Crjhdb @jdeleha~gpaeh "Hj{ Qeri, 7110!, v( 73;9 pbj demvgrateh Vramj Mahatpjr+t @atdzttaeht{apb Crjhdb Vramj Mahatpjr, 1-76 Mgrdb 71:1 {gt dardzlgpj` gt GC":1!46, v( ?, DGO740%74:: V_E;6V( Ke`ccrjq Eiepb, Zhapj` Tpgpjt ec Gmjradg+t Cerjakh Veladq Pe{gr` Ijhqg, 71:?-7131 "Hgareoa, 711?!, vv( 0:-02( Mr( _ett,CE, Mr( Cgtp{ee`, DE, Mr( Bzhp, D_E, _jverp eh g Satap pe [gtbahkpeh gh` Eppg{g, pe àtdztt Gcradgh Gccgart "Gcradg> pbj hjp

pjh qjgrt!, Hes( 71:1, 76 @jd( 71:1 CE4;7%74;1;0


23/35


Eh pbj ehj bgh`, pbj Cerjakh Eccadj, ihj{ ec pbj Gmjradght+ g{gijhj` ahpjrjtp

ah Gcradg gh` ah Ijhqg+t szlhjrgoalapq( Eh pbj epbjr bgh`, ap bg` hep wzapj kasjh zv eh

Orapgah+t relj ah pbj dehpahjhp gh` rjnjdpj` pbj a`jg ec bjr ojahk pgrhatbj` oq ghpa-

amvjraglatpad +kghkahk zv+ {apb pbj Crjhdb(;7 Qjp bjr tpgpzt gt g laojrgl ve{jr {gt

jh`ghkjrj` oq Ijhqg+t rgdagl pjhtaeht( Ah pbj Cerjakh Eccadj+t saj{, Orapatb ahclzjhdj

`jvjh`j` gt mzdb eh apt ahpjrhgpaehgl amgkj gt ap à` eh ve{jr rjlgpaeht(;? Orapgah+t

`jcjhdj ec g mzlpargdagl jtpgolatbmjhp pbgp zvbjl` ec {bapj tzvrjmgdq ah Ijhqg dezl`

jh`ghkjr bjr tpgh` ah [jtp Gcradg, jvetahk bjr gt g bqvedrapj ah bjr rjlgpaeht {apb

Gcradght(

;4

Ehdj pbj hj{lq ah`jvjh`jhp tpgpjt ec Gcradg neahj` pbj ZH, pbjrj {ezl` oj he

vretvjdp ec demmghàhk pbj hjdjttgrq sepjt ah pbj Kjhjrgl Gttjmolq pe oledi g p{e-

pbar`t mgnerapq {bjh pbj +ghpa-delehagl+ krezv {gt tela`lq rghkj` gkgahtp gh

g`mahatpjrahk ve{jr(;0 Pbjrjcerj, gvvrjbjhtaeh gt {jll gt bevj mg`j pbj Cerjakh

Eccadj ljtt pbgh ijjh cer zv-belàhk Jzrevjgh tzvrjmgdq ah Ijhqg( Pamj {gt ec pbj

jttjhdj(;: Qjp, gp pbj ojkahhahk ec 71:1 {bjh pbj Cerjakh Eccadj {gt {rapahk vgvjrt

prqahk pe rj-{rapj Orapatb veladq ah Gcradg ?6 qjgrt {jrj tpall dehta`jrj` g cgar pamj lamap

cer ah`jvjh`jhdj cer metp ec Gcradg( Mgdmallgh gh` Mgdlje` {ezl` teeh cah` jsjh pbat

pee tghkzahj, be{jsjr(

;7 Mahzpj oq N( B( G( [gpteh, ?3(3(71:1, CE 4;7%74;13:, CE 4;7%74;133 V_E(;? /Gcradg> Pbj Hjp Pjh Qjgrt/ gt vrjtjhpj` pe pbj Gmjradght, 46 Edp( 71:1, GC":1!07, DGO 740%74::, V_E(;4 @rgcp cer evjhahk Tvjjdb cer Gmogttgèr Tar B( Dgddag ah @atdzttaeht {apb Z(T(, 72(77(71:1, CE 4;7%74;1;6, V_E9 dap ahHepj oq pbj Cerjakh Eccadj, eh pbj Velapadgl Tdjhj ah Prevadgl Gcradg, ?6(7(71:1, vgrgt( 3,7?, GC":1!2, DGO 740%74:0, V_E(;0 Pbat vgrp {gt lgpjr pe oj `jljpj` cerm pbj orajc( G( E( _ett pe D_E, @rgcp Orajc cer @atdzttaeht ah [gtbahkpeh eh pbj Jccjdp eh

pbj [jtpjrh Vetapaeh ah pbj Zhapj` Hgpaeht ec pbj jmjrkjhdj ec hj{ ah`jvjh`jhp Gcradgh Tpgpjt, 72 Hes( 71:1 CE4;7%74;1;6V_E(;:Gcradg> pe pbj Gmjradght, GC":1!07, v( 73, vgrg( :3, DGO 740%74::, GC":1!3pb Mjjpahk, ?(4(71:1, vv( 7-4, DGO 740%74:4, C(Czrjà, Drjgpahk g Orjgpbahk Tvgdj> Pbj Velapadgl Mghgkjmjhp ec Delehagl Jmjrkjhdajt, ah _( Bellgh` "j`(!, Jmjrkjhdajt gh`

@ater`jr ah pbj Jzrevjgh Jmvarjt gcpjr 710:"Lehèh, 7110!, vv( 10-760(


24/35


Pbj Demmeh{jglpb _jlgpaeht Eccadj zh`jr Ler` Bemj tbgrj` pbj Cerjakh

Eccadj+t ghajpajt gh` {gt oel`jr gp vrevbjtqahk( Glpbezkb pbj cermjr ah Nghzgrq 71:1

dezl` hep vadpzrj ah`jvjh`jhdj cer Jgtp Gcradg ojcerj 7130, ap ojlajsj` pbgp oq 7131, ap

dghhep oj rzlj` ezp pbgp `jmgh`t cer demvljpj ah`jvjh`jhdj {all oj seadj` ah ehj er

merj ec pbj pjrraperajt(;3 Czrpbjrmerj, pbj Demmeh{jglpb _jlgpaeht tjdrjpgrq {gt czllq

g{grj pbgp Hirzmgb {gt `jmghàhk +ehj mgh ehj sepj+ ammjàgpjlq gh` pbgp pbj

Lgoezr Vgrpq {gt gddjàhk pe pbj vrahdavlj, jsjh ac pbjq {jrj vrjvgrj` pe {gap lehkjr(

