Philosophy and science of education

INTEGRATION INTO THE SPANISH EMPIRE

Jor Aspili Rangpas, MPA

UNITY IN THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE SPANISH REGIME

The country was under Spain for 333 years

It was Spain that gave the country its identity (Zaide)

The Cross pacified the natives

REDUCCION (Fr. Juan de Plasencia)

Required the natives to live in the area near the Church

RESULTS OF REDUCCION:

Easy to collect tax

Filipinos became law abiding citizens

Independence of barangay was lost

With Catholicism, Filipinos were transformed into little brown Spaniards

Barangays were merged to form pueblos, pueblos into alcaldias, and ayuntamientos

But Filipinos started to dislike foreign rule

Spain in the 19th Century

Administrative Organization

The country was governed indirectly by the Spanish Crown through Consejo de las Indias(Council of Indies) but the King of Spain governed the country directly through Ministries of Colonies. Manila was the seat of the central government

19th century was a political instability in Spain

To save Spain the Spanish crown worked out the canovite or rotavism. Under the policy, the liberals and conservatives took turns in administering the affairs

Abandonment of MercantilismMercantilism countrys wealth and power can be measured in its stock of gold and silver and all trade should be conducted within a certain country and its colonies

Galleon Trade a monopolistic venture between Manila and Acapulco (1565)

The Philippines Setting

Filipinos lost their ancestral lands because of the encomienda system

Forced by Spanish to embrace their culture and religion

National Government

The country is governed by the Spanish Crown thru the Ministry of Colonies (19th century)

Governor-General, appointed by the Spanish monarch, was the head of the Spanish colonial government

He was the Vice Royal Patron over religious affairs and can nominate priests for ecclesiastical administration of the parishes

He was also the commander in chief of the colonial army

Was the ex-officio president of the Royal Audiencia, the Supreme Court

Had legislative powers, can legislate laws for the colony, laws enacted were called actos acordados

Had the power of cumplase, to decide which law or royal decree should be implemented or disregarded in the colony

Local GovernmentA. Provinces were called alcaldias headed by an alcalde mayor or provincial governor who exercised executive and judicial functions

Was the most corrupt, owing to the privilege to engage in and monopolize trade called indulto de commercio

B. Towns or Pueblos

Headed by a gobernadorcillo or town mayor

Principal task is to maintain peace and order and the collection of taxes and tributes

C. City Government or ayuntamiento

Was governed by a cabildo or city councilor composed of a city mayor (alcalde en ordinario), councilors (regidores), chief constable (aguacil mayor), secretary (escribano)

D. Spanish Friar

A key figure because of the union of Church and State, a principle upon which the Spanish colonial government in the country as founded

Was the supervising representative of the Spanish Government

Was practically the ruler of the town and the local school inspector

Even civil authorities feared them, frailocracia was the term of Lopez Jaena to this

Governors of both body and soul

D. Guardia Civil (1867)

Corps of native police under the Spanish officers

The purpose of dealing with the outlaws and renegades

Arrest individuals who are filibusteros or enemies of the government

and erehes or enemies of the ChurchE. Audiencia Real or the Supreme Court

Highest court, did not only fix civil and criminal cases but it served also as a forum for setting important issues on governance, auditing agency of the finances of Spanish colonial administration

It has 2 territorial courts: a.) court of first instance, b.) justice of the peace courts

F. No Legislature in the country before we were taken over by the US because the Spanish Cortes or law making body was abolished in 1837

As a result, the governance of the Philippines was on special laws and Las Leyes de Indias continued to be the basic law

Conclusion: the Spanish colonial administration was corrupt and inefficient

Philippines is very far from Spain

Governor-General exercised absolute power (favoritism in the bureaucracy), and was not able to resist corruption for his personal interest

Widespread selling of lower positions to highest bidders

THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF FILIPINO SOCIETY

Was feudalistic because of the encomienda system

Filipinos were treated slaves

Imposed and collected taxes, there was also polo y servicio or forced labor

The structure is pyramidal because of the doctrine limpieza de sangre or purity of blood

Pyramidal Social Structure

1. Peninsulares Insulares

2. Spanish mestizos, Principalia, Chinese Mestizos 3. Indios or native

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

Primary education was not given attention

Establishment of parochial schools

Instruction was centered on the teaching of fear of God and obedience to the friars with indoctrination as principal method of teaching

