Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1119

Himansu DasPrasant Kumar PattnaikSiddharth Swarup RautarayKuan-Ching Li Editors

Progress in Computing, Analytics and NetworkingProceedings of ICCAN 2019

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 1119

Series Editor

Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,Warsaw, Poland

Advisory Editors

Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, IndiaRafael Bello Perez, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computing,Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, CubaEmilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, SpainHani Hagras, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,University of Essex, Colchester, UKLászló T. Kóczy, Department of Automation, Széchenyi István University,Gyor, HungaryVladik Kreinovich, Department of Computer Science, University of Texasat El Paso, El Paso, TX, USAChin-Teng Lin, Department of Electrical Engineering, National ChiaoTung University, Hsinchu, TaiwanJie Lu, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaPatricia Melin, Graduate Program of Computer Science, Tijuana Instituteof Technology, Tijuana, MexicoNadia Nedjah, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rio de Janeiro,Rio de Janeiro, BrazilNgoc Thanh Nguyen , Faculty of Computer Science and Management,Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, PolandJun Wang, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publicationson theory, applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and IntelligentComputing. Virtually all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computerand information science, ICT, economics, business, e-commerce, environment,healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the areas of modernintelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft comput-ing including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusionof these paradigms, social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuro-science, artificial life, virtual worlds and society, cognitive science and systems,Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems, self-organizing andadaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centriccomputing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronicsincluding human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning para-digms, machine ethics, intelligent data analysis, knowledge management, intelligentagents, intelligent decision making and support, intelligent network security, trustmanagement, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.

The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” areprimarily proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. Theycover significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational andapplicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is the shortpublication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broaddissemination of research results.

** Indexing: The books of this series are submitted to ISI Proceedings,EI-Compendex, DBLP, SCOPUS, Google Scholar and Springerlink **

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Himansu Das • Prasant Kumar Pattnaik •

Siddharth Swarup Rautaray • Kuan-Ching LiEditors

Progress in Computing,Analytics and NetworkingProceedings of ICCAN 2019

123

EditorsHimansu DasSchool of Computer EngineeringKIIT Deemed to be UniversityBhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Prasant Kumar PattnaikSchool of Computer EngineeringKIIT Deemed to be UniversityBhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Siddharth Swarup RautaraySchool of Computer EngineeringKIIT Deemed to be UniversityBhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Kuan-Ching LiDepartment of Computer Scienceand Information Engineering (CSIE)Providence UniversityTaichung, Taiwan

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)Advances in Intelligent Systems and ComputingISBN 978-981-15-2413-4 ISBN 978-981-15-2414-1 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2414-1

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regardto jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,Singapore

Committees

Advisory Committee

Rajkumar Buyya, FIEEE, The University of Melbourne, AustraliaPrasant Mohapatra, FIEEE, University of California, USAMohammad S. Obaidat, FIEEE, Fordham University, USAVincenzo Piuri, FIEEE, University of Milano, ItalyCarlos A. Coello Coello, FIEEE, CINVESTAV, MexicoShekhar Verma, IIIT Allahabad, IndiaValentina Emilia Balas, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, RomaniaTirthankar Gayen, Jawaharlal Nehru University, IndiaDilip Kumar Partihary, IIT Kharagpur, IndiaSasmita Samanta, KIIT University, IndiaJoao Manuel R. S. Tavares, Universidade do Porto, PortugalAbhaprakash Praharaj, Tata Consultancy Services Limited, GermanyNilanjan Dey, Techno India College of Technology, IndiaSanjeevikumar Padmanaban, University of Johannesburg, South AfricaGanapati Panda, IIT Bhubaneswar, IndiaKenji Suzuki, Illinois Institute of Technology, USAPabitra Pal Choudhury, ISI Kolkata, IndiaAndrey V. Savchenko, National Research University Higher School ofEconomics, RussiaRajib Mall, IIT Kharagpur, IndiaKuan-Ching Li, Providence University, TaiwanBidyut B. Chaudhuri, LFIEEE, Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata, IndiaGoutam Chakraborty, Iwate Prefectural University, JapanPramod Kumar Meher, NTU, SingaporeIshwar K. Sethi, Oakland University, Rochester, MIRaj Jain, LFIEEE, Washington University, USAP. N. Suganthan, NTU, SingaporeSagar Naik, University of Waterloo, Canada

v

Ujjwal Maulik, FNAE, Jadavpur University, IndiaDhiya AL-Jumeily, Liverpool John Moores University, UKAnupam Agrawal, IIIT Allahabad, IndiaHugo Pedro Proenca, University of Beira Interior, PortugalL. M. Patnaik, INSA Senior Scientist, IISc Bangalore, IndiaHrushikesha Mohanty, KIIT University, IndiaTandra Pal, NIT Durgapur, IndiaXiao-Zhi Gao, Aalto University, FinlandPrabhat Kumar Mahanti, University of New Brunswick, CanadaSwapan Bhattacharya, Jadavpur University, IndiaPrashant Pillai, University of Bradford, UKArun K. Somani, Iowa State University, Ames, IAR. V. Rajakumar, Director, IIT Bhubaneswar, IndiaAshok Deshpande, University of California, Berkeley, USAAmitava Chatterjee, Jadavpur University, IndiaMalay K. Kundu, ISI Kolkata, IndiaSushil K. Prasad, Georgia State University, USANabanita Das, ISI Kolkata, IndiaB. K. Panigrahi, IIT Delhi, India

