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Hindi Language Manual

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Table of Contents

Page 1, 2 – Linguistic Community

Page 3 & 4 – Social Aspects

Page 5 – Home Remedies

Page 6, 7 – Geographic Distribution of the Language

Page 8 – Population in the USA

Page 9, 10, 11, 12 – Linguistic Features (Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics,

Pragmatics)

Page 13, 14, 15 – Basic Hindi Words

Page 16 – Health Factors

Page 17 – Indian Cuisine

Page 18 – Assessment in Hindi

Page 19 – Common Pronunciation Errors

Page 20, 21, 22, 23 – Journal Articles

Page 24 – Online Hindi Resources

Page 25 – SLPs in Texas with Hindi Language background

Page 26 – Cultural Do’s & Don’ts

Page 27, 28, 29 – Case History

Linguistic Community of India

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The Constitution of India has advised the usage of Hindi and English to be the two official languages of communication for the Union Government.

There are over 1 million persons born from India in the United States and over half live in just five states. The Indian foreign born from India make up less than 1 percent of the

total U.S. population. Immigrants from India make up .4% of the total U.S. population.

According to Census 2000, California had the largest number of foreign born from India with 198,201, New Jersey in second with 119,491, and New York with 117,238

The remaining 10 states with the largest number of immigrants from India include Illinois (83,916), Texas (78,388), Pennsylvania (37,541), Michigan (36,323), Florida (32,295),

Maryland (32,276), and Virginia (30,611). Idaho, Oregon, and Colorado have the largest

growth of the Indian population according to the 2000 U.S bureau.

The Hindi languages predominate in the Indian states and Union Territories of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh,

Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

According to the 2001 census of India, Hindi is the mother tongue of about 422 million Indians, or about 40% of India's population.

Outside India, Hindi speakers number around 8 million in Nepal, 890,000 in South Africa, 685,000 in Mauritius, 317,000 in the U.S., 233,000 in Yemen, 147,000 in

Uganda, and about 30,000 in Germany.

There are two different dialects of the Hindi language: Eastern Hindi and Western Hindi.

THE HINDI BELT:

The following graph represents the number of residents who speak Hindi/Urdu as their mother

tongue.

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LANGUAGE

Persons who returned the language as their mother tongue

1971 1981 1991 2001

1 2 3 4 5

INDIA 548,159,652 665,287,849 838,583,988 1,028,610,328

Hindi 202,767,971 257,749,009 329,518,087 422,048,642

Urdu 28,620,895 34,941,435 43,406,932 51,536,111

Social Aspects

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Religion

Hindi is a language. Hinduism is a religion, and its believers are called ―Hindus.‖ Not all Hindus

speak Hindi, and not all Hindi-speakers are Hindus. There are approximately 827 million

Hindus,of the world population making Hinduism the third largest religion in the world after

Christianity and Islam.

http://www.vishwabhavan.org/khHinduReligion.htm

Religious Composition Population * (%)

Hindus 827,578,868 80.5

Muslims 138,188,240 13.4

Christians 24,080,016 2.3

Sikhs 19,215,730 1.9

Buddhists 7,955,207 0.8

Jains 4,225,053 0.4

Other Religions & Persuasions 6,639,626 0.6

Religion not stated 727,588 0.1

Total * 1,028,610,328 100.0

Religious and philosophical works were written in Hindi along with other languages.

Hinduism, its religious doctrines, traditions and observances are very typical and inextricably

linked to the culture and demographics of India. Hinduism has one of the most ethnically

diverse bodies of adherents in the world. Hinduism can be seen as a ―way of life‖ because of

the many civilized forms of the religion.

http://www.culturopedia.com/Religions/index.html

Some common traditions of the Hindu religion include:

o Fasting: do not eat meat and only live on fruits and milk. Some people fast to develop a strong bond with a Supreme Being. Another purpose of fasting is too

develop discipline within the followers and/or for body cleansing. Fasting is not

required among all Hindus but can be seen as a way of life.