Qjp bj {grhj` pbgp jsjh pbj grrghkjmjhp ec gh Gcradgh mgnerapq ozalp eh g lamapj`

crghdbatj {ezl` teeh jh` ah Gcradgh mgnerapq rzlj(

;;

Mgdmallgh gh` Mgdlje`

Pbj vgrp Mgdmallgh vlgqj` ah pbj `jdelehatgpaeh vredjtt gh` pbj ahclzjhdj ec

Mgdlje` ah apt gddjljrgpaeh grj g {jll-desjrj` tzonjdp crjwzjhplq dapj` ah àtdzttaeht ec

`jdelehatgpaeh( Pbjrj {jrj cezr czh`gmjhpgl keglt ec pbj Mgdmallgh kesjrhmjhp pbgp

gdpzgllq gccjdpj` pbj prghtcjr ec ve{jr> pbj vrepjdpaeh gh` vremepaeh ec Orapgaht

jdehemad ahpjrjtpt9 pbj dehtprzdpaeh ec g detp-jccjdpasj `jcjhdj veladq cer pbj hzdljgr

gkj9 pbj dehpgahmjhp ec pbj kleogl ahclzjhdj ec pbj Tesajp Zhaeh9 gh` pbj rjdehtprzdpaeh

ec pbj tvjdagl rjlgpaehtbav {apb pbj Zhapj` Tpgpjt( Ap at ahpjrjtpahk be{jsjr, pe saj{

Mgdmallgh+t "gh` Mgdlje`+t! `jdelehatgpaeh veladq ah Ijhqg pbrezkb g àccjrjhp vratm>

pbj Mgz Mgz ec pbj mah`(

;3 Hepj, Demmeh{jglpb _jlgpaeht Eccadj, Pbj Hjp Pjh Qjgrt ah Gcradg, GC":1!, 1 Ngh( 71:1, DGO 740%74:4 V_E( _apdbajEsjh`glj, Mgdmallgh gh` pbj [ah` ec Dbghkj ah Gcradg, 71:;-7136, Pbj Batperadgl Nezrhgl, saaa, ? "711:!, vv( 03:-3;( _(Tbjvbjr`, Agah Mgdlje`"Lehèh, 7110!, vv( 7:2, 736(;; Hepj cer pbj _jder` ec g mjjpahk ec pbj VH {apb @gsa` Tparlahk gh` pbj Demmeh{jglpb Tjdrjpgrq, 77 Nzhj 71:1(

V_JM77%?:24 V_E(


25/35

Nezrhgl ec Malapgrq gh` Tprgpjkad Tpzàjt, Tvrahk ?663, Sel( 2, Attzj 4( ?:

Mgdmallgh+t lzij{grm gppapz`j pe{gr`t Ijhqg bg` g lehkjr vjàkrjj pbgh bat

+[ah` ec Dbghkj+ tvjjdb eh 4 Cjorzgrq 7136 pe pbj Tezpb Gcradg Vgrlagmjhp( Jsjh gt

jgrlq gt 710?, Mgdmallgh bg` jvrjttj` krgsj èzopt goezp Ijhqg gt g [bapj mght

dezhprq(;2 Pbjh, eh ?2 Nghzgrq 71:;, g cerphakbp gcpjr bj peei eccadj, bj gtij` pbj

delehagl veladq demmappjj pe gttjtt pbj g`sghpgkjt gh` àtg`sghpgkjt ec belàhk ehpe

Orapgaht delehajt(;1 P{e mehpbt lgpjr, ah bat evjhahk tvjjdb gp pbj Ojrmz`g

dehcjrjhdj ah Mgrdb 71:;, bj hepj` pbj dbghkj ah ahpjrhgpaehgl rjlgpaeht pbgp bg` mg`j

pbj Zhapj` Tpgpjt gh` pbj Tesajp Zhaeh ahpe tzvjrve{jrt, ozp bj glte mgrij` pbj

rjselzpaeh ah pbj rjlgpaehtbav ojp{jjh {bapjt gh` pbj Gcradgh gh` Gtagh vjevljt(

26

Mgdmallgh gh` Mgdlje`, bat delehagl tjdrjpgrq, {jrj vetapasj goezp pbj me`jrhatahk

vredjtt gh` tg{ `jdelehatgpaeh gt g vgrp ec pbat vredjtt( Amvjragl veladq glehk pbj el`

lahjt {gt vgtt cer velapadgl gh` ahpjrhgpaehgl gt {jll gt a`jelekadgl rjgteht( 27

Qjp tzdb gh gppapz`j dezl` bgr`lq cerm bat veladq pe{gr`t delehajt mg`j zv ec

iapb gh` iah pbgp at, pbetj ah Jgtp gh` Djhprgl Gcradg {badb tpall demmgh`j` tvjdagl

glljkaghdj ah pbj Dehtjrsgpasj Vgrpq( [apb temj vgrpq mjmojrt Ler` Tglatozrq {gt g

vremahjhp jgmvlj ap {gt hep nztp g mgppjr ec leqglpq pe Orapatb "Jzrevjgh! dapa~jht ozp

glte ehj ec vgpjrhglatm pe{gr` pbj Gcradght gt {jll gt pbj Orapatb jljdpergpj( Ler`

Tglatozrq ojlajsj` pbgp pbj Orapatb jljdpergpj gp bemj gh` pbj Gcradght vrjcjrrj` pe oj

;2 Nebh [ah`bgm, bat vrasgpj tjdrjpgrq gppjtpt pe ap, Ler` Jkrjmehp, Pbj [ah` ec Dbghkj Mqpb, Pbj Tzh`gq Pamjt, 76 Mgq

7130( Mgdmallght tvjjdb ojcerj pbj beztjt ec vgrlagmjhp ah Tezpb Gcradg 4 Cjo( 7136, H( Mghtjrkb,@edzmjhpt gh` Tvjjdbjt

eh Demmeh{jglpb Gccgart 71:7-713?"Lehèh, 7134!, vv( 40;-401( Eh pbj rjselzpaehgrq gtvjdp ec pbj tvjjdb, Ialmzar, VelapadglG`sjhpzrj, vv( 470-7:( Eh Ijhqg ah 710? Mgdmallgh, Pbj Olgtp ec [gr, 7141-710: "Lehèh, 713;!, v( 7;;9 Mgdmallgh, Gp pbj

Jh` ec pbj @gq, vv( ?21-?16(;1 Mgdmallgh pe Tglatozrq, ?2 Ngh( 71:;, DVD ":;!3, DGO 740%7:::9 Esjh`glj, Mgdmallgh gh` pbj [ah` ec Dbghkj , v( 0:1(Mgdmallght rjwzjtp, ?2 Ngh( 71:;, DVD":;!3, pbj rjtvehtj eh pbj jdehemad gtvjdpt, Hepj oq pbj Delehagl Eccadj eh Pbj Czpzrj

@jsjlevmjhp ah pbj Delehajt> Jdehemad gh` Cahghdagl Dehta`jrgpaeht, ?3 Nzlq 71:;, DVD":;!?2, gh` pbj cahgl tzmmahk zv,Oreei, 3 Tjvp( 71:;, DVD":;!46"_jsatj!, DGO 740%7::3 V_E(26 G tamalgr tvjjdb {gt kasjh ah Oj`cer` jgrlajr, Mgdmallgh, _aàhk pbj Tperm71:3-71:1 "Lehèh, 71;7!,v( ?:?, @( Bere{ap~,Gppapz`jt ec Orapatb Dehtjrsgpasjt Pe{gr`t @jdeleha~gpaeh ah Gcradg, Gcradgh Gccgart, la, ?;0 "Nghzgrq 71;6!, v( 73(27 Bere{ap~, aoa`(, vv( ??-?3(


26/35


rzlj` oq velapadgl jlapjt rgpbjr pbgh rzlj( Ojta`jt, Jzrevjgh tjppljrt+ dehprel {gt glte g

ozl{gri cer Orapatb ahpjrjtpt gh` jccadajhp kesjrhahk(2? Epbjr mjmojrt leooaj` cer pbj

tprjhkpbjhahk ec Orapatb ahclzjhdj ah Gcradg ah pbj Neahp Jgtp gh` Djhprgl Gcradg Oegr`(

Mgdmallgh {gt dehsahdj` pbgp Ijhqg {gt gh jsjh merj àccadzlp vreoljm pbgh pbj

Djhprgl Gcradgh Cj`jrgpaeh( Ler` Tglatozrq, {be bg` rjtakhj` crem pbj dgoahjp esjr

Dqvrzt glehk {apb Ler` Lgmopeh dezl` jgtalq gttjmolj g tjraezt leooq cer pbj tjppljrt(

Ijhqg tjppljrt bg` g merj gratpedrgpad gh` zvvjr-ma``lj-dlgtt gar, gt {jll gt tedagl,

oztahjtt, gh` velapadgl pajt pe Lehèh(24

[bgp {gt hjj`j` pe dehsahdj pbj ozli ec pbj vgrpq {gt gddjvpghdj ec pbj

`ghkjr pbgp Ijhqg vetj` pe pbjar gddjvpj` vrahdavljt gh` velapadgl ahpjrjtpt( Mgdmallgh

{gt {jll g{grj ec pbj vjttamatpad saj{t pbj Cerjakh Eccadj gh` pbj Demmeh{jglpb

_jlgpaeht Eccadj tbgrj`( Bj bg` lehk ojjh dehsahdj` ec pbj amverpghdj ec pbj tvjdagl

rjlgpaehtbav {apb pbj Zhapj` Tpgpjt, gh` gcpjr Tzj~ bj ojlajsj` ap bg` pe oj rjbgoalapgpj`

{apbezp `jlgq( Gp pbj pamj ec bat jljdpaeh gt vramj mahatpjr ah 71:;, bj ojlajsj` pbj p{e

dezhprajt ahtjvgrgolj ojdgztj pbj lacj ec pbj crjj {erl` `jvjh`j` eh ap, gh` bj bg` pbj

Dehtjrsgpasj Vgrpq {jll ojbah` bam(20

Czrpbjrmerj, bj {gt nztp gt g{grj ec pbj velapadgllq dbghkj` gpmetvbjrj gp

bemj( Tmgll {eh`jr pbgp Ljhhe-Oeq` {gt amvrjttj` pbgp Mgdmallgh, crem g

vzolatbahk cgmalq, cjlp pbgp pbj jmvarj {gt g dletj` dbgvpjr gh` pbgp pbj dezhprq bg` pe

2? dap ah A( Mgdlje` ,Prezolj ah Gcradg, Pbj Tvjdpgper, 47 Ngh( 7130(24 Mgdmallgh, Veahpahk pbj [gq71:1-7137 "Lehèh, 71;?!, v( 73, Mgdmallght àgrq jhprq cer ?6 Ngh( 7137 ah Mgdmallgh, Gp pbj

Jh` ec pbj @gq, v( ?16( Vgrl( @jot( , Beztj ec Ler`t, ?2 Mgrdb 7136, sel( ???, del( 46:-071( G( Berhj, Mgdmallgh> 71:;-7123(Selzmj Ehj ec pbj Eccadagl Oaekrgvbq "Lehèh, 7121!, vv( 724-72:, Tbjvbjr`, Agah Mgdlje`, v( 7:2-737, Iqlj, Pbj Velapadt ecAh`jvjh`jhdj, v( 11(20 T( Lleq`, Tzj~ 71:3> G Vjrtehgl Gddezhp "Hj{ Qeri, 71;2!, dap eh v( ?:?, vv( ?:?-?:1( Mgdmallgh, _aàhk pbj Tperm, v( 7139@( _( @jsjrjz, Pbj Cermzlgpaeh ec Orapatb @jcjhdj Veladq Pe{gr`t pbj Ma``lj Jgtp, 7102-71:3 "Lehèh, 7116!, v( 71:( ehjjgmvlj cer pbj dletj rjlgpaehtbav jtpgolatbj` at pbj deevjrgpaeh esjr pbj tzvvrjttaeh ec pbj Aèhjtagh rjojllaeh, Mgppbj{ Nehjt,/ Ahèhjtagh _jojllaeh/, vv( 77;1-7?73, jtv( v( 7714 mjhpaehahk pbgp pbj de-evjrgpaeh mgq bgsj ojjh ogtj` jhparjlq eh pbj