Program Committee

Wenwu Wang, University of Surrey, UKPadmalochan Bera, IIT Bhubaneswar, IndiaAshutosh Bhatia, BITS Pilani, IndiaPierluigi Siano, Universita degli Studi di Salerno, ItalyD. Janakiram, IIT Madras, IndiaRoberto Caldelli, Universita degli Studi Firenze, ItalySatchidananda Dehuri, Fakir Mohan University, IndiaC. W. Chow, National Chiao Tung University, TaiwanMohd Helmy Abd Wahab, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, MalaysiaKuntal Ghosh, ISI Kolkata, IndiaG. C. Deka, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, IndiaChinmaya Mahapatra, University of British Columbia, CanadaM. S. Kakkasageri, Basaveshwar Engineering College (Autonomous), IndiaY-Chuang Chen, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, TaiwanBighnaraj Naik, VSSUT, IndiaPrasant Kumar Pattnaik, KIIT University, IndiaAniket Mahanti, University of Auckland, New ZealandDilip Ranjan Mohanty, Wellington Management, Massachusetts, USAS. S. Rautaray, KIIT University, IndiaQurban A. Memon, UAE UniversityHajjam El Hassani, Universite de Bourgogne Franche Comte, France

vi Committees

Anjali Mathur, Jaipur National University, IndiaB. K. Rout, FIE, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, IndiaSomanath Tripathy, IIT Patna, IndiaVeena Goswami, KIIT University, IndiaGautam K. Das, IIT Guwahati, IndiaHemant Kumar Rath, TCS Research and Innovation, SingaporeRuggero Donida Labati, Universita’ degli Studi di Milano, ItalyGayadhar Panda, NIT Meghalaya, IndiaAla’ Aburumman, University of South Australia, AustraliaHimansu Das, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaGunter Fahrnberger, University of Hagen, GermanyVenkata Rao Kasukurthi, Andhra University College of Engineering, IndiaPratyay Kuila, NIT Sikkim, IndiaBabita Majhi, Central University Bilaspur, IndiaDurga Prasad Mohapatra, NIT Rourkela, IndiaChandal Nahak, IIT Kharagpur, IndiaGyanendra Kr. Verma, NIT Kurukshetra, IndiaPradheepkumar Singaravelu, NEC India Pvt Ltd, IndiaMarco Mussetta, Politecnico Di Milano, ItalyIndrajit Saha, NITTTR Kolkata, IndiaVasanth Iyer, Florida International University, Warrensburg, MOFelix Albu, Valahia University of Targoviste, RomaniaMohamed Amine Ferrag, Guelma University, AlgeriaNeha Sharma, ZIBACAR, IndiaMonish Chatterjee, Asansol Engineering College, IndiaAngelo Genovese, Universita degli Studi di Milano, ItalyPankaj Kumar Sa, NIT Rourkela, IndiaCarlo Vallati, University of Pisa, ItalyRadu-Emil Precup, SMIEEE, Politehnica University of Timisoara, RomaniaBernd E. Wolfinger, University of Hamburg, GermanyMeenakshi D’Souza, IIIT Bangalore, IndiaP. G. Sapna, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, IndiaVinod Kumar Singh, SRGI, Jhansi (U.P.), IndiaSudhakar Pandey, NIT RaipurNeeraj Kumar, Thapar University, Patiala, IndiaNatarajan Meghanathan, Jackson State University, USAJ. Mohanty, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaMalka Halgamuge, The University of Melbourne, AustraliaSarangapani Jagannathan, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USAAlok kumar Jagadev, KIIT University, IndiaSubhankar Dhar, San Jose State University, USASanti Maity, IIEST, IndiaSrinivasan R, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, India

Committees vii

S. K. Swain, KIIT University, IndiaSuma V., Dayananda Sagar Institutions, IndiaSipra DasBit, IIEST, IndiaKiran K., UVCE, IndiaDilip Kumar Shaw, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, IndiaP. S. Manoharan, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, IndiaMrutyunjaya Panda, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IndiaFlorin Popentiu Vladicescu, University Politehnica of Bucharest, RomaniaAlok Ranjan Prusty, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship,Government of IndiaManoj Kumar Nigam, MATS University, Raipur C.G., IndiaSubarna Shakya, Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering,Tribhuvan University, NepalR. Geetharamani, Anna University, Chennai, IndiaArun Agarwal, ITER, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Odisha,IndiaKauser Ahmed P., VIT, Vellore, IndiaKapil K. Wankhade, Jhulelal Institute of Technology (JIT), Nagpur, MS, IndiaNagaraj V. Dharwadkar, Rajarambapu Institute of Technology,Islampur, Maharashtra, IndiaM. E. Paramasivam, Sona College of Technology, Salem, IndiaManju Darbari, BBD University, Lucknow, IndiaMohd. Sadiq, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, IndiaMalaya Kumar Nath, NIT Puducherry, Karaikal, IndiaP. Sivakumar, Dr. NGP Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, IndiaP. M. K. Prasad, GVP College of Engineering for Women, Visakhapatnam, IndiaRajan Patel, Gandhinagar Institute of Technology (GIT), Moti Bhoyan,Gandhinagar, IndiaNimisha P. Patel, Sankalchand Patel College of Engineering, Visnagar, IndiaS. S. Thakur, MCKV Institute of Engineering, Howrah, IndiaRutuparna Panda, VSS University of Technology (VSSUT), Burla, IndiaMahua Nandy Pal, MCKV Institute of Engineering, Howrah, IndiaNarayan A. Joshi, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, IndiaPabitra Mohan Khilar, NIT Rourkela, IndiaSumanta Panda, VSSUT, Burla, IndiaTarun Kumar, Government Polytechnic Sutawali Amroha, UP, IndiaNeelamadhaba Padhy, GIET University, IndiaJataprakash Panda, VSSUR, Burla, IndiaRashmi M. R., Amrita School of Engineering, IndiaDinesh Kumar, Vignan Institute of Technology and Science (VITS),Hyderabad, IndiaBiswa Pratap Singh, National Central University, TaiwanAnil Kumar Verma, Thapar University, India

