hindu literature
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This is our Power point presentation in Afro Asian Literature... Topic HINDU LITERATURETRANSCRIPT
Hindu Literature
GROUP V
India World’s 7th largest country located in
South Asia Second most populous country. About 3,000 km(1,865 mi) wide,
shoreline about 7000 km (4,350 mi) along Bay of Bengal
India and Bharat are both official names. Derives from Indus river used by Greek India civilization grew up in the Indus
Valley 4000 to 2500 BC.
Divided into three Main Topographic regions
Himalayan Mountain system on the North
Northern plain, drained by the Indus, Ganges and Bramaputra rivers in North Central India.
Peninsular India in the South
People
Over thousand years, countless group have migrated into the subcontinent and many of these groups have maintained distinctive cultures down through years.
The earliest Indians may have migrated from Australia and the Pacific Islands
Language More than 200 languages are
spoken in India Four (4) major Languages are
represented Indo-Arab branch of the Indo-
European group (the major Linguistic family in Europe)
Dravidian language group Hindi, the fourth most widely spoken
language in the world Indo – Aryan language
Religion Four major religious traditions have
emerged from this area: Hinduism – 83% Jainism (and Islam)– 11% Buddhism – less than 1% Sikhism
Indian Caste system – major social system that groups people according to birth Brahmins: priests, the highest caste Kshatriyas: warriors and kings Vaishyas: merchants Shudras: manual labourers
Caste system
Some people do not fall into any caste; these are called dalits, or untouchables
Untouchables also known as Harijans Dalits have traditionally been tasked with work such as
cleaning streets and working with human and animal corpses and waste
Caste-based discrimination is now illegal in India, and affirmative-action policies aim to improve standards of living in lower castes, but inequalities persist
Education 1950 and 1988 – India literacy was
doubled Literacy is higher on man than
woman Free and open 8 years in primary 2 years in lower secondary 2 years in upper secondary Compulsory in 6-14 years old. University are large w/ cluster of
affiliated colleges.
Government
Federal system with parliamentary form of government
Parliament consist of two houses The Raiya Sabha (Council of states) The Lok Sabha (House of the People)
Elected directly by eligible voters and sit 5 years unless Parliament is dissolved
Indian National Congress- party most identified remained control of the central government
November 1989 election - Discontent with India’s leadership caused Congress to lose its parliamentary
1991 election- P.V Narasimha Rao succeeded Ravid Gadhi as party leader became prime minister in June 1991
History The history of India as a sovereign state under
its own constitutional government began on August 15, 1947, when the subcontinent was partitioned into the two states of India and Pakistan. Pakistan become an Islamic state while India opted to become a secular state.
Mahatma Gandhi the father of modern India was assassinated on January 20, 1948 by the militant Hindu who believed him to be too kind to Muslim. During Gandhi's first decade in office agriculture production increased. India exploded 1974 it's first nuclear weapon and Sikkim became state of India.
In June 1975, Gandhi persuaded president Fakhuruddin Ali Ahmed to evoke as state of emergency that gave her near-dictatorial power opposition leads were jailed without trial and many constitutional freedom were curtailed.
In March 1977, Gandhi suddenly called new election, perhaps to legitimatize the powers she had taken under the emergency. Surprisingly, a coalition of parties ranging in ideology from socialist to conservative Hindus (the Janata party) won control of the Lok Sabha. Morarji Desai, a longtime opponent of Gandhi became prime minister. President Ahmed died that same year and Nelan Sanjavi Reddy was elected president. The Janata party almost immediately began to break apart and Desai resign as prime minister in July 1979.
Gandhi was born in Pobandan India on October 2, 1869, his father was a chief minister for the maharaja of Porbandan, and the family came from traditional caste of grocers and moneylenders. His mother was a devout adherent Jainism, a religions in which ideas of nonviolence and vegetarianism. Gandhi stated that he was most influence by his mother. He married by arrangement at 13. He went to London to study law when his was18.He works for an Indian firm in South Africa. He experiences of overt racial discrimination. He assumed leadership of protest campaign and gradually developed his techniques of nonviolent resistance known as Satyagraha. Gandhi also fought to improve the status of the lowest classes of society, the castles untouchables, whom he called Harijans.