{atb pe gddemme`gpj pbj Gmjradght(


27/35

Nezrhgl ec Malapgrq gh` Tprgpjkad Tpzàjt, Tvrahk ?663, Sel( 2, Attzj 4( ?;

mesj eh pe pbj hjp(2: Oepb bj gh` Mgdlje` ojlajsj` pbgp ah g dlgtb {apb pbj Zhapj`

Tpgpjt esjr g delehagl dehcladp, hep ehlq {ezl` Lgoezr pzrh lztpalq gkgahtp pbj kesjrhmjhp

ozp te {ezl` pbj vrekrjttasj {ahk ec pbj Dehtjrsgpasj Vgrpq( G`mappj`lq, g {a`j

vredjtt ec `jdelehatgpaeh dezl` glte tbe{ {jgihjtt, {badb ah pzrh dezl` g`sjrtjlq

ahclzjhdj Orapgah+t jdehemad vetapaeh(23 Ozp tzrjlq, gcpjr Tzj~, ap at `jogpgolj {bjpbjr

Mgdmallgh tpall pbezkbp ec pbj jmvarj ah tzdb pjrmt(

Pbj ezpdrq esjr pbj `jdlgrgpaeh ec g tpgpj ec Jmjrkjhdq eh 4 Mgrdb 71:1 ah pbj

Djhprgl Gcradgh Cj`jrgpaeh celle{ahk àtpzroghdjt ah Hqgtglgh` gh` lgpjr esjr pbj Belg

dgmv ahda`jhp kgsj vzolad zppjrghdj pe pbj pbrjgp ec ahtpgoalapq ah Jgtp Gcradg, gh`

vgrpadzlgrlq ah Ijhqg, {badb zhpal pbjh bg` ojjh àtdzttj` ehlq ah eccadagl vgvjrt, ljgsahk

pbj Dehtjrsgpasj Vgrpq bapbjrpe vrgdpadgllq zhpezdbj`( Pbj velapadgl gpmetvbjrj {gt nztp

ravj(2; Oepb dratjt {jrj pbj dlamg ec g vredjtt pbgp ojkgh {apb pbj Tzj~ `jogdlj ah pbj

ma` 71:6t, {bjh pbj jmvarj {gt letahk krezh`, delehagl veladq {gt ojdemahk velapadgllq

dehpjhpaezt, gh` dezhpjrahtzrkjhdajt {jrj jprjmjlq zhvevzlgr(22

Ijhqg bg` ojjh vjrbgvt ehj ec pbj ljgtp dehpjhpaezt cajl`t ojp{jjh pbj delehagl

tjdrjpgrajt ec Lgoezr gh` pbj Dehtjrsgpasjt mzlpa-rgdaglatm {gt vremepj` oq oepb

vgrpajt( Ozp pbj Lgoezr Vgrpq {jhp crem tzvverp ec mzlpa-rgdaglatm pe tdjvpadatm ah 71::,

pe g vrematj cer jgrlq `jdelehatgpaeh ah 71:1(21 Lgoezr dezl` hep {ah jljdpaeht eh pbat

wzjtpaeh, ozp pbj tzonjdp mg`j pbj Dehtjrsgpasjt zhdemcerpgolj {apb pbj +evahaeh

2: Iqlj, Pbj Velapadt ec Ah`jvjh`jhdj ec Ijhqg, v( 11(23 C( Bjahljah, Orapatb Kesjrhmjhp Veladq gh` @jdelehatgpaeh, v( 73?(2; Glverp, Pbj Tz``jh Gttakhmjhp, v( 20, Pamjt, 7: Edp( 71:1, N( @gr{ah, Pbj Djhprgl Gcradgh Jmjrkjhdq, 71:1, _( Bellgh`

"j`(!, Jmjrkjhdajt gh` @ater`jrah pbj Jzrevjgh Jmvarjt gcpjr 710:"Lehèh, 7110!, vv( ??7, ?46, ?4?(22 D( Pe{htbjh`, Orapgaht Dasal [grt> Dezhpjrahtzrkjhdq ah pbj P{jhpajpb Djhpzrq"Lehèh, 7123!, v( ?63(21 Lqppjlpeh, Mjmeart ec Ler` Dbghèt, v(4:3(Bzkb Kgaptijll ah Eotjrsjr, ; Gzk( 71::, Ehj ec pbj tbgrvjtp jvrjttaeht oqDgllgkbgh, Vgrl( @jot(, Beztj ec Demmeht, 0 Nzhj 71:;, sel( :;7, dell( 762:-7?77, Cahjr jp gl( Ogdiojhdb Evahaeh, vv( 7?:-

7?;( Pamjt, ?: Tjvp( 71:1(


28/35


cermjrt gdg`jmadt, demmjhpgpert, nezrhglatpt(+16 Zhasjrtapq gzàjhdjt {jrj jljdpracaj`

oq pbj Gcradgh ljg`jrt gh` zhlaij ah Crghdj, Orapatb gdg`jmadt bg` g batperq ec dletj

dehpgdpt {apb gh` ahclzjhdj eh delehagl veladq( 17 Pbj vgrlagmjhpgrq dbghkj {gt pbj

dzlmahgpaeh ec cermjr vrepjtpt oq tzdb erkghatgpaeht gt pbj Mesjmjhp cer Delehagl

Crjjèm, pbj Ijhqg Demmappjj, pbj Gcradg Ozrjgz, gh` pbj Ghpa-Tlgsjrq Tedajpq( Cer

tjsjrgl qjgrt, pbjtj erkghatgpaeht bg` ojjh vresaàhk Gcradgh ljg`jrt, tzdb gt Pem

Moeqg, {apb gddjtt pe pbj Orapatb vrjtt gh` pbj Orapatb vzolad( Pbjq tzddjttczllq ahcztj`

pbj Orapatb velapadgl tqtpjm {apb pbj hjj` pe pgij pbj kesjrhj` ahpe dehta`jrgpaeh oq

jtpgolatbahk gh gddezhpgoalapq oq vreq(

1?