viii Committees

Annappa B., National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, IndiaRanjit Rajak, Dr. HariSingh Gour Central University, IndiaK. Sridhar Patnaik, BIT, Mesra, Ranchi, IndiaAli Mirza Mahmood, DMS SVH College of Engineering, IndiaG. Sahoo, BIT, Mesra, Ranchi, IndiaSachin D. Ruikar, Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli, Maharashtra, IndiaChandan Jyoti Kumar, Don Bosco College of Engineering and Technology, IndiaSourodeep Bhattacharjee, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering ResearchInstitute, IndiaK. M. Azharul Hasan, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET),BangladeshKamaljit Lakhtaria, Sir Padampat Singhania University, IndiaUjwala Baruah, NIT, Silchar, IndiaSamarjeet Borah, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, IndiaRabindra K. Barik, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaSubrat Kumar Pattanayak, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, IndiaDibya Jyoti Bora, The Assam Kaziranga University, Jorhat, AssamJagannath Singh, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaShamim H. Ripon, East West University, Dhaka, BangladeshSubhansu Bandyopadhyay, University of Calcutta, IndiaVirender Kadyan, Chitkara University, IndiaDeepak Ranjan Nayak, IIITDM Kanchipuram, IndiaAsis Tripathy, VIT Vellore, IndiaAbinash Tripathy, Raghu Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, IndiaJyotsna Kumar Mandal, Kalyani University, IndiaMonalisa Biswal, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, IndiaSanjeet Nayak, Manipal University Jaipur, IndiaSuvendu Nayak, C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhubanneswar, IndiaRanjita Kumari Dash, PES University, Bengaluru, India

Chief Patron

Achyuta Samanta, KIIT Deemed to be University, India

Patron

Hrushikesha Mohanty, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaSasmita Samanta, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaJnyana Ranjan Mohanty, KIIT Deemed to be University, India

Committees ix

Honorary General Chairs

Rajkumar Buyya, The University of Melbourne, AustraliaXiao-Zhi Gao, Aalto University, Finland

General Chairs

Valentina Emilia Balas, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, RomaniaSamaresh Mishra, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaKuan-Ching Li, Providence University, TaiwanPrasant Kumar Pattnaik, KIIT Deemed to be University, India

Program Chairs

Bighnaraj Naik, VSSUT, IndiaJitendra Kumar Rout, KIIT Deemed to be University, India

Organizing Chair

Himansu Das, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaSiddharth S. Rautaray, KIIT Deemed to be University, India

Session Management Chair

Manjusha Pandey, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaAjay Kumar Jena, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaSuneeta Mohanty, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaMinakhi Rout, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaSuchismita Das, KIIT Deemed to be University, India

Publication Chairs

Suresh Chandra Moharana, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaAjaya Kumar Parida, KIIT Deemed to be University, India

x Committees

Chittaranjan Pradhan, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaMahendra Kumar Gourisaria, KIIT Deemed to be University, India

Publicity Chairs

Raghvendra Kumar Agrawal, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology,Bhopal, IndiaKrishna Chakravarty, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaSouvik Pal, Brainware University, IndiaKunal Anand, KIIT Deemed to be University, India

Registration Chairs

Sital Dash, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaR. N. Ramakant Parida, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaAbhaya Kumar Sahoo, KIIT Deemed to be University, IndiaRoshni Pradhan, KIIT Deemed to be University, India

Committees xi

Preface

The 2nd International Conference on Computing Analytics and Networking(ICCAN 2019) took place in Bhubaneswar, India, during December 14–15, 2019. Itwas hosted by the School of Computer Engineering, Kalinga Institute of IndustrialTechnology (KIIT), Deemed to be University.

The ICCAN is a premier international open forum for scientists, researchers andtechnocrats in academia as well as in industries from different parts of the world topresent, interact and exchange the state of art of concepts, prototypes, innovativeresearch ideas in several diversified fields. The primary focus of the conference is tofoster new and original research ideas and results in the three board tracks: com-puting, analytics and networking with its prospective applications in the variousinterdisciplinary domains of engineering. This is an exciting and emerging inter-disciplinary area in which a wide range of theory and methodologies are beinginvestigated and developed to tackle complex and challenging real-world problems.The conference includes invited keynote talks and oral paper presentations fromboth academia and industry to initiate and ignite our young minds in the meadow ofmomentous research and thereby enrich their existing knowledge.

ICCAN 2019 received more than 200 submissions. Each submission wasreviewed by at least three Program Committee members. The committee decided toaccept only 66 full papers. Papers were accepted on the basis of technical merit,presentation and relevance to the conference. ICCAN 2019 was enriched by thelectures and insights given by the following five distinguished invited speakers:Laxmi N. Bhuyan, Distinguished Professor, Department of Computer Scienceand Engineering, University of California, Riverside (UCR), California, USA;Rajkumar Buyya, Director, Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS)Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Kaushal Kumar Shukla,Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute ofTechnology (BHU), Varanasi, India; Shekhar Verma, Professor, Indian Instituteof Information Technology, Allahabad, U.P., India; and Deepak Puthal, School ofComputing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. We thank the invitedspeakers for sharing the enthusiasm for research and accepting our invitation to sharetheir expertise as well as contributing papers for inclusion in the proceedings.

xiii

ICCAN 2019 has been able to maintain standards in terms of the quality of papersdue to the contribution made by many stakeholders.

We are thankful to the General Chairs Valentina Emilia Balas, Aurel VlaicuUniversity of Arad, Romania, Samaresh Mishra, KIIT Deemed to be University,India, Kuan-Ching Li, Providence University, Taiwan, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik,KIIT Deemed to be University, India. We further thank the Program ChairBighnaraj Naik, VSSUT, India, and Jitendra Kumar Rout, KIIT Deemed to beUniversity, India, for their guidance and valuable inputs. We are grateful toAchyuta Samanta (Founder of KIIT and KISS) for his constant support for theICCAN. We are thankful to higher authorities of KIIT specially HrushikeshaMohanty, Vice Chancellor, Sasmita Samanta, Pro-Vice-Chancellor, Jnyana RanjanMohanty, Registrar, D. N. Dwivedy, Mentor, for providing the infrastructure andresources to organize the conference.

Thanks are due to the Advisory and Program Committee members for theirguidance related to the conference. We would also like to thank the SessionManagement Chairs, Publications Chairs, Publicity Chairs, Registration Chairs andWeb Management Chair who have made an invaluable contribution to the con-ference. We acknowledge the contribution of Easy Chair in enabling an efficientand effective way in the management of paper submissions, reviews and preparationof proceedings. Finally, we thank all the authors and participants for their enthu-siastic support. We sincerely hope that you find the book to be of value in thepursuit of academic and professional excellence.