Students were of inferior intelligence and suited for manual work

Parrot learning(repeat after me style of teaching)

University of Santo Tomas(1611), was the existing higher education founded by the Dominicans

The courses were, medicine, pharmacy, philosophy, theology, canon, civil law

There were also secondary schools like Colegio de Santo Tomas, Letran and the Ateneo de Municipal (Jesuits)

Schools for girls were: Santa Isabel, La Concordia, Santa Rosa, Santa Catalina

Schools were supervised by friars

Educational Decree of 1863

Required the establishment of one elementary for boys and one also for girls in each town of the country

Spanish is the medium of instruction

Weaknesses of the Educational System

over-emphasis on religion

Limited and irrelevant curriculum

Obsolete classroom facilities

Inadequate instructional materials

Absence of academic freedom

Racial discrimination against the Filipinos in school

Economic Situation

The country was opened to foreign trade in 1834

The trade stimulated agricultural production

A number of families prospered

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM

It was Legazpi who subdivided the country into encomiendas and classified into two:

Royal encomieda cities, seaports, regions rich in natural wealth

Private encomienda under private persons, charitable institutions, Catholic Church

TAXATION

From 8 to 10 to 12 reales in 1851

Cedula was introduced after the abolition of tribute

Bandala, the compulsory sale of farmers of their lands

FORCED LABOR (POLO Y SERVICIO)

16 to 60 years old must render services for 40 days

Polistas, name of the laborers

Falla, exemption fee for the forced labor

GALLEON TRADE

A trade between Manila and Acapulco of the Chinese and the Spaniards in Manila and in Mexico

Resulted cultural exchanges but agriculture was neglected and forced labor was more intensified

CHALLENGES TO SPANISH IMPOSITION OF SOVEREIGNITY

Spanish soldiers had to fight off Chinese pirates like Lumahong and Dutch and Portuguese and Muslims

In 16th century the Japanese thru Hideyoshi control the country

The British invaded the country because Spain sided with France in the 7 years war of British and France

Arch. Manuel Antonio Rojo surrendered at Fort Santiago in Intramuros(seat of the Spanish colonial government) in 1762 who was then the acting governor general of the country

INTERSTING EFFECTS OF THE EVENT WAS THE PRESENCE OF 3 GOVERNOR GENERALS

Dawsonne Drake, the British governor appointed by the British East India Company

Arch. Rojo, the acting governor general

Simon de Anda, the renegade governor general who headed the Spanish-Filipino army against the British

The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the war. It restored Manila to Spain in 1764.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

Governor general Jose Basco y Vargas started the scientific farming, they are:

Development of Agriculture

Planting of mulberry trees, production of cotton and silk textiles, cinnamon and indigo

2. Organization of the Economic Society of Friends of the Country

Basco organized this for him to implement his economic programs

Manufacturing was improved because of importation of machineries

3. Tobacco Monopoly

Based on Royal Decree 1780 of Charles II

Controlled by the government and it generated revenues for the government

It led to abused of authority by the Spaniards

4. Royal Company of the Philippines

Required 4% of its profit for agriculture, products of the Philippines which are exported to Spain are tax free

However, it was a failure because of the incompetent officers and poor management but it helped further in the development of agriculture in the country

OPENING OF MANILA TO FOREIGN TRADE

Adam Smith doctrine of laissez faire or let alone policy was accepted by European countries

Spain abandoned mercantilism and this led to the opening of Manila to foreign trade in 1789

Bascos successor Felix Berenguer de Marquina encouraged foreign merchants to come and invest in the country

Philippines experienced economic prosperity and more ports were created for foreign trade

International telegraph communication was establish in 1888 to support the growing trade, communication and transportation

Filipino families were able to send their sons in Europe to study

Spanish colonization transformed the Filipinos socially, culturally, and educationaly

SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONS

Conversion of the Filipinos to Catholicism

Beginnings of a Feudalistic Society

Hispanization of Filipino Surnames

Metamorphosis of Bahay Kubo into Bahay na Bato

Indigenization of Spanish and Chines Cuisine

Change in Filipino mode of dressing

Introduction of the Spanish Language

Religious Feasts in honor to Patron Saints

CULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS

Latin Alphabet

Art of Printing

Theocratic Literature

Persistence of Folk and Colonial Art

Hispanic Music and Western Musical Instruments