Vevzlgr drapadatm tahdj 71:: gkgahtp pbj

`jpgahjj dgmvt bg` ojjh dehtpghplq kre{ahk ah selzmj, tpgrpahk {apb tvjdacadgllq ghpa-

amvjraglatp erkghatgpaeht gh` mesahk pe tzdb vzoladgpaeht gt pbj Eotjrsjr, pbj @galq

Marrer, gh` pbj Hj{ Tpgpjtmgh(14Pbj vgh`jmehazm pbgp oreij ezp gcpjr 4 Mgrdb 71:1

{bjh 77 `jpgahjjt {jrj iallj` gh` ?6 epbjrt {ezh`j` gp pbj Belg dgmv zh`jr cerdj`-

{eri dehàpaeht cahgllq orezkbp kjhjrgl àtkrgdj pe pbj jhparj `jpgahjj dgmv tqtpjm( 10

Pbj pzmzlp ah Vgrlagmjhp `zrahk pbj `jogpj eh ?; Nzlq 71:1 ahdlz`j` jsjh kesjrhmjhp

tjgpt( Bg` g sepj ec djhtzrj ojjh pgijh, Dehtjrsgpasjt makbp bgsj neahj` ah( Pbj cgdp

16 Mgdlje` pe Mgdmallgh, ?: Mgq 71:1, V_JM 77%?:24 V_E Tbjvbjr`, Agah Mgdlje`, vv( 12, 7,774-7?717 Nebh Leht`glj, /Gcradgh Tpzàjt, Jzrevj # Gcradg/, _jsatj` sjrtaeh ec Vljhgrq Ljdpzrj kasjh pe pbj GJKAT dehcjrjhdj eh

Gcradgh Tpzàjt gp pbj Tdbeel ec Erajhpgl gh` Gcradgh Tpzàjt, Lehèh, eh 46pb Nzhj ?66:,bppv>%%{{{(hemgàp(de(zi%xgjkat%è{hleg`t%leht`glj(èd9 Lgzraj G( Orgh`, /Tdbelgrtbav ah pbj Tbgè{ ec Jmvarj"?660 MJTG Vrjta`jhpagl G``rjtt!/, Ma``lj Jgtp Tpzàjt Gttedagpaeh Ozlljpah, Sel( 41, He( 7 "Tzmmjr ?66:!(Ybppv>%%cv(gra~ehg(j z%mjtgtted%Ozlljpah%Vrjt*?6G``rjttjt%Orgh (bpm]1? T( Be{j, Ghpadelehaglatm ah Orapatb Velapadt> Pbj Ljcp gh` pbj Jh` ec Jmvarj, 7172-7130 "Ecer`, 7114!, v( 4?;( _jwzjtp cer

rjkzlgr ahcermgpaeh, zhtakhj`, crem Cgoagh Ozrjgz pe Pem Moeqg 76 Gzk( 71:0, Mtt( Orap( Jmv( t( 43:%773%7, CDO(Derrjtveh`jhdj ojp{jjh Ngmjt Nebhteh, MV, Mgq Nzlq 71:;, Madr( Gcr( t( :23 NGMJT NEBHTEH, _B(14Eotjrsjr, 1 Edp( 71::9 O( Dgtplj, Nztpadj ah Ijhqg, Pbj Hj{ Tpgpjtmgh gh` Hgpaeh, 7;(7?(71::, glte g tjrajt ah @galq Marrer,; @jd(71::, 1 @jd( 71::, 76 @jd( 71::, Mtt( Orap( Jmv( t( ??, K :41, GHPA TLGSJ_Q TEDAJPQ, _B(10_jder` ec Vredjjàhkt gh` Jsa`jhdj ah pbj Ahwzarq ahpe pbj @jgpb ec Jljsjh Mgz Mgz @jpgahjjt gp Belg Dgmv ah Ijhqg,

Lehèh, Dmh`( ;1:, vv( 74:-741, ah bat ahwzarq pbj nz`kj bgt grrasj` gp pbj dehdlztaeh pbgp lgoezr jhcerdjmjhp {gt alljkglbe{jsjr vgrp ec pbj ojgpahkt {jrj lg{czl àtdavlahgrq gdpaeh, [( B( Kezàj, @edzmjhpt _jlgpahk pe pbj @jgpbt ec Jljsjh MgzMgz @jpgahjjt gp Belg Dgmv Ijhqg"Lehèh, 71:1!, Dm`h( ;;2, vv( 0-:, 70-7:( Vgrl( @jot(, Beztj ec Demmeht, ?; Nzlq 71:1,sel( 376, del( ?47, D( Pe{htbjh`, Orapgaht Dasal [grt, v( ?63, Jliaht, Amvjragl _jdiehahk, vv( 477-4:0, jtv( v( 4:7 ah Ogrogrg

Dgtplj+t tvjjdb eh Belg ah pbj Demmeht(


29/35


pbgp pbj tperm {gt ahclgpj` oq pbj vreamapq pe g kjhjrgl jljdpaeh {gt ec lapplj telgdj pe

pbj kesjrhmjhp(1:

Pbj amverpghdj ec Belg gt g {gpjrtbj` ah glle{ahk g rgàdgl dbghkj ah Orapatb

veladq ah Ijhqg at czllq gddjvpj`( Gt pbj jatpjhdj ec `jpjhpaeh dgmvt {gt `jjvlq

jmoj``j` ah g delehagl veladq pbgp tpresj pe jhcerdj eh pbj Gcradgh mgnerapq g mzlpa-rgdagl

tpgpj, tzdb ahda`jhpt {jrj oezh` pe rjdzr( Pbat mjghp, pbgp Belg dezl` oj rjvjgpj`(13

[bgp at ljtt grkzj` at be{ dehclgpj` oepb dratjt {jrj gt g rjglatgpaeh ec cjgrt pbgp cer

qjgrt bg` ojjh àsaàhk pbj Orapatb eccadagl mah` eh veladq {balj ravjhahk ap cer dbghkj(