o Marriage: Wedding ceremonies and rituals vary within all Hindus. Although marriage arrangement and approval by family members was common several

years ago, it is not necessary and is becoming obselete in today’s society. Hindu

marriage ceremonies are very colorful and elaborate. Families of the bride and the

groom hold numerous festivities to celebrate the wedding.

o Death: Upon the death of a Hindu person, his or her body is ceremonially bathed and wrapped in clean, mostly white cloth called khadi. Burial is decided upon

family traditions. Some Hindu believe bodies should be cremated and ashes

thrown in Holy Rivers within three days, however, some Hindus will bury the

dead (http://womennewsnetwork.net).

o Bindi and decoration: A bindi is placed between the eye brows to conceal wisdom. It is said to retain energy and strength and protect against demonds.

http://www.vishwabhavan.org/khHinduReligion.htmhttp://www.culturopedia.com/Religions/index.html

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Married women wear a vermilition mark in the part of their hair to as a symbol of

their marital status (http://www.culturopedia.com/Fashion/fashion.intro.html).

o Karma: is a law of behavior and consequences in which actions in past live(s) affects the circumstances in which one is born and lives in this life.

o A variety of different religious festivals can be found at http://www.culturopedia.com/Festivals/index.html.

Respect For Elders

o A host of words are used to show respect and politeness in the Hindi/Urdu language. These words are used with people who are older in age or with whom

you are not acquainted. For example the English word 'you' can be translated into

three words in Urdu 'tu' (informal, extremely intimate, or derogatory) 'tum'

(informal) and 'aap' (formal and respectful). Respect is highly valued and

children are taught to be respectful of all elders, whether it is grandparents,

siblings, teachers, or family friends. Discipline of children is thought to come

naturally in order to teach children right from wrong.

Health Benefits

o Health beliefs and remedies depend on family and cultural traditions and beliefs. A traditional medicine is called Ayurveda which is an ancient system of health

care that is native to the Indian subcontinent. Even today it is very common in

India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka and is used by millions of people.

o Hindus and Sikhs believe in reincarnation. The soul is immortal and the human body is physical and superficial. This belief influences their attitude towards

treatment of serious illness to the extent that the patient or family members are

resigned to let fate determine the outcome of the illness.

o Those who are ill are well attended to and supported by family, relatives and friends.

o Doctors are looked up to and enjoy respect and trust. This places great responsibility and expectations on the doctor. In a serious illness, the family

desperately believes that the doctor has the power to save the life of loved one.

Common Natural Remedies

Botanical Name Common Name Use

http://www.culturopedia.com/Festivals/index.html

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Andriograohis paniculata King of Bitters Hepatoprotective

Boswellia serrata Olibanum, Farnk incense Antiarthritic,

Antihyperlipid

Cassia angustifilia Indian senns Laxative

Coleus forskohlii Coleus Antiobesity

Garcinia camogia, Calcium Garcinia, Kokum Antiobesity

Garcinia cambogio,

Potassium

Garcinia, Kokum Antidiabetic

Gynema sylvestris Gymnema Aphrodisiac, Antioxidant

Shilajit Asphalt Potent Aphrodisiac

Tribulus terrestris Puncture vine Potent Aphrodisiac

Taxus baccata Himalayan Taxol, Ovarian cancer

Child rearing- o A common practice of traditional Indian culture that has also influenced the health of the

women in this population is the young age at which many girls are married. In the 1991

census report from India, the percentage of married women age 15-19 years is > 35%.

Childbearing during the adolescent years poses significant health risks to both the mother

and the infant, especially if the mother is poorly nourished.

o Many Indian women view pregnancy as a time of increased body heat. They believe that being out in the sun or overheating will cause a miscarriage. Women who have this belief

avoid food hot in temperature.

o Morning sickness is thought to be caused by an increase in body heat or pitta, a term meaning bile. It is associated with nausea, dizziness and overheating of the body.

o A male gendered baby is preferred. The sex of the baby is not revealed to the mother until after the placenta is removed to not emotionally distress the mother. When the

gender is revealed, the family must be accepting of the babies sex.