Bhubaneswar, India Himansu DasSiddharth Swarup Rautaray

Organizing Chair, ICCAN 2019

xiv Preface

Acknowledgements

The making of this edited volume was like a journey that we had undertaken forseveral months. We wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to our families, friends,colleagues and well-wishers for their constant support throughout this journey. Weexpress our gratitude to all the paper contributors, who allowed us to quote theirremarks and work in this volume. In particular, we would like to acknowledge thehard work of authors and their cooperation during the revisions of their papers. Wewould also like to acknowledge the valuable comments of the reviewers which haveenabled us to select these papers out of so many papers we received and alsoimprove the quality of the papers. We wish to acknowledge and appreciate Springerteam for their continuous support throughout the entire process of publication. Ourgratitude is extended to the readers, who gave us their trust, and we hope this workguides and inspires them.

xv

About Conference

The International Conference on Computing, Analytics and Networking (ICCAN2019) is a premier international open forum for scientists, researchers and tech-nocrats in academia as well as in industries from different parts of the world topresent, interact and exchange the state of art of concepts, prototypes, innovativeresearch ideas in several diversified fields. The primary focus of the conference is tofoster new and original research ideas and results in the three board tracks: com-puting, analytics and networking with its prospective applications in the variousinterdisciplinary domains of engineering. This is an exciting and emerging inter-disciplinary area in which a wide range of theory and methodologies are beinginvestigated and developed to tackle complex and challenging real-world problems.The conference will include invited keynote talks and oral paper presentations fromboth academia and industry to initiate and ignite our young minds in the field ofmomentous research and thereby enrich their existing knowledge. We wish theparticipants will enrich their knowledge by new perspectives and views on currentresearch topics from leading scientists, researchers and academicians aroundthe globe.

xvii

Contents

Implementation of Session-to-Mobility Ratio Based MobilityManagement Scheme for Wireless Mesh Network to HandleInternet and Intranet Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Abhishek Majumder and Sudipta Roy

An Ensemble Approach for Classification of Thyroid Using MachineLearning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Bhavna Dharamkar, Praneet Saurabh, Ritu Prasad and Pradeep Mewada

Text Classification with K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm UsingGain Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Manjari Singh Rathore, Praneet Saurabh, Ritu Prasad and Pradeep Mewada

An Effective Framework for Skyline Queries Using PrincipalComponent Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Meenakshi Karsh, Sandeep Rai, Rajesh Boghey and Praneet Saurabh

Disease Classification Using Linguistic Neuro-Fuzzy Model . . . . . . . . . . 45Himansu Das, Bighnaraj Naik and H. S. Behera

Ant Colony Optimization (ACO-Min) Algorithm for Test SuiteMinimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Subhasish Mohanty, Sudhir Kumar Mohapatra and Sultan Feisso Meko

Peer Analysis of “Sanguj” with Other Sanskrit MorphologicalAnalyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Jatinderkumar R. Saini and Jaideepsinh K. Raulji

Color Image Encryption Technique Using 4D Logistic Map . . . . . . . . . 75Shubham Kumar and Chittaranjan Pradhan

Deep Learning Models for Analysis of Traffic and CrowdManagement from Surveillance Videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83S. Seema, Suhas Goutham, Smaranita Vasudev and Rakshith R. Putane

xix

An Innovative Image-Based Tabular Data Extraction ParallelAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Varun Nagesh Jolly Behera, Ashish Ranjan and Motahar Reza

Brain Tumor Segmentation from MRI Images Using Deep LearningFramework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Suchismita Das

Satellite Image Enhancement Using Hybrid Denoising Methodfor Fusion Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Anju Asokan and J. Anitha

Classification of Amino Acid Using Micro-electrical Model . . . . . . . . . . 125Tanusree Roy and Pranabesh Bhattacharjee

Personality Prediction of Social Network Users Using Ensembleand XGBoost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Aditi Kunte and Suja Panicker

Optimizing Performance of Text Searching Using CPU and GPUs . . . . 141M. Musthafa Baig, S. Sivakumar and Soumya Ranjan Nayak

Automatic Parking Service Through VANET: A ConvenienceApplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Biswa Ranjan Senapati and Pabitra Mohan Khilar

Fault Diagnosis in Wireless Sensor Network Using Self/Non-selfDiscrimination Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Santoshinee Mohapatra and Pabitra Mohan Khilar

Efficient Data Structure for the Top-k Variation of Sports Auction . . . . 169Biswajit Sanyal, Subhashis Majumder and Priya Ranjan Sinha Mahapatra

A Deep Convolutional Neural Network Approach to Rice GrainPurity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Mushahidul Islam Shamim, Biprodip Pal, Anhad Singh Aroraand Mahbubul Amin Pial

Design a Microstrip Patch Antenna for Multi-Service Purposes . . . . . . . 191Afrin Nusrat, Smita Parija, Shubham Kumar, Sobika Singhand Subham Singh

TwoFold Frisky Algorithm (TFFA): A Fast Frequent ItemsetAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Md. Abdul Aziz, Lalam Rajesh, Saikiran Reddi and G. Durga Prasad

An Algorithm Based on Next Shortest Path in Large EON UnderDynamic Traffic Grooming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Prasanta Majumdar and Tanmay De

xx Contents

A Distance-Based Adaptive Traffic Grooming Algorithm in LargeEON Under Dynamic Traffic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225Prasanta Majumdar and Tanmay De

Particle Swarm Optimization of Multi-responses in Hard Turningof D2 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Rasmi Ranjan Mishra, Ramanuj Kumar, Amlana Panda, Anish Pandeyand Ashok Kumar Sahoo

Design and Performance Analysis of Wavelength Converter UsingSOA for Optical WDM Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Manoj Kr. Dutta

Comparative Study Between Star and Mesh Topologyfor the Application in All-Optical WDM Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Manoj Kr. Dutta