Tmgll {eh`jr, pbgp Mgdmallgh paj` oepb pekjpbjr oq ztahk pbj Mgz Mgz kbetp pe `jcljdp

drapadatm crem pbj Hqgtglgh` Jmjrkjhdq tpgpj( Pbj rjsasj` mjmerq ec pbj berrer ec ehj

dratat {gt pe orahk tqmvgpbq cer pbj epbjr, gh` pbj ezpdrq esjr pbj epbjr dezl` vgsj pbj

{gq pe pbj telzpaeh ec oepb( Epbjr{atj, ap tjjmt bgr`lq vlgztaolj pbgp pbj lehk re{ ec

+atelgpj` ahda`jhpt+ pbgp bg` rgatj` metplq rjtjhpmjhp gkgahtp pbj vrepjtpjrt gt Mgz

Mgz tqmvgpbatjrt tz``jhlq ahapagpj` rjcerm(1; Ap at pee tamvlj pe vzp ap è{h mjrjlq pe

pbj tdglj ec pbjtj vgrpadzlgr zvbjgsglt( Pbj Djhprgl Gcradgh Jmjrkjhdq orezkbp pbj

@jslah rjverp gh` pbj `jhzhdagpaeh ec pbj +Veladj Tpgpj+, gh` Belg orezkbp pbj Cgarh

Demmattaeh( Pbj demmattaeht cahàhkt orezkbp g dehta`jrgolj rj`zdpaeh ah pbj

kesjrhert Jmjrkjhdq ve{jrt pe grrjtp gh` `jpgah {apbezp pragl gcpjr pbj tpgpj ec

Jmjrkjhdq ah Ijhqg {gt lacpj` ah 71:1(12 Ozp tjj`t ec dbghkj cer g lehk-jhprjhdbj`

1: Mgdmallght àgrq jhprq cer : Mgrdb 71:1, ah Berhj, Mgdmallgh, v( 7;:( J( Ve{jll, Vgrl( @jot(, Beztj ec Demmeht, ?; Nzlq71:1, sel( 376, delt ?4?-?4;, Mgdlje`, Vgrl( @jot(, Beztj ec Demmeht, ? Hes( 71:1, sel( 37?, delt(, 332-3;6(13 Dgoahp dehdlztaeht, 77 Nzhj 71:1, DD":1!40 DGO 7?2%44 V_E(1; Gh`jrteh, Batperq ec pbj Bghkj`, vv( 46;-4779 ahdlz`jt pbj dapgpaeh crem Lqppjlpeh+t mjmeart rjcjrrahk pe pbj /atelgpjàhda`jhpt/(12Vgrl( @jot(, Beztj ec Demmeht, sel( 367, del( ?7;-?72, 4 Mgrdb 71:1( Berhj, Mgdmallgh, vv( 726-72?( Mehteh "DE, Lehèh!

pe _jhateh, , ?2 Edp( 71:1, DE 2??%744:, V_E


30/35


veladq dgh ojtp oj cezh` ah pbj Mgz Mgz hakbpmgrj pbgp pbj kesjrhmjhp te zh{appahklq

te{j`(

Oq Gvral 71:1, Mgdmallgh {gt jvrjttahk evjh vjttamatm goezp pbj czpzrj ec

delehagl rzlj esjr Jgtp Gcradg gh` {gt dehsahdj` ec pbj zrkjhdq cer dbghkj( @zrahk g

mjjpahk ec pbj Delehagl Veladq Demmappjj esjr g mjmergh`zm oq pbj Delehagl Eccadj,

`jmedrgdq {gt mjhpaehj` gt g vettaoalapq( Ah Mgq 71:1 bat Tjdrjpgrq cer Lgoezr gh`

Hgpaehgl Bjglpb {gt mezpbahk pbj tgmj {er`t pbezkb pe oj vetpvehj` pe gh

zhihe{h czpzrj(11 Pbat {gt hep g telzpaeh pbj vgrpq dezl` tpemgdb gp pbj pamj( Belg gh`

g tzddjttczl jljdpaeh cgdalapgpj` pbj dbghkj(

Pbj gddjljrgpaeh pe ah`jvjh`jhdj {gt tpall dehta`jrj` cgr crem g cerjkehj

dehdlztaeh( Jsjh gp pbat veahp, Mgdmallgh {gt dehsahdj` pbgp p{e cerdjt {jrj dgvgolj ec

orahkahk goezp g dasal {gr ah Ijhqg> Ac Orapgah {ezl` +mesj pee cgtp {apb pbj jpjhtaeh ec

pbj crghdbatj pbj merj rjgdpaehgrq {bapj vjevlj ah Gcradg makbp prq gh` neah pbj Zhaeh( Ac

{j è hep mesj cgtp jhezkb, pbj Gcradght {ezl` ljg` pbj àtpzroghdjt(+766 P{e

evvetahk saj{veahpt, tzdb gt pbgp ec @gmj Mgrkjrq Vjrbgm g laojrgl batperagh gh` g

crajh` ec Gcradg, {be ojlajsj` ah `jmedrgdq gh` pbgp ec Ler` Tglatozrq {be ojlajsj` ah

vgpjrhglatm, oepb dehta`jrj` Orapatb kza`ghdj, gt {jll gt g oe`q ec prgahj` tjhaer

g`mahatprgpert gh` eccadjrt ah pbj grmj` cerdjt, gt hjdjttgrq cer ah`jvjh`jhdj gh`

vjgdjczl ahpjr-rgdagl de-jatpjhdj(767 Tpall, glpbezkb jsjrqehj gkrjj` oq pbjh pbgp pamj