Geographical Distribution of the Language

POPULATION OF HINDUS IN THE U.S.:

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From 1,700 people in 1900, the Hindu population in America grew to approximately 387,000 by

1980 and 1.1 million in 1997. Currently, the estimated U.S. population of Hindus of Indian

origin is approximately 2 million (1.8 million Indian and 200,000 Indo-Caribbean).

Demography

spoken predominantly in northern and central India (the "Hindi belt")

Native speakers of Hindi dialects between them account for 41% of the Indian population (2001 Indian census).

The present day nomenclature/term of Hindi language includes 49 mother tongues, creating a

statistical majority. Different mother tongues are combined to make a linguistic majority. It is the

mother tongue of 22% of the population; it has 20.22% of mother tongues clustered under it as a

language. It is used as a second language by 6.16%, and as a third language by 2.60%, totaling to

50.98% of the entire population of India. Hindi crosses the magic figure of the definition of

majority, a language with more than 50% of the population of India, in the 1991 Census.

The table given below will give a Glimpse of growth of Hindi print media in the country.

Year Dailies Total Periodicals

1972 225 2694 1981 409 5329 1996 2004 15647 1999 2305 18903 2000 2393 19685 2001 2507 20589 2002 3410 22067

Rank Name of the Publication Readership

(in 'lakhs)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_census

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Dainik Bhaskar (Hindi)

Dainik Jagran (Hindi)

Daily Thanthi (Tamil)

Eenadu (Telugu).

Malayala Manorama Malayalam)

Amar Ujala (Hindi)

Hindustan (Hindi)

Lokmat (Marathi)

Mathrubhumi (Malayalam)

Times of India (English)

157.09'

149.85

100.94

094.58

087.98

086.40

078.99

078.67

076.46

074.19

Resources

http://www.indianchild.com/demography_of_india.htm

http://www.indianchild.com/hindi.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi

http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2004/mallikarjunmalaysiapaper1.html

Population in USA

http://www.indianchild.com/demography_of_india.htmhttp://www.indianchild.com/hindi.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://www.languageinindia.com/nov2004/mallikarjunmalaysiapaper1.html

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In the year 2002, of the entire total 1,063,732 legal immigrants to USA from all the countries, as

many as 66,864 were from India. According to the US census, the overall growth rate for Indians

from 1990 to 2000 was 105.87 %. The average growth rate for the whole of USA was only 7.6%.

16.4 % of the Asian-American community are comprised on Indians. In 2000, of all the foreign

born population in USA, Indians were 1.007 million. Their percentage was 3.5 %. From 2000

onwards the percent rate and the growth rate of Indians amongst all the immigrants has increased

by over 100 %.

Between 1990 and 2000, the Indian population in the US grew 130%, which is 10 times the

national average of 13%. Source: US Census Bureau

Currently, Indian Americans are the third largest Asian American ethnic group following

Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans.

One in every twenty-six Indians in the US is a millionaire, comprising 10% of US millionaires.

Source: 2003 Merrill Lynch SA Market Study

Indians have one of the highest educational qualifications of all ethnic groups in the US.

Nearly 67% of all Indians have a bachelor’s or high degree (compared to 28% nationally and

44% average for all Asian American groups).

Nearly 40% of all Indians in the United States have a master’s, doctorate or other professional

degree, which is five times the national average. Source: The Indian American Centre for

Political Awareness.

Resources

http://www.hindilanguage.org/hindi/facts.asp

http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/h/Hindi.htm

Linguistic Features –

Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americanhttp://www.hindilanguage.org/hindi/facts.asphttp://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/h/Hindi.htm

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Hindi vs. Urdu

Hindi is contrasted with Urdu in the following two ways: 1) way they are written, 2) the use of

Sanskrit vocabulary in higher registers. Hindi looks to the classical language of Sanskrit for its

higher vocabulary, script and general cultural orientation, while Urdu looks to Persian and

Arabic for these things. To a common unbiased person, Hindi and Urdu are virtually identical. .

Phonology Hindi is written in Devanagari script. The script is written from left to right and has no capital

letters.

