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3 July 2003 HIRES3D - ITC Research Seminar - Robert Hack 1 HIRES3D HIGH RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING FOR 3D GROUND MODELING AND CLASSIFICATION ITC Research Seminar, 3 July 2003 Robert Hack International Institute for Geoinformation Sciences and Earth Observation (ITC)

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Page 1: HIRES3D HIGH RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING FOR … Lidar... · HIRES3D. HIGH RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING FOR 3D GROUND MODELING . AND CLASSIFICATION. ... ITC Research Seminar - Robert Hack

3 July 2003 HIRES3D - ITC Research Seminar - Robert Hack 1

HIRES3D

HIGH RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING FOR 3D GROUND MODELING AND

CLASSIFICATION

ITC Research Seminar, 3 July 2003

Robert Hack

International Institute for Geoinformation Sciences and Earth Observation (ITC)

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3 July 2003 HIRES3D - ITC Research Seminar - Robert Hack 2

HIRES3D

HIGH RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING FOR 3D GROUND MODELING AND CLASSIFICATION

Research project in ITC’s research spearhead “Multiple use of Space”

Application of Lidar

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Lidar = LIght Detection And Ranging

Laser scanning techniques give:

- geometry- intensity- phase of reflected wave train- colour (if multiple different frequency lasers are used)

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At present geometry and intensity used

Geometry:spatial relation between all scanned reflection points

Intensity:amount of laser energy that is reflected

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Lidar can be done from a moving or stationary system

Moving: scanning a swath; up to about 5000 reflections per second

From space: until now only Space Shuttle (and weather – cloud - satellites)vertical accuracy: metres

From airplane:vertical accuracy 15 – 30 cm

From helicopter: vertical accuracy: order of centimetres

Stationary on distance of 10’s of metres:accuracy: millimetres

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(After: USGS; http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/lidar/)

From Airplane

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(After: Puget Sound Lidar Consortium; http://duff.geology.washington.edu/data/raster/lidar/uses.htm)

Importance of accurate DEM:

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- Spatial variation of rock and soil mass properties- Monitoring of topography in mountainous terrain for stability determination of man-made slopes or man-influenced natural slopes- Detection of variation in subsoil properties and monitoring of surface subsidence in coastal areas for land use and water management

In HIRES3D three applications defined for research:

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Spatial variation of rock and soil mass properties

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Objectives

Extract rock mass discontinuity information (joints, bedding planes, fractures) from high resolution “point-cloud” data derived from laser scan measurements:

OrientationsSpacingsRoughness

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Why ?

Discontinuities govern stability of most rock and many soil slopes, tunnels, and foundations

Variation in discontinuity properties are, thus, important to design proper slopes, tunnels, and foundations

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Principle 3D laser scanningRapid scanning of objects using pulsating laserReflection time (distance to surface from laser) & orientation of laser beam gives position in 3D spaceDense scanning (mm to cm resolution) yield highly accurate 3D modelsIntensity of reflected pulse is measured.New generation of laser scanners detect colourinformation as well

(After Slob et al., 2002)

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1st Approach and resultsAcquisition of point cloud data of rock face (x,y,z,intensity)3D triangulation of points into a real 3D digital surfaceStatistic analysis of triangulated surface to obtain the orientation of each individual triangle (dip direction/dip angle)Plot orientations in a polar plot and create kernel density contours to determine orientation trends

(After Slob et al., 2002)

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Rock face - Mt. Vernon (Co.), USA

(After Slob et al., 2002)

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Rock surface scan (using a Cyraxscanner

(After Slob et al., 2002)

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Visualisation of point cloud data

(After Slob et al., 2002)

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3D Delaunay triangulation to create surface through point cloud data

(After Slob et al., 2002)

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Trial on sub-dataset

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Statistic analysis of triangulated data

Kernel density pole plotof all triangle orientationsof this part of rock surface

Digitally rendered 3d model(After Slob et al., 2002)

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Further research (1)Calculation of discontinuity spacing distributionsCalculation of discontinuity surface roughness (large- vs. small scale)

Intensity (of reflected laser beam)Geometry

Detail of interpolated discontinuity surface (appr. 50x50 cm), clearly visible

are the roughness characteristics. Artificial illumination (rendering) applied

to enhance relief(After Slob et al., 2002)

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Further research (2)

Calculation of persistency of discontinuitiesComparison with discontinuity information gathered with traditional surveying:

Digital stereo photo analysisScanline surveys

Export of rock mass discontinuity model to 3D-GIS or numerical calculation models

(After Slob et al., 2002)

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Detection of variation in subsoil properties and monitoring of

surface subsidence in coastal areas for proper land use and water

management(proposal submitted for ICES3/KIS

and EU-link research programs)

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Subsidence (due to peat oxidation, clay compression, weathering, water extraction, tectonic movements, etc.) and impossibility for new sediment deposits (due to, for example, dykes) in combination with (possible) rising sea water levels give more and more problems with land use and water management in coastal zones

Why ?

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Most of Western part of the NetherlandsSinking cities as Bangkok, Surabaya, Semarang, etc.Parts of BangladeshMexico Cityetc., etc.,

Examples ?

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- Lidar monitoring data- 4D sub-surface model for subsidence (based on existing geology information and Lidar monitoring data for subsidence and material compression properties)- 4D ground/surface water model- 4D geotechnical property model- 4D bearing capacity and settlement model for various engineering applications- Decision support system for land use and water management

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Expected:- higher resolution- cheaper equipment- space based scanners with high resolution

Lidar is one of the most important developments because until now no (easy and cheap) method existed to measure natural material surfaces with an accuracy anywhere near that obtained by Lidar scans

Future: