Hiromi KOMORIKyoto University

1. Background2. How and why collective memories are

used?(1)After the restoration of independence(2)The second part of 1990s(3)After the EU accession

Change of Ethnic Composition in Estonia Estonians Russian Ukrainian Belarussian Fin Others

1934 88.2 8.2 n.a. n.a. n.a. 3.61959 74.6 20.1 1.3 0.9 1.4 1.71970 68.2 24.6 2.1 1.4 1.4 2.31979 64.7 27.9 2.5 1.6 1.2 2.11989 61.5 30.3 3.1 1.5 0.9 1.8

Source:Toivo Raun

Change of Ethnic Composition in LatviaLatvian Russian BelarussianUkraininan Polish Others

1935 77 8.8 1.4 0.1 2.6 10.11959 62 26.6 2.3 1.4 2.9 4.81970 56.8 29.8 4 2.3 2.7 4.41979 53.7 32.8 4.5 2.7 2.5 3.81989 52 34 4.5 3.4 2.3 3.8

Source: Rasma Karklins

ap. 80% of population has Estonian citienship

Stateless ：494,000 （ 1992 ）⇒ 113,142 （ 2008 ）

Citizenship of Russia ：95,896/1,350,000 （ 2008 ）

1992-2008 I pa naturalisatsiooni korras Eesti kodakondsuse saanud isikute arv (N=148 175)

5,421

20,370

22,474

16,674

22,773

8,124

9,969

4,5343,090

6,523 7,072

4,753 4,228

948

4,091 3,7063,425

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Ipa

the civic and the social rights the right to vote in the local election an alien passport to travel abroad

language law and citizenship law Estonian is a state language people who came to Estonia after 17 June,

1940 and their descendant should apply for citizenship

policy was legitimized, using the Estonian version of historical narratives

For the EU membership, Estonia should amend the legislations related to the Russian minorities

Integration program was formulated the narratives over Russian minorities

changed: the occupant/illegal immigrant to immigrant

policies became more inclusive, but not totally

• the division in the society still remains, even widened?

• not based on languages, but on memories(1)the event on 26-27 April, 2007 over the

bronze soldier(2)the disturbance over the monument in

Lihula (autumn 2004)(3)Sinimäe museum

Collective memories of the Estonian nation are not homogeneous

Internal conflicts in the Estonian elite based on the experiences in the Perestroika period are sometimes the reasons for the memory conflicts

Ambiguity over the European value make the attitudes of the Estonian elite fluctuate

The number of Russian speakers who got the Russian citizenship has increased after the event in 2007.

The division among Russian speakers are getting remarkable.

The contentious memories between Estonia and Russia as a state seem to be difficult to reconcile in the foreseeable future, at the same time we should explore the setting behind the conflicting memories.