Consonants:

Hindi/Urdu has a core set of 28 consonants

Supplementing these are 2 consonants that are internal developments in specific word-medial contexts

7 consonants originally found in loan words, whose expression is dependent on factors such as status (class, education, etc.) and cultural register (Modern Standard Hindi vs

Urdu).

Most native consonants may occur geminate (i.e. and is typically doubled in length;

exceptions are /bʱ, ɽ, ɽʱ, ɦ/). Geminate consonants are always medial and proceeded by

one of the interior vowels (that is, /ə/, /ɪ/, or /ʊ/). For an English speaker, a notable feature of the Hindi/Urdu consonants is that there is a

four-way distinction of phonation among plosives, rather than the two-way distinction

found in English. The phonations are tenuis (i.e a stop or affricate that is not voiced,

aspirated, glottalized), as /p/, voiced, as /b/, aspirated, as /pʰ/, and murmured, as /bʱ/.

Stops in final position are not released; /ʋ/ varies freely as [v], and can also be

pronounced [w]; /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r], and geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill.[9] The

palatal and velar nasals [ɲ, ŋ] occur only in consonant clusters with a following homorganic stops, as allophones of nasal vowels followed by a stop, and in Sanskrit

loanwords.[8][9]

There are murmured sonorants, [lʱ, ɾʱ, mʱ, nʱ], but these are considered to

be consonant clusters with /ɦ/ in the analysis adopted by Ohala (1999).

Hindi-Urdu phonology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenuis_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_%28phonetics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_%28phonetics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathy_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_phonology#cite_note-Ohala1999p102-8#cite_note-Ohala1999p102-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homorganichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_phonology#cite_note-Shapiro2003p260-7#cite_note-Shapiro2003p260-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_phonology#cite_note-Shapiro2003p260-7#cite_note-Shapiro2003p260-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_phonology#CITEREFOhala1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_phonology

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Bilabial Labio-

dental

Dental/

Alveolar Retroflex

Post-alv./

Palatal Velar Glottal

Nasal m n (ɳ)

Plosive p

pʰ

b

bʱ

t

t ʰ

d

d ʱ

ʈ

ʈʰ

ɖ

ɖʱ

k

kʰ

g

gʱ

Affricate tʃ

tʃʰ

dʒ

dʒʱ

Fricative f s z ʃ ɦ

Tap or Flap ɾ (ɽ)

(ɽʱ)

Approximant ʋ l j

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language

Vowels

Hindi/Urdu natively possesses a symmetrical ten-vowel system.

Vowels have two forms, the independent form and the dependent form.

I. The 'independent form ': The independent form vowels are 'stand alone'. These forms

are used when the vowels are pronounced in isolation, unattached and unassociated with

any consonant.

II. The 'dependent form ': The dependent form vowels are always attached to consonants.

When a vowels is pronounced associated with a consonant, the dependent for that vowel

is used.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiodental_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiodental_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-alveolarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosive_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languagehttp://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/Students/avatans/vowels.jpghttp://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/Students/avatans/mataras.jpg

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Supra-segmental features

Hindi-Urdu has a stress accent, but it is not so important as in English.

Usually in a multisyllabic Hindi word, the stress falls on the last syllable if all the syllables are equally heavy or equally light.

If the word contains a mixture of heavy and light syllables, the stress falls automatically on the penultimate heaviest syllable.

Content words in Hindustani normally begin on a low pitch, followed by a rise in pitch.

Morphology

Nouns

Hindi-Urdu distinguishes two genders, masculine (nouns ending in i) and feminine (nouns ending in a) but there are exceptions. Numbers are distinguished between singular

and plural.

There are two cases in Hindi, which are direct and indirect. The direct case is used when the noun is followed by a post-position, otherwise the direct case is used.

Examples:

Masculine nouns on –a: larka = boy

Singular larka (direct) larke (indirect)

Plural larke (direct) larka (indirect)

Feminine nouns on –i: larki = girl

Singular larki (direct) larki (indirect)

Plural larkiyan (direct) larkiyon (indirect)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Hindi_vowel_chart.png

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Verbs

Verbs are inflected with respect to gender of the subject (i.e. masculine, feminine), number of subjects (i.e. singular, plural), tense (i.e. past, present, future), action (perfect,

imperfect, continuous), degree of respect (intimate, familiar, respect). Verbs are referred

to in their infinitive form which ends in na.