Predicting Impact of Odia Newspaper Articles on Public Opinion . . . . . 265Manoj Kumar Jena and Sanghamitra Mohanty

An Approach to Extract Low-Grade Tumor from Brain MRI SliceUsing Soft-Computing Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273Sangeetha Francelin Vinnarasi, J. T. Anita Rose, Jeslineand V. Rajinikanth

Development of a Semiautomated Evaluation Procedurefor Dermoscopy Pictures with Hair Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283Jesline, J. T. Anita Rose, Sangeetha Francelin Vinnarasiand V. Rajinikanth

Partial Offloading for Fog Computing Using P2P Based File-SharingProtocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293Satanu Maity and Sujoy Mistry

Assessment of Fundus Images for Retinal AbnormalityScreening—A Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303J. T. Anita Rose, Sangeetha Francelin Vinnarasi, Jeslineand V. Rajinikanth

Generating Context-Free Group-Level Emotion Landscapes UsingImage Processing and Shallow Convolutional Neural Networks . . . . . . . 313Sabyasachi Tribedi and Ranjit Kumar Barai

A Deep Learning Approach to Image-Based Malware Analysis . . . . . . . 327Gurumayum Akash Sharma, Khundrakpam Johnson Singhand Maisnam Debabrata Singh

Chlorophyll Prediction Using Ensemble Deep Learning Technique . . . . 341Ashapurna Marndi and G. K. Patra

Contents xxi

Enabling Affordance-Guided Grasp Synthesis for RoboticManipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351Xavier Williams and Nihar R. Mahapatra

Towards Natural Language Understanding of Procedural TextUsing Recipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Dena F. Mujtaba and Nihar R. Mahapatra

Performance and Memory-Efficient Parallel Computing Frameworkfor RSMT Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369N. R. Latha and G. R. Prasad

An Efficient Parallel Computing Framework for Over the ObstacleVLSI Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383G. Shyamala and G. R. Prasad

Classification of Internet Traffic Data Using Ensemble Method . . . . . . . 397N. Manju and B. S. Harish

Toward Ameliorating K-Means Clustering Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407D. Sirisha and S. Sambhu Prasad

Virtual Reality-Based Driving Simulator for Testing InnovativeHybrid Automotive Powertrains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415Arockia Vijay Joseph and Sridhar P. Arjunan

Distance-Based Clustering Protocol (DBCP) in Wireless SensorNetwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425Takhellambam Sonamani Singh and Ajoy Kumar Khan

Feeder Transit Service Efficiencies with Vehicle-to-Passenger (V2P)Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437Shailesh Chandra, Mamta Kumari and R. Thirumaleswara Naik

An NLP-Based Cryptosystem to Control Spread of Fake NewsThrough Social-Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447Arghya Ray and Pradip Kumar Bala

Analysis of Proactive Simulated Topology Reconfigurationfor WDM Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457P. Liyaz, B. Surendra Reddy, K. Manoj Kumar, A. Basi Reddyand P. M. D. Ali Khan

Arabic Text Extraction by Convolutional Neural Network ThroughRobust Dataset Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465Mosin Hasan, Bhavesh Tanawala, N. Dhruti, Ketan Bhaleraoand Dhruvkumar Patel

xxii Contents

Cryptanalysis of A New Cryptosystem of Color ImageUsing a Dynamic-Chaos Hill Cipher Algorithm: A ChosenCiphertext Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475Vadlamudi Naveen Kumar and N. Ravi Shankar

Counterfeit Product Detection Analysis and Prevention as Well asPrepackage Coverage Assessment Using Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . 483Aradhana Behura, Ashutosh Behura and Himansu Das

Recommender System Using K-Nearest Neighbors and SingularValue Decomposition Algorithms: A Hybrid Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497Rounick Palit and Rajdeep Chatterjee

Dynamics in Fractional Calculus: A Computational Approach . . . . . . . 505Pinakadhar Baliarsingh, Birupakhya Prasad Padhy, Laxmipriya Nayakand Snigdha Samantaray

Privacy Preserving in Collaborative Filtering Based RecommenderSystem: A Systematic Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513Srishti Raj, Abhaya Kumar Sahoo and Chittaranjan Pradhan

A Topology Based Address Selection Technique for NetworkVirtualization Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523Kumari Soni, Navin Mani Upadhyay, Juli Singh and Ankur Srivastava

A Model for Prediction of Paddy Crop Disease Using CNN . . . . . . . . . . 533Ritesh Sharma, Sujay Das, Mahendra Kumar Gourisaria,Siddharth Swarup Rautaray and Manjusha Pandey

Testbeds, Attacks, and Dataset Generation for Big Data Cluster:A System Application for Big Data Platform Security Analysis . . . . . . . 545Swagata Paul, Sajal Saha and R. T. Goswami

Energy-Efficient Optimization-Based Routing Technique for WirelessSensor Network Using Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555Aradhana Behura and Manas Ranjan Kabat

Energy-Efficient Resource Scheduling in Fog ComputingUsing SDN Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567Mahmoud Al Ahmad, Sudhansu Shekhar Patra and Rabindra K. Barik

Industrial Automation: Case Study—Vision Based Live ObjectMonitoring System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579S. Shishira, R. Roopalakshmi, Sithu D Sudarsan and Nilabja Ash

Performance Enhancement of Distribution Network by OptimalPlacement of Multiple Capacitors Using FKBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591Rudresh B. Magadum and D. B. Kulkarni

Contents xxiii

Control of Home Appliances and Projector by Smart ApplicationUsing SEAP Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603E. Udayakumar, T. Kanagaraj, G. Venkata Koti Reddy, K. Srihariand S. Chandragandhi

A Study on Securing Non-financial Data Using BlockchainMechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611Abhyarthna Sontakke, Shivam Shadangi, Abhavya Vermaand Roshni Pradhan

Appraisal of Breast Ultrasound Image Using Shannon’s Thresholdingand Level-Set Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621R. Ifan Roy Thanaraj, B. Anand, J. Allen Rahul and V. Rajinikanth