He believed in manual labor and simple living. Non-violence or non-injury is a percept common to three faiths, HINDUISM,JAINISM, and BUDDHISM.
1. HINDUISM....adherent to the proscription against violence toward living things can escape from the cycle of rebirth and the doctrine also form a basis for vegetarian.
2.BUDDHISM.... non-violence is manifest in the Buddha's emphasis on compassion and is also part of the faith's moral codes.
3.JAINISM.... non-violence is a core religious duty and followed so strictly that the most Orthodox devotes cover their faces with mask to prevent accidentally harming insect.
Literature Sanskrit Literature – Oral Tradition produced the Vedic
holy text. Mahabharata and Ramayana – two great books, sources
for countless literary. 400 B.C. –PANINI produced his Sanskrit grammar Second Century AD – Prakrits being used in literature Middle Ages Sanskrit – used in religious context by
priesthood Ghazal – stylized form of lyrical folk song and notable
exponents of the form MACAULAY – established English-langauge schooling ofr
Indians Michael MADHUSUDAN DUTT and JAYASHANKAR
PRASAD (1889 – 1937) introduced black verse in sonnet into Indian poetry
ARUNACALA KAVI – developed a utilitarian prose style
MADHUSUDAN DUTT – wrote the first plays modeled on Western Drama
SIR RABINDRANATH TAGORE – introduced the short story to vernacular writing in India
LAKSMINATH BEZBARUA and MUHAMMAD IQBAL – major poets of the period
History of Indian literature falls into 2 periods;
1. The Vedic Period
2. Sanskrit Period
Religious works Poetry
The Rig Veda: a book of sacred hymns The Yajur Veda: a book of knowledge and
melodies for the hymns The Sama Veda: descriptions of the
materials for sacrifice The Atharva Veda: contains magic spells
and other folk knowledge The Brahmanas The Upanishads Maya The Sutras
Secular works Epics
The Mahabharata Bhagavad gita Nala and
Damayanti The Ramayana
Dramas The toy clay cart Sakuntala or the
fatal ring The Jatakas
The Panchatantra Romanorum The Hitopdesa The Sukasaptati
Ganesh
Brahma
Shiva Vishnu
Karma and Reincarnation Reincarnation is the belief that the soul
repeatedly goes through a cycle of being born into a body, dying, and being reborn again in a new body.
Karma, a force that determines the quality of each life, depending on how well one behaved in a past life.
Hinduism says we create karma by our actions on earth. If you live a good life, you create good karma. If you live a bad life, you create bad karma.
Moksha Each time a Hindu soul is born into a
better life, it has the opportunity to improve itself further, and get closer to ultimate liberation.
This liberation is called Moksha. One attains Moksha when one has
"overcome ignorance", and no longer desires anything at all.
The ones who reach this state no longer struggle with the cycle of life and death.
The way to get to Moksha is to not create any karma.
Sacred Writings
The Vedas collections of Sanskrit hymns (written down 1200-900BCE, but based on older oral versions).
The Upanishads which means the inner or mystic teaching that were passed down from guru (teacher) to disciple (student).
Mahabharata Mahabharata, Sanskrit for Great Story, is
one of the great epic poems of ancient India.
It was written between 300 BC and AD. 300.
The story is about the battle of one family over a kingdom in northern India.
The Bhagavad Gita (Song of God) is contained in the Mahabharata. It is dialogue between Krishna and the hero Arjuna on the meaning of life.
Krishna and Arjuna
Ramayana Ramayana was written in 3rd century
BC, and tells story of Rama, and his wife, Sita.
Rama and Sita are generally seen as ideal examples of great manly heroism and wifely devotion.
Reciting the Ramayana is considered a religious act, and scenes from the epic are portrayed throughout India and Southeast Asia.
Rama and Sita
Hindu Life Goals Hinduism is about the sort of life one
should lead in order to be born into a better life next time and ultimately achieve liberation. There are 4 legitimate goals in life:
dharma (appropriate living) artha (the pursuit of material gain by
lawful means) kama (delight of the senses) moksha (release from rebirth).
Hindu Duties
Each Hindu has 4 daily duties: Revere the deities Respect ancestors Respect all beings Honor all humankind
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