Examples

bolna = to speak

likhna = to write

lena = to take

ana = to come

Syntax

Hindi-Urdu is typically a Subject Object Verb language. In addition Hindi uses postpositions

rather than prepositions. Postpositions are like prepositions except that they are written after the

noun.

Examples

Normal Sentences

English: Subject Verb Object = I learn Hindi

Hindi: Subject Object Verb= Hindi I learn

Imperative Sentences

English: Verb Place Adverb = Come here now

Hindi: Place Adverb Verb = Here now come

Questions English: Adverb Aux.Verb Subject Verb = What are you drawing?

Hindi: Subject Adverb Verb = You what draw?

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Basic words

Hi or Hello: Namaste

Please: Please

Thank You: Shukhriya

Sorry: Maaf kijiye

Please: Kripaya

Ok:Theek hai

Days of the week

Monday: somavar

Tuesday: mãgalavar

Wednesday: budhavar

Thursday: guruvar

Friday: shukravar

Saturday: shanivar

Sunday: ravivar

Months

January:janvari

February: pharvari

March: marc

April: aprail

May: mai

June:jun

July:julai

August: agast

September: sitambar

October: aktubar

November: navambar

December: disambar

Family

Father: pitajee

Mother: maa (or) maa-ta-jee

Grandfather: daa-daa-jee

Grandmother: daa-dee-maa

Brother: bhaa-e

Elder Brother: bhai-ya

Yonger Brother: cho-ta bhaa-e

Sister: ba-hen

Elder Sister: dee-dee

Yonger Sister:cho-tee ba-hen

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Son: bae-ta

Daughter: bae-tee

Grandson: po-ta

Granddaughter: po-tee

Husband: pa-tee

Wife: pat-nee

Colors black: kala

blue: nila

bright: chamkila

brown: bhura

color: rang

golden: sunahra

gray: hura

green: hara

orange: naranji

red: lal

white: safed

yellow: pila

Directions

Right: Dahine

Left: Bayen

taxi: taxi

train: train

subway: subway

bus: bus

street: sadak

middle: beech

under: neeche

Eating

chicken: chicken

lamb: lamb

fish: machli

pork:pork

ham: ham

broil: bhoonna

bake: sek-na

boil: ubaalna

fry: talna

vegetable: subzi

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salad: salad

bread: rotee

cheese: paneer

rice: cha-wal

potato: a-alu

soup: soup

chocolate: chocolate

dessert: mit-hai

coffee: cofee

tea: chai

milk: doodh

beer: beer

water: pa-a-nee

http://www.hindilanguage.org/hindi/words.asp

http://www.hindilanguage.org/hindi/words.asp

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Health Factors Common health factors for Asian Indians include:

Heart Disease:

High rates of coronary artery disease, which tend to occur at an earlier age compared to whites. Furthermore, Asian Indians have 40% greater mortality rates from coronary

artery disease.

Asian Indian men are three times more likely to have a heart attack than the general U.S. population.

Cigarette smoking is the biggest predictor of a first heart attack in Asian Indians.

Obesity:

Asian Indians have a lower body mass index (BMI) compared to whites and blacks.

U.S. born Indians are at a greater risk of becoming overweight/obese than Indian immigrants.

However, as the length of stay increases for immigrants, so to does the risk for obesity.

Maternal and Child Health:

Asian Indian women who have immigrated to the United States from India are more likely to give birth to low birth weight infants (compared to white women and women of

other ethnic groups).

Indian women breastfeed for a shorter period of time (compared to white women).

Asian women are more likely to rely on family members for information pertaining to breast feeding rather than a health professional.