Optimal Scheduling of Household Appliances Using GOAfor Electricity Cost Saving with Solar PV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631Kumari Kasturi, Sushil Kumar Bhoi and Manas Ranjan Nayak

A Systematic Approach to Enhance the Forecastingof Bankruptcy Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641Udjapana Mahapatra, Sasmita Manjari Nayak and Minakhi Rout

Leveraging Blockchain as a Solution for Security Issuesand Challenges of Paperless E-Governance Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651Ambica Sethy and Abhishek Ray

Maize Leaf Disease Detection and Classification Using MachineLearning Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659Kshyanaprava Panda Panigrahi, Himansu Das, Abhaya Kumar Sahooand Suresh Chandra Moharana

xxiv Contents

About the Editors

Himansu Das is an as Assistant Professor at the School of Computer Engineering,KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India. He holds B. Tech and M. Tech degrees fromBiju Pattnaik University of Technology (BPUT), Odisha, India. He has publishedseveral research papers in various international journals and conferences and hasalso edited several international books. He is a member of the editorial and reviewboards of a number of journals and conferences and has served as the organizingchair, publicity chair and as a member of the program committees of severalnational and international conferences. He is also associated with various educa-tional and research societies like IACSIT, ISTE, UACEE, CSI, IET, IAENG, andISCA. His research interests include grid computing, cloud computing, andmachine learning.

Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, PhD (Computer Science) fellow of the IETE, andsenior member of the IEEE, is a Professor at the School of Computer Engineering,KIIT University, Bhubaneswar. He has more than a decade of teaching and researchexperience, and has published several papers in peer-reviewed international journalsand conferences. His areas of specialization are mobile computing, cloud com-puting, brain computer interface and privacy preservation. He has also editedvarious volumes for Springer and IGI Global.

Siddharth Swarup Rautaray, PhD (Information Technology) and memberof the IET, IEEE, ACM is an Assistant Professor at the School of ComputerEngineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar. His research interests include big dataanalytics, human computer interaction and image processing. He has publishedresearch papers in various international journals and conferences. He has been anorganizing chair/committee member for a number of international conferences,workshops and symposiums, and a reviewer for various journals and conferences.

Kuan-Ching Li is currently a Distinguished Professor at Providence University,Taiwan. He is a recipient of awards and funding support from several agencies andindustrial companies, as he also received distinguished chair professorships from

xxv

universities in China and other countries. Besides publication in refereed journalsand top conference papers, he is co-author/co-editor of more than 25 technicalprofessional books published by CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Springer, andMcGraw-Hill. Dr. Li’s research interests include GPU/manycore computing, BigData, and cloud. He is a senior member of the IEEE and a fellow of the IET.

xxvi About the Editors

Implementation of Session-to-MobilityRatio Based Mobility ManagementScheme for Wireless Mesh Networkto Handle Internet and Intranet Packets

Abhishek Majumder and Sudipta Roy

Abstract IEEE 802.11s was designed to implement Wireless Mesh Network(WMN). Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP) is the routing protocol used inIEEE 802.11s. But external station’s (STA) mobility is not considered by IEEE802.11s. Therefore, for handling both Internet and intranet packets a Session-to-Mobility Ratio (SMR)-based technique is implemented in this paper. The schemeefficiently handles mobility of external STA by reducing propagation of route man-agement packets. Performance analysis and comparison of SMR-based scheme andIEEE 802.11s have been carried out. It has been observed that SMR-based schemeoutperforms IEEE 802.11s.

Keywords Wireless mesh network · Session-to-mobility ratio ·Mobilitymanagement · Portal

1 Introduction

For enabling the use of IEEE 802.11 in Wireless Mesh network (WMN) [1–4] IEEE802.11s [5–9] has been introduced. WMN consists of portal, mesh station (STA),and external STA. Portal is a node that connects the network to the Internet. MeshSTAs are the nodes which are responsible to route the packets from source to thedestination. The external STAs communicate with the WMN through the mesh gateassociatedwith access point (APMG). It is desirable frommobilitymanagement tech-nique to have less handoff cost for ensuring seamless handoff. This will enhance theperformance of the network. Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP) [8, 10–12] isthe routing protocol used in IEEE 802.11s. But external STA’s mobility issue has notbeen solved by IEEE 802.11s [13]. An IEEE 802.11s-based mobility management

A. Majumder (B)Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Indiae-mail: abhi2012@gmail.com

S. RoyDepartment of Computer Science & Engineering, Assam University, Silchar, India

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020H. Das et al. (eds.), Progress in Computing, Analytics and Networking,Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1119,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2414-1_1

1

2 A. Majumder and S. Roy

technique named adaptive mobility management scheme [14, 15] has been devel-oped for improving performance of the network considering external STA’s mobility.But it cannot handle the intranet traffic. Therefore, for handling both intranet andInternet traffic, in this paper an IEEE 802.11s-based mobility management schemeis implemented.

Section 2 discusses the existing technique. Section 3 presents the session-to-mobility ratio-based technique. Simulation results are discussed in Sect. 4 and it alsodiscusses the comparison. In Sect. 5, the paper has been concluded.

2 Related Work

Many schemes have been proposed for mobility management of the clients [16–21]such as Mesh Mobility Management (M3) [22], iMesh [23], MEMO [24], WMM[25] and IEEE 802.11s uses HWMP as routing protocol. The external STA sendsupstream Internet packets to its hostAPMG.ThehostAPMGthen sends these packetstoward portal. Portal receives downstream Internet packet and forwards it towardhost APMG. External STA sends upstream intranet packets to its host APMG. Thesource external STA’s host APMG then sends packets to host APMG of destinationexternal STA. If route to the destination is not known for setting up the route, thehost APMG of source external STA broadcasts route request message (PREQ). Thedestination sends back route reply (PREP) message. Proxy Update Confirmation(PXUC) and Proxy Update (PXU) are used to update proxy table. But externalSTA’s mobility is not considered by IEEE 802.11s. An IEEE 802.11s-based mobilitymanagement scheme named adaptive mobility management scheme [14, 15] hasbeen proposed and implemented for efficiently managing the mobility of externalSTA. But the adaptive mobility management scheme is not capable of handling theInternet packets.