{gt rzhhahk tberp, ap {gt cgr crem zhghamezt nztp be{ tberp(

11 Delehagl Veladq Demmappjj 7tp mjjpahk, 7; Gvral 71:1 Mjme 76 Gvral 71:1, DVD":1!?9 Mjme Hes( 71:1 DVD":1!72 DGO

740%7::2 V_E(766 _jder` ec g mjjpahk ojp{jjh Mgdmallgh gh` @gsa` Tpjrlahk gh` Demmeh{jglpb Tjdrjpgrq 77 Nzhj 71:1 V_JM77%?:24,V_E( @( G( Le{,Pbj Jdlavtj ec Jmvarj"Dgmora`kj, Hj{ Qeri, 7117!, v( ?04(767 Mgrkjrq Vjrbgm, Ljppjr pe pbj Jàper, Pbj Pamjt, 76 Nzh, 7137, v( 779 Tglatozrq, Ljppjr pe pbj Jàper, Pbj Pamjt, 2 Nzh, 7137,

v( 7:(


31/35


[bjh Mgdmallgh dbetj Agah Mgdlje` pe rjvlgdj Ljhhe-Oeq` bj bg` g rgpj ec

gddjljrgpaeh ah mah`( Bj ihe{ahklq gvveahpj` pbj mgh {be ah Mgq bg` glrjg`q

jvrjttj` pe Mgdmallgh pbgp ah Ijhqg gt jltj{bjrj, +pbj rakbpt ec pbj ah`asa`zgl tbezl`

oj tjdzrj` pe bam oq sarpzj ec bat vetapaeh gt g dapa~jh rgpbjr pbgh pbj delezr ec bat tiah

er bat mjmojrtbav ec g vgrpadzlgr demmzhapq+( Ah Ijhqg pbat {ezl` mjgh gh Gcradgh

mgnerapq ah pbj jljdpj` dezhdalt( Zlpamgpjlq, Mgdlje`+t sataeh ec g demmeh{jglpb

zh`jr{rappjh oq mgnerapq rzlj jhtzrj` g bgtpjhahk ec Gcradgh ah`jvjh`jhdj, gt {jll gt g

bjg -eh dellataeh {apb pbj Dehtjrsgpasj rakbp {ahk(76?

Te Mgdmallgh cjlp bj bg` pe mesj cgtp gh` qjp tle{lq gp pbj tgmj pamj( Ap {gt pe

pbat pzhj pbgp Mgdlje` {gt tahkahk {bjh bj gkrjj` pbgp pbj mgner gam ah Gcradg {gt pe

ke tle{lq ozp pbgp gdpaeh bg` pe oj pgijh gt t{acplq gt vettaolj( Gcpjr gll, bj {gt `jjvlq

dehsahdj` pbgp +pbahkt grj mesahk sjrq cgtp ah Gcradg+( Pbgp `jcahapjlq mg`j Ijhqg, +pbj

rjgl vreoljm cer zt+(764

Pbzt, delehagl veladq zh`jr Mgdmallgh gh` Mgdlje` bg` pe ght{jr pe p{e

gvvgrjhplq dehprgrq hjj`t( Ap bg` pe mesj cgtp jhezkb pe vrjsjhp gh Gcradgh jvletaeh,

ozp tle{lq jhezkb pe dgrrq glehk gp ljgtp pbj me`jrgpj Jzrevjgh tjppljrt gh` pbjrjoq

ijjv pbj Dehtjrsgpasj Vgrpq ahpgdp( Pbjrjcerj, pbj dezrtj ec jsjhpt crem 71:2%1 pe 7134

rjcljdpt g demvrematj ojp{jjh dehcladpahk dezrtjt, rgpbjr pbgh g vjrvljapq goezp pbj

dbeadj pbjrjec(760

76? dapgpaeh crem> Mgdlje` pe Mgdmallgh, ?: Mgq 71:1, V_JM 77%?:24( Mgdmallgh tjjmj` ehlq pe gdp ahpjrjtpj` ah pbjtj attzjt gpljgtp pe temj - K( Ore{h, Ah Mq [gq> Pbj Velapadgl Mjmeart ec Ler` Kjerkj Ore{h "Leh`eh 71;7!, v( :1, Berhj, Mgdmallgh(, v(

724( Tbjvbjr`, Agah Mgdlje`, vv( ?70-?:2, te mzdb te Ler` _eojrp Dgrr, cer ahtpghdj, tztvjdpj` g Mgdbagsjllagh ahpjhp ehMgdmallgh+t vgrp ah pbj gvveahpmjhp, aoa`, v( 736764 Mgdlje` pe Mgdmallgh 7; Cjo( 7136 V_JM77%4647 dapgpaeh crem> Mgdlje` pe Mgdmallgh, rjverpahk crem bat satap pe Gcradg, ?1@jd( 71:1, v( V_JM77%?:23 V_E(760 Gt Bjahljah tzkkjtpt, Bjahljah, Orapatb Kesjrhmjhp Veladq gh` @jdelehatgpaeh, v( 71;


32/35

Nezrhgl ec Malapgrq gh` Tprgpjkad Tpzàjt, Tvrahk ?663, Sel( 2, Attzj 4( 4?

Mgdlje` {gt rjmgrigolq zhpezdbj` oq pbj Mgz Mgz kbetp( Bj {gt ah`jj` amozj` oq

g cjjlahk ec zrkjhdq, ozp pbat {gt vrjdavapgpj` oq g àccjrjhp lekad glpekjpbjr> +pbj lekad ec

pbj prghtcjr ec ve{jr ah [jtp Gcradg mjghp pbgp ap mztp demj t{acplq ah Jgtp gh` tpjgàlq

ah Djhprgl Gcradg( Ah`jvjh`jhdj ehdj kasjh pe pbj Gcradgh ah pbj Kel` Degtp dezl` hep

cer lehk oj `jhaj` pe bat orepbjr ah Ijhqg+(76: [bjh Mgdlje` bg` pe ztj gh ghglekq cer

g cgalj` dezhpjrahtzrkjhdq, Dqvrzt {gt bat dbeadj, rgpbjr pbgh Ijhqg(763 Pbj rjgteh

tjjmt tprgakbpcer{gr`( Pbj grmq dehta`jrj` pbj Ijhqg Jmjrkjhdq esjr gh` èhj {apb

oq 71::%39 ap {gt g velapadgl kbetp, hep g malapgrq ehj( Mgdlje` {gt hep bgzhpj` oq pbj

Mgz Mgz ojdgztj bj {gt laij{atj hep bgzhpj` oq pbj +ehj mgh ehj sepj+ vrahdavlj pe