Asian Indians: http://www.sph.umich.edu/apihealth/2006/asianindian.pdf

http://www.sph.umich.edu/apihealth/2006/asianindian.pdf

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Indian Cuisine Spices and herbs are considered a prime commodity in Indian cuisines. A significant portion of

Indian food is vegetarian; however, many traditional dishes also include chicken, goat, lamb,

fish, and other meats. Most Hindus do not eat beef.

Food is an integral part of the Indian culture in both everyday life and during festivals. In many

families, meals are sit-down affairs that include two to three main dishes, as well as pickles, rice,

bread, and desserts.

The staples of Indian cuisine include:

Rice

Atta (whole wheat flour)

A variety of pulses (masoor—red lentil, chana—bengal gram, toor—pigeon pea/yellow gram, urad—black gram, and mung—green gram)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuisine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuisine

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Assessment in Hindi

Bilingual Verbal Ability Tests (BVAT) Normative Update

The Bilingual Verbal Ability Tests (BVAT) Normative Update assesses bilingual verbal ability in

English and another language (Hindi). Bilingual verbal ability is the combination of cognitive-

academic language abilities of bilingual individuals. The test can be administered to individuals

ranging in age from 5 years to adults. Administration time is approximately 30 minutes.

Riverside Publishing: http://www.riverpub.com/products/bvatNU/details.html#technical

http://www.riverpub.com/products/bvatNU/details.html#technical

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Common Pronunciation Errors

Hindi has approximately half as many vowels and twice as many consonants compared to

English, which contributes to difficulty with pronunciation. The following characteristics are

common among individuals speaking Hindi-English:

Distinguishing phonemes in words such as: said/sad; par/paw; vet/wet

Words containing th (this, month, thing) often result in production of d (dis)

The phoneme ʒ, as in pleasure does not exist in Hindi, so production of such words is often difficult.

Consonant clusters at the beginning or end of words are more common in English than Hindi causing difficulty in the pronunciation of words such as straight, fly, and film.

Hindi has weak, but predictable word stress; therefore, learners have difficulty with irregular stress patterns in words such photograph and photographer.

Hindi does not have the auxiliary do, therefore, learners are prone to ask questions based on intonation alone (She has a brother?). Furthermore, common mistakes include When

you got married? or She not eat meat?

A subjunctive is typically used in polite requests, which have the word order of statements rather than rather than questions. Inference can results in problematic requests

such as You will tell me the time please or You may lend me your dictionary.

There is no definite article in Hindi, which makes it difficult Hindi learners to correctly use articles in English.

Native Hindi speakers often have difficulty with the correct choice of English prepositions

making mistakes such as, They were sitting on (at) the table.

http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/langdiff/hindi.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative

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Journal Articles

Ashum, G., & Gulgoona, J. (2007). Reading strategies of bilingual normally progressing and

dyslexic readers in hindi and english. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28(1), 47-48-61.

Abstract: This study examined the reading accuracy of dyslexic readers in comparison to

chronological age-matched normally progressing readers in Hindi and English using word

reading tasks, matched for spoken frequency of usage, age of acquisition, imageability,

and word length. Both groups showed significantly greater reading accuracy in Hindi than

in English. For normally progressing readers, spoken frequency of usage had no significant

effect in Hindi and a significant effect in English, whereas for dyslexic readers it had a

significant effect in both languages. In Hindi, normally progressing readers produced only

nonword errors; dyslexic readers produced a far greater percentage of nonword than word

errors. In English, normally progressing readers produced greater percentage of word than

nonword errors, whereas dyslexic readers produced greater percentage of nonword than

word errors. Results are discussed in terms of orthographic transparency, sublexical, and

lexical reading strategies.

Narasimhan, B. (2007). Cutting, breaking, and tearing verbs in hindi and tamil.

Cognitive Linguistics, 18(2), 195-195-205.

Abstract: Tamil and Hindi verbs of cutting, breaking, and tearing are shown to have a high

degree of overlap in their extensions. However, there are also differences in the

lexicalization patterns of these verbs in the two languages with regard to their category

boundaries, and the number of verb types that are available to make finer-grained

distinctions. Moreover, differences in the extensional ranges of corresponding verbs in the

two languages can be motivated in terms of the properties of the instrument and the theme

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object.