3 Session-to-Mobility Ratio Based Mobility ManagementScheme

This section presents detailed working of Session-to-Mobility Ration (SMR) basedmobility management technique [26] and different tables and frames used for itsimplementation. It has mainly three parts: mobility management, route setup, androuting of data packets.

Three new fields have been added in proxy table, namely, proxy_ESTA_IP,proxy_part_of_forward_chain, and proxy_serving_APMG. Proxy_ESTA_IP storesthe IP address of the external STA. Proxy_part_of_forward_chain is set to 1 ifthe current APMG is not serving APMG of corresponding external STA. Other-wise, it is set to 0. Proxy_serving_APMG stores the address of external STA’s

Implementation of Session-to-Mobility Ratio … 3

serving APMG. Two new fields have been added in the routing table, namely,is_mobile_station and part_of_forward_chain. Is_mobile_station field is equal to1 if node is an external STA. Otherwise, it is set to 0. Part_of_forward_chainwill be set to 1 if APMG is forward chain’s part for corresponding exter-nal STA. A new table named corresponding node table has been introduced.The table has seven fields, namely, corresponding_serving_APMG_MAC, corre-sponding_ESTA_MAC, corresponding_ESTA_seq_num, corresponding_ESTA_IP,source_ESTA_MAC, source_ESTA_IP, and corresponding_ESTA_status. The fieldscorresponding_serving_APMG_MAC, Corresponding_ESTA_MAC, Correspond-ing_ESTA_seq_num, and Corresponding_ESTA_IP store the MAC address of theserving APMG, MAC address, sequence number, and IP address of the correspond-ing external STA, respectively. On the other hand, the fields source_ESTA_MACand source_ESTA_IP store MAC address and IP address of the source external STA,respectively. Corresponding_ESTA_status field stores the status of the correspond-ing external STA. In the MAC header of re-association request frame two new fields,namely, SMR_field and ESTA_IP have been added. SMR_field is a 1-byte field. Itstores the session-to-mobility ratio of external STAwhich has sent the re-associationrequest frame to the APMG. ESTA_IP is a 4-byte field. It stores the IP address of theexternal STA which is the originator of re-association request frame. In the PREQframe format, three new fields have been added, namely, Src_ESTA_IP_address,Dest_ESTA_IP_address, and ESTA_forward_chain. Src_ESTA_IP_address is a 4-byte field. It stores the IP address of originator external STA.Dest_ESTA_IP_addressis a 4-byte field. It stores the IP address of the destination external STA.ESTA_forward_chain is a two-bit field. The field is set to 00 if the PREQ is orig-inated by a mesh STA for setting up the path. It is set to 01 if PREQ is origi-nated for a mobile STA. It is set to 10 if PREQ is generated for extending theforward chain. The field is set to 11 if PREQ is generated for terminating the forwardchain. In PREP, five new fields have been added, namely, Dest_ESTA_IP_address,Src_ESTA_IP_address, Src_ESTA_MAC_address, Src_APMG_MAC_address, andSrc_sequence_num. Dest_ESTA_IP_address is a 4-byte field. It stores the IP addressof the destination external STA to whom the PREP is sent. Src_ESTA_IP_addressis a 4-byte field. It stores the IP address of the external STA for whom PREP isgenerated. Src_ESTA_MAC_address is a 6-byte field. It stores the MAC addressof the external STA for whom PREP is generated. Src_APMG_MAC_address is a6-byte field. It stores the MAC address of the serving APMG of external STA forwhom PREP is generated. Src_sequence_num is a 4-byte field. It stores the contentof sequence number field corresponding to the proxy table entry of external STA forwhich the PREP is generated.

In PXU message four new fields, namely, PXU_Src_ESTA_MAC,PXU_dest_ESTA_MAC, PXU_cancel_flag, and PXU_part_of_forward_chain.PXU_Src_ESTA_MAC is a 6-byte field. It stores the MAC address of the sourceexternal STA for whom PXU message is generated. PXU_dest_ESTA_MACis a 6-byte field. It stores the MAC address of the destination external STA.PXU_cancel_flag field is a 1-bit field. It is set to 1 if PXU message is sentto old APMG to delete the proxy table entry of PXU_Src_ESTA_MAC.

4 A. Majumder and S. Roy

Otherwise, it is set to 0. PXU_part_of_forward_chain is a 1-bit field. Itis set to 1 if source APMG is the part of the forward chain. Otherwise,it is set to 0. Two new subfields have been added in the proxy informa-tion field, namely, ESTA_IP_addr and proxy_information_serving_APMG.ESTA_IP_addr carries the content of Proxy_ESTA_IP field of the sender’sproxy table. Proxy_information_serving_APMG carries the content ofproxy_serving_APMG of the sender’s proxy table. In PXUC message, threenew fields have been added, namely, PXUC_serving_APMG, PXUC_cancel_flag,and PXUC_corresponding_node_table. PXUC_serving_APMG is a 6-byte field. IfPXU_part_of_forward_chain field of the received PXU is 1, PXUC_serving_APMGwill be the address of serving APMG of external STA. Otherwise, the field will benull. PXUC_cancel_flag is a 1-bit field. If the PXU_cancel_flag field of receivedPXU is 1, the PXUC_cancel_flag field will also be set to 1. Otherwise, it will be 0.The PXUC_corresponding_node_table field stores all the entries of correspondingnode table which correspond to the PXU_Src_ESTA_MAC of PXU messagereceived by originator of PXUC. Otherwise, it will be null.

3.1 Mobility Management

When handoff takes place external STA calculates its SMR value. While re-associating with new APMG external STA sends its SMR value and IP address.On receiving the message, APMG creates external STA’s new entry in proxy table.The newAPMG then checkswhether the value of SMR_field is greater than threshold(δth) or not.