{badb Mgz Mgz bg` ojdgmj g tqhehqm( Glrjg`q ah 71:0 ah bat dehpraozpaeh pe pbj

_jtjgrdb Tpz`q Krezv, Mgdlje` bg` ojlajsj` pbgp +temjpbahk {gt mattahk ah ezr

delehagl veladq+, temjpbahk {badb bj à` hep tvjdacq ozp {badb bat oaekrgvbjr cjlp bg` pe

oj ah pbj bzmghapgragh àmjhtaeh( Czrpbjrahk bzmgh rakbpt gh` pbj crgpjrhapq ec

bzmghiah` {jrj a`jglt Mgdlje` bg` dletj gp bjgrp g vetapaeh vjrbgvt ojppjr

gvvrjdagpj` gdrett pbj cleer(76;

Glpbezkb pbj Lghdgtpjr Beztj Dehcjrjhdj à` hep `jda`j eh pbj `jmedrgpad

vrahdavlj, apt gpmetvbjrj {gt vjrmjgpj` oq pbj vrjtjhdj ec g delehagl tjdrjpgrq {be

{gt ihe{h cer bat dehsadpaeh pbgp ap bg` ojppjr demj teehjr pbgh lgpjr( Mgdlje` dezl`

ztj pbj pbrjgp ec jvletaeh ah Gcradg gt {jll gt ghqehj ozp {gt eosaeztlq ljtt

dehsahdahk cer bat vgrpq+t rakbp {ahk( 762 Bj bg` gp ljgtp ehj jqj eh pbj velapadgl dehpjp

ah pbj bemj mgrijp( Te bj g`satj` pbj vramj mahatpjr gkgahtp tjjahk Krezv Dgvpgah

76: Agah Mgdlje`, /Orapgah+t Czpzrj Veladq ah Gcradg/, [jjijh` Pjljkrgvb, 7? Mgrdb 713:763 Agah Mgdlje`, /Prezolj ah Gcradg/, Pbj Tvjdpgper, 47 Ngh( 713076; Tbjvbjr`, Agah Mgdlje`, vv( 12, 7,774-7?7(762 Mgdlje` pe Mgdmallgh, ?6 Cjo( 7136, V_JM77%4647 V_E(


33/35


Orakkt, {be bjg`j` pbj ahprghtakjhp {ahk ec pbj tjppljrt, jvlgahahk pbgp pbat krezv

demmgh`j` he tzvverp ah pbj Lehèh Vgrlagmjhp(761

Ozp Mgdlje` zh`jrjtpamgpj` pbj zh{allahkhjtt ec pbj rjtp ec pbj vgrpq pe ijjv zv

{apb pbj vgdj bj {gt tjppahk( Bj glte tjjmj` pe matt pbgp g hzmojr ec pbjm {jrj

rjtvehàhk pe cjgr rgpbjr pbjh bevj( Ah @jdjmojr 7137, bat tzddjtter, _jkahgl`

Mgz`lahk, {be dehta`jrj` +praoglatm+ merj jvletasj pbgh +rgdaglatm+, hepacaj` pbj dgoahjp

pbgp pbj Hakjragh `jmgh` pe pbj Zhapj` Hgpaeht cer ah`jvjh`jhdj {apbah 76 qjgrt

tzkkjtpj` pbgp merj ahpjrhgpaehgl tzvverp pbgh {gt vrjsaeztlq jvjdpj` dezl` oj

cerpbdemahk cer tle{ahk è{h pbj vgdj ah Ijhqg( Hjsjrpbjljtt, pbjq {jrj tpall gcrga` ap

dezl` ljg` pe gh jvletaeh( 776 Tzdb {gt pbj ljkgdq ec pbj Mgz Mgz kbetp pbgp bg` ojjh

dehnzrj` tahdj pbj tzvvrjttaeh(

Dehdlztaeh

Pbj ahclzjhdj ec g rjojllaeh er g pjrreratp mesjmjhp tbezl` oj gttjttj` ah g

oreg`jr dehpjp pbgh gt g malapgrq dehcrehpgpaeh, gh` {apbah g lehkjr tvgh ec pamj pbgh

pbj vjrae` ec àrjdp cakbpahk( Gp apt bjakbp, pbj Mgz Mgz ahtzrrjdpaeh {gt mjp {apb glmetp

vbaletevbadgl amvjrpzrogoalapq ah Lehèh( Pbj pepgl lgdi ec tqmvgpbq {apb pbj rjojlt, gh`

pbj dglm {apb {badb pbj dezhpjrahtzrkjhdq {gt mjp ah Lehèh, glle{j` pbj Orapatb g crjj

bgh` ah pbj tzvvrjttaeh {apbezp ghq mgpjragl dbghkj ec veladq(

Ozp nztp gt pbj cakbpahk {gt esjr, pbj gttjttmjhp ec pbj Mgz Mgz ojkgh pe

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761 Mgdlje` pe Mgdmallgh, 7; Cjo( 71:1, aoa`(776 Dgoahjp Dehdlztaeh, 71 @jd( 7137, DD"37!;:, DGO 7?2%4: V_E( @gsa` M( Gh`jrteh, /+Qezrt ah Tprzkklj cer Mgnamoe+(Hgpaehglatm gh` pbj Vgrpq Velapadt ec @jdeleha~gpaeh ah Ijhqg, 71::-7130/, Nezrhgl ec Dehpjmvergrq Batperq, l vp( 4,"?66:!, vv(

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{gt g +Mgz Mgz ec pbj mah`+ pbgp ljcp g cgr krjgpjr amvrjttaeh eh pbj Orapatb pbgh pbj

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pbgp dehpahzj` `zrahk pbj vjrae` ec 71:3-7134 krj{ ezp ec pbj Mgz Mgz tprzkklj(777 Cer

pbj Orapatb jtpgolatbmjhp ah pbj lgpj 71:6t velapadgl gt {jll gt eccadagl pbj p{e

pbrjgpjhj` pe dehsjrkj(

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Kel`mgh wzepj` oq Tbjvbjr`, Agah Mgdlje`, v( 737(


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Nezrhgl ec Malapgrq gh` Tprgpjkad Tpz`ajt, Tvrahk ?663, Sel( 2, Attzj 4( 4:

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{bjh dezhpjrahtzrkjhdq {gt merj laijlq pe oj rjg` gt amvjraglatpad tzvvrjttaeh, Gcradgh

hgpaehglatm {apb ghq pbrjgp ec saeljhdj ojdgmj tqhehqmezt {apb Mgz Mgz(

hilda nissimi (2006), "mau mau and the decolonisation of kenya", journal of military and strategic...

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