Nevins, A. (2007). The role of feature-number and feature-type in processing hindi verb

agreement violations. Brain Research, 1164, 81-82-94.

Abstract: This article presents studies of Hindi that investigate whether responses to

syntactic agreement violations vary as a function of the type and number of incorrect

agreement features, using both electrophysiological (ERP) and behavioral measures. Hindi

is well suited to investigation of this issue, since verbs in Hindi mark agreement with the

person, number, and gender features of the nominative subject noun phrase. In an ERP

study evoked responses were recorded for visually presented verbs appearing at the end of

a sentence-initial adverbial clause, comparing responses in a grammatically correct

condition with four grammatically incorrect conditions that mismatched the correct

agreement on different dimensions (Gender, Number, Gender/Number, Person/Gender). A

P600 response was elicited in all grammatically incorrect conditions. No amplitude

differences were found among the Gender, Number, and combined Gender/Number

violations. This suggests that the feature distance between observed and expected word

forms at the morphosyntactic level does not impact ERP responses, contrasting with

findings on semantic and auditory processing, and suggests that the P600 response to

agreement violations is not additive based on the number of mismatching features and

does not reflect top-down, predictive mechanisms. A significantly larger P600 response

was elicited by the combined Person/Gender violation, and two different violations

involving the Person feature were judged as more severe and recognized more quickly in

the behavioral studies. This effect is attributed to the greater salience of the Person feature

at multiple levels of representation.

- 24 -

Ritter, V. (2004). The language of hariaudh's Priyapravās: Notes toward an archaeology

of modern standard hindi. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 124(3), 417-438.

Abstract: Addresses the linguistics of Priyaprav√£s, a Hindi poetic work of 1914 by

Pandit Ayodhy√£simh Up√£dhy√£y. Portrayal of the Krishna story in Priyaprav√£s; Role

of Priyaprav√£s in expressing Hindi culture; Analysis of the Braj Bh√£s√£ and other

Hindi grammatical elements in the poetic work; Phonemic and Lexical variants found in

the work's text.

Stelmasiak, Z., & Balicka, G. (2003). Respiratory function in amyotrophic lateral

sclerosis. Nuerological Sciences, 24(4), 288.

Theophilus, K. (2007). Hindi and urdu. Optician, 234(6112), 22-23.

Abstract: The article provides information on national languages Hindi and Urdu. Hindi is

the fourth most widely spoken language in the world and the national language of the

country. Only 10 percent of the population of Pakistan have Urdu as their first language.

Both languages share a common core vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. Hindi and

Urdu have been greatly influenced by English.

Vasishth, S., & Lewis, R. L. (2006). ARGUMENT-HEAD DISTANCE AND

PROCESSING COMPLEXITY: EXPLAINING BOTH LOCALITY AND

ANTILOCALITY EFFECTS. Language, 82(4), 767-794.

Abstract: Although proximity between arguments and verbs (locality) is a

relatively robust determinant of sentence-processing difficulty (Hawkins 1998,

2001, Gibson 2000), increasing argument-verb distance can also facilitate

processing (Konieczny 2000). We present two self-paced reading (SPR)

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experiments involving Hindi that provide further evidence of antilocality, and a

third SPR experiment which suggests that similarity-based interference can

attenuate this distance-based facilitation. A unified explanation of interference,

locality, and antilocality effects is proposed via an independently motivated

theory of activation decay and retrieval interference.

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Online Hindi Resources

The following websites contain indexes of Hindi resources grouped by topic:

Hindi – General:

www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/hindilinks.html

www.webspawner.com/users/HINDI/

www.lonweb.org/link-hindi.htm

Hindi Translation Service:

http://www.mylotanswers.com/c/c4.aspx?s=-12102&k3=translation&k=hindi%20translation&s2=1

Hindi Music:

simon.cs.cornell.edu/Info/People/verma/music.html

members.tripod.com/~rsaini/index.html

http://www.webcrawler.com/webcrawler200/ws/results/Web/hindi+songs+music/1/417/TopNavigation/Relevance/iq=true/zoom=off/_iceUrlFlag=7?_IceUrl=true

http://www.mpfree.com/registration_b.asp?offer=googlempfreecontent-free-hindi-music-download&gclid=COOAwp3lxpMCFRUdsgodlBS3Dg

