hippocrates ca.460 b.c.- ca.370 b.c
DESCRIPTION
“FROM THE BRAIN AND THE BRAIN ALONE ARISE OUR PLEASURES, JOYS, LAUGHTER AND JESTS, AS WELL AS OUR SORROWS, PAINS AND GRIEFS”. HIPPOCRATES ca.460 B.C.- ca.370 B.C. BRAIN COMMUNICATION. IN OUR BRAINS, WE HAVE. 100 BILLION NEURONS. 13.5 MILLION NEURONS IN THE SPINAL CORD ALONE. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
““FROM THE BRAIN AND THE BRAIN FROM THE BRAIN AND THE BRAIN ALONEALONE
ARISE OUR PLEASURES, JOYS, ARISE OUR PLEASURES, JOYS, LAUGHTERLAUGHTER
AND JESTS, AS WELL AS OUR AND JESTS, AS WELL AS OUR SORROWS, PAINS AND GRIEFS”SORROWS, PAINS AND GRIEFS”
HIPPOCRATES ca.460 B.C.- ca.370
B.C.
BRAIN COMMUNICATIONBRAIN COMMUNICATION
IN OUR BRAINS, WE HAVE
100 BILLION NEURONS
13.5 MILLION NEURONS IN THE SPINAL CORD ALONE
A SINGLE NEURON MAY HAVE UP 10,000 SYNAPSES SO THERE
COULD BE ABOUT1 QUADRILLION SYNAPSES IN THE
BRAIN
MESSAGES IN THENEURONS TRAVELTHROUGHELECTRICALAND CHEMICALIMPULSES
NEURONS CAN FIRE OVER AND OVERAGAIN ON AN AVERAGE OF 300-400TIMES A SECOND
CERTAIN IMPULSES MAY TRAVELUP TO 250 MILES PER HOUR
DENDRITES (SHORT FIBERS) RECEIVE THEMESSAGE FROM A CELL WHICH IS SENTTHROUGH THE CELL BODY AND THROUGHTHE AXON (LONG FIBERS)
THE AXONCARRIESTHE ELECTRICALIMPULSE TO THE AXONTERMINALWHERENEURO-TRANSMITTERSARE LOCATED.
SOME
NEURONS
MAY BE
3 FEET LONG !
NO NEURONS TOUCHEACH OTHER. THE SMALLSPACE SEPARATING THEM IS CALLED A SYNAPSE. THE ELECTRICAL MESSAGE CANNOT JUMPACROSS THE SYNAPSE SO THE MESSAGE IS SENTTHROUGH A CHEMICALMESSAGE CALLED ANEUROTRANSMITTER.
THE CHEMICAL MESSAGE IS THEN RECEIVED BY THE DENDRITE OF THE NEXT CELL WHICH TRIGGERS
AN ELECTRICAL IMPULSE THROUGH THE RECEIVING CELL
IN ADDITION, THERE ARE ABOUTONE TRILLION GLIAL CELLS IN
THE BRAIN
GLIAL CELLS DO NOT SEND ELECTROCHEMICAL SIGNALS LIKENEURONS.
THEY SUPPORT THE NEURONS IN THEFOLLOWING WAYS:
THEY ARE 10 TIMES MORE NUMEROUSTHAN NEURONS
GLIAL CELLS
PROVIDE STRUCTURAL SUPPORTPROVIDE NUTRITIONAL SUPPORTHELP WITH CELL MAINTENANCE
CONNECTS SENSORY NEURONS AND MOTOR NEURONS
S ensory neuronsA fferent neuronsM otor neuronsE fferent neurons
NEUROTRANSMITTERSNEUROTRANSMITTERS ACETYLCHOLINEACETYLCHOLINE (ACH)-basic bodily (ACH)-basic bodily
processes like movementprocesses like movement Botulism shuts off release of ACHBotulism shuts off release of ACH DOPAMINEDOPAMINE – control of body – control of body
movement, mood (Alzheimer’s and movement, mood (Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s)Parkinson’s)
(some schizophrenics have excess)(some schizophrenics have excess) ENDORPHINSENDORPHINS – relieves pain increases – relieves pain increases
sense of well-being (morphine within)sense of well-being (morphine within) SEROTONINSEROTONIN-plays role in mood, body -plays role in mood, body
temperature, sleeptemperature, sleep
WE HAVE KNOWN ABOUT ELECTRICAL MESSAGESFOR MANY YEARS, p.58
BUT OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE CHEMICAL FUNCTIONS IS RELATIVELY NEW.SCIENTISTS HAVE IDENTIFIED OVER 300NEUROTRANSMITTERS. SOME ARE:
GLUTAMATE DOPAMINE ACETYLCHOLINE ENDORPHINSNOREPHENEPRHINE GABA
(GLAN) SEROTONIN (DEGA Star)EXCITATORY INHIBITORY