If no, the new APMG sends PXU message to the old APMG. On receiving thePXU message, the old APMG sends back PXUC message to the new APMG. Theold APMG deletes external STA’s proxy table entry. The PXUC will carry all theentries of external STA in the corresponding node table. The old APMG deletesall entries of external STA from the corresponding node table. When the PXUCmessage is received by the new APMG, it updates corresponding node table. Then itupdates proxy table. The new APMG transmits PREQ message toward old APMG.On receiving PREQ message, the entry of external STA will be created or updatedin routing table of old APMG.

If yes, new APMG sends PXU message to old APMG. When the oldAPMG receives the PXU message, it removes external STA’s entry from theproxy table. The old APMG sends back PXUC message to the new APMG. Inthe field PXUC_corresponding_node_table, the PUC message will carry all theentries of corresponding node table which is having source_ESTA_MAC equal toPXU_Src_ESTA_MAC. Then all such entries will be deleted from correspondingnode table. When the new APMG receives the PXUC message, it updates its cor-responding node table. Through these fields it will also update its proxy table.New APMG then sends PXU message to the portal and all the correspondingnodes. Since portal transmits RANN message periodically, each APMG has a path

Implementation of Session-to-Mobility Ratio … 5

toward portal. Using this path PXU message will be sent to the portal. Correspond-ing_serving_APMG_MAC and corresponding_ESTA_MACfields of correspondingnode table are used by currentAPMGof the external STA to send PXUmessage to thecorresponding nodes. On receiving PXUmessage, the corresponding APMG checkswhether there is an entry in proxy table where station address is same as content ofthe PXU_dest_ESTA_MAC field. If there is an entry, the corresponding APMG andportal updates its proxy. The corresponding node table will also be updated. If thereis no entry, the PXU message is forwarded to next hop using routing table entry ofthe PXU_dest_ESTA_MAC. This process will continue till PXU reaches the currentAPMG of the destination external STA. When the PXU message is received by thecurrent APMG, it updates the proxy table. It also updates the corresponding nodetable entry of the source external STA.

When handoff takes place, old APMGfinds entries in its corresponding node tablehaving source_ESTA_MAC same as PXU_Src_ESTA_MAC. It takes the contentsof corresponding_ESTA_MAC field corresponding to those entries. Then it countsthe number of entries of corresponding_ESTA_MAC in corresponding node table.If the count is 1, the entries of the proxy table where station address is same as theaddress of corresponding_ESTA_MAC will be deleted from the proxy table. This isdone to remove the possibility of stale cache from proxy table.

3.2 Route Setup

When the external STA wants to send packets to another external STA, the currentAPMG of the external STA looks for destination external STA entry in the proxytable. If entry is found, a new entry will be created in the corresponding node table.If no entry is found, new APMG sends PREQ to the portal. When portal receivesPREQ, it searches entry of dest_ESTA_IP_address in its proxy table. If it finds, itsends PREP to the originator APMG of the PREQ.When the originator of the PREQreceives PREP it updates its proxy table. The new APMG then sends PXU messageto the serving APMG of the destination external STA. When the PXU message isreceived by the destination APMG, it searches the entry of PXU_dest_ESTA_MACin its proxy table. If no entry is found in the proxy table, it searches the entry ofPXU_dest_ESTA_MAC in the routing table. The PXU is then forwarded to the nexthop. The PXU finally reaches the external STA’s current APMG. The current APMGsearches entry of PXU_dest_ESTA_MACandfinds it in the proxy table. Then currentAPMG updates its proxy table. The corresponding node table of current APMG ofexternal STA is also updated. Thus, path is establishedbetween source anddestinationAPMG.

6 A. Majumder and S. Roy

3.3 Routing of Data Packets

External STA sends upstream Internet packets toward its current APMG. Using therouting table the packet is forwarded toward next hop node for reaching portal.

When the portal receives the downstream Internet packet destined to the externalSTA, external STA’s entry is searched in proxy table using IP address of the desti-nation external STA. MAC address of serving APMG of the external STA is foundfrom that entry. The address is stored in the address 3 field of the MAC header. TheMAC address of the external STA which corresponds to that entry will be stored inmesh address extension subfield of the mesh control field. The packet is then for-warded to the next hop mesh STA to reach the serving APMG of the destination.When an intermediate mesh STA receives the packet, it searches the entry of servingAPMG’s address in its routing table. Then packet is forwarded to next hopmesh STA.This process continues till the packet reaches external STA’s serving APMG. Whenserving APMG receives that packet it searches destination external STA’s address inits proxy table. If the entry is not found the address of destination external STA issearched in the routing table. The packet is then forwarded to the next hop mesh STAcorresponding to that entry. This process will continue till the packet reaches destina-tion external STA’s current APMG. When packet reaches current APMG, address ofdestination external STA is searched in the proxy table. The packet is then deliveredto the destination external STA. On the other hand, if external STA’s entry is presentin serving APMG’s proxy table, packet is delivered to external APMG.

When external STA wants to send packet, it is first checked if destination externalSTA’s entry is present in the proxy table. If there is no entry a path will be establishedbetween the source external STA and destination external STA. Then destinationexternal STA’s corresponding node table entry is created. Address of the servingAPMGof thedestination is stored in address 3fieldofMACheader. The address of thedestination external STA is stored in the mesh address extension subfield of the meshcontrol field. The packet is then forwarded to the next hop to reach the servingAPMGof the destination external STA using routing table entry. When it reaches the servingAPMG of the destination external STA, the entry of external STA is searched in theproxy table. If no entry is found, the address of destination external STA is searchedin the routing table. The packet is then forwarded to the next hop correspondingto that entry. The process continues till the packet reaches external STA’s currentAPMG. In the current APMG’s proxy table, entry of destination external STA willbe found. The packet is then delivered to the destination external STA.

4 Simulation Result and Comparison

NS-2 [27] is used to carry out simulation. The simulation topology has been shownin Fig. 1. Node number 1 has been set as the gateway. IEEE 802.11 has been usedin MAC layer. The external STAs follow random waypoint mobility model pause