Free Hindi Movies:

http://www.mypopkorn.com/?gclid=CKTV_enkxpMCFRUasgodpi_JCw

Online Bilingual Texts:

http://www.anugraphics.com/?dl=1http://www.anugraphics.com/?dl=1

Online Courses:

syllabus.syr.edu/hin/jshankar/hin101/hindi.html

www.ukindia.com/zhin001.htm

www.it.dtu.dk/~pfw/hindi/

Dictionaries:

rajiv.org/iu/urdudic.html

www3.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~kmach/hnd_la-e.htm

Online Newspaper:

www.suryapharma.com/se1/naidunia.htm

Videos:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hUZQur7-TYE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPIonND5Mrw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuN1ZbYiDKQ

http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/hindilinks.htmlhttp://www.webspawner.com/users/HINDI/http://www.lonweb.org/link-hindi.htmhttp://www.mylotanswers.com/c/c4.aspx?s=-12102&k3=translation&k=hindi%20translation&s2=1http://www.mylotanswers.com/c/c4.aspx?s=-12102&k3=translation&k=hindi%20translation&s2=1http://www.webcrawler.com/webcrawler200/ws/results/Web/hindi+songs+music/1/417/TopNavigation/Relevance/iq=true/zoom=off/_iceUrlFlag=7?_IceUrl=truehttp://www.webcrawler.com/webcrawler200/ws/results/Web/hindi+songs+music/1/417/TopNavigation/Relevance/iq=true/zoom=off/_iceUrlFlag=7?_IceUrl=truehttp://www.mypopkorn.com/?gclid=CKTV_enkxpMCFRUasgodpi_JCwhttp://www.anugraphics.com/?dl=1http://www.anugraphics.com/?dl=1http://www.ukindia.com/zhin001.htmhttp://www.it.dtu.dk/~pfw/hindi/http://www.suryapharma.com/se1/naidunia.htm

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SLPs in Texas with Hindi Language Background

Shweta Upadhyay Austin, TX

512-246-7592

Facility Type: Speech/Hearing Center or clinic

Payment Type: Health Insurance, Credit Card, Reduced

Kausar Zafar Katy, TX

281-579-1515

Facility Type: SLP or AUD Office

Payment Type: Health Insurance

Speech & Hearing Clinic-Texas Tech University HSC Lubbock, TX

Judith Keller (806) 743-5678

Facility Type: College/University

Payment Type: Medicare, Medicaid, Health Insurance, Credit Card

Texas Tech University HSC - Speech, Language & Hearing Clinic Lubbock, TX

Sherry Sancibrian (806) 743-5678

Facility Type: College/University

Payment Type: Medicare, Medicaid, Health Insurance, Credit Card

These contacts were found on the ASHA website (www.asha.org). To find a

professional in the area with a particular language background, visit this website

and click on the “find a professional” link. From there you can specify the

location and target language background.

http://www.asha.org/

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Cultural Dos and Don’ts

DON’TS

Shaking hands is the most formal way of greeting someone, you will embarrass people if

you try to kiss them on the cheek as a greeting.

Cows are sacred in India! Don’t use pictures or other representations of cows in therapy

sessions.

Participating in a social occasion or visiting a home requires conservative dress codes. Do

not shake hands with ladies. Always pick up a thing and eat with your right hand. Take

only as much as you can eat, do not leave anything uneaten over the dish.

Do not point your finger at any person. It is taken as a sign of annoyance.

Don't photograph women without permission.

First name basis is generally not the norm when the other person is older than you

Take off your shoes before you enter someone's home/religious place.

DO’S

Respect cultural beliefs.

Always use dynamic assessment.

Assess all languages spoken.

Provide a variety of assessment

Be careful about dietary restrictions. Many people from individuals that speak Hindi are

vegetarian.

Learn greetings in the language of the family with whom you are interacting.