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The Hunger Games Teaching Young Adults the Themes of Genocide 12/5/2012 HIS493502 Prof. Nathan Stoltzfus

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Page 1: HIS - Term Paper Final Draftlinz.stargatecaps.com/pip/hungergames.pdf · 2012-12-20 · The$Hunger$Games$ Teaching$Young$Adults$the$Themes$of$Genocide$ $ $ $ $ $ $ 12/5/2012$ HIS4935A02$

 

The  Hunger  Games  Teaching  Young  Adults  the  Themes  of  Genocide  

           

12/5/2012  HIS4935-­‐02  

Prof.  Nathan  Stoltzfus    

 

 

   

 

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Introduction  

  The  theme  of  catering  specific  things  to  a  young  adult  audience  has  been  one  that  has  

been  around  for  centuries.  The  idea  of  exposing  the  up  and  coming  generations  to  things  that  

have  occurred,  and  still  do  occur  within  our  society,  is  not  one  that  is  recent,  but  rather  a  

continuing  cycle  that  has  occurred  over  many,  many  years.  One  of  the  things  that  is  often  

exposed  to  young  adults  is  the  concept  of  violence.  It  often  has  and  does  cause  uproar  amongst  

those  who  are  doing  the  exposing  (whether  it  be  authors  of  books  or  creators  of  video  games),  

the  exposed  young  adults,  and  the  parents.  One  of  the  most  recent  incarnations  of  this  process  

is  the  young  adult  book  series  The  Hunger  Games,  written  by  Suzanne  Collins.  It  is  a  book  (and  

now  movie)  series  that  is  rife  with  violent  themes  and,  in  being  so,  has  created  a  lot  of  

controversy  once  again  over  the  topic  of  just  what  themes  young  adults  and  teens  should  be  

exposed  to.  The  Hunger  Games  series  is  a  set  of  three  books  that  creates  a  vivid  dystopian  

world  of  violence  and  oppression  and  exposes  young  readers  to  genocidal  themes  –  by  

correlating  the  events  in  each  one  of  the  three  books  to  actual  examples  of  genocide;  it  is  

proven  that  these  books  are  useful  teaching  tools  to  the  young  adult  readers  in  regards  to  

genocidal  themes.  This  proof  is  only  emphasized  by  the  people  who  are  using  The  Hunger  

Games  to  help  shine  light  on  events,  both  past  and  present,  in  history.  

 

Important  Questions  

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  There  is  no  questioning  whether  or  not  the  themes  in  The  Hunger  Games  series  are  

violent  ones,  but  do  a  number  of  these  themes  qualify  as  acts  of  genocide  as  well?  Can  one  take  

a  specific  scene  from  one  of  the  three  books  (or  even  the  first  movie),  connect  it  to  a  specific  

definition  of  genocide,  and  then  correlate  it  to  an  event  in  history  that  will  help  give  said  scene  

some  historical  perspective?  And  if  all  of  this  correlation  is  possible,  how  well  are  these  

concepts  of  genocide  within  The  Hunger  Games  series  being  taught  to  the  young  adult  readers  

who  are  so  heavily  invested  in  reading  (or  viewing)  said  series?  

 

What  is  Genocide?  

  To  begin  this  examination,  a  specific  understanding  of  what  constitutes  genocide  needs  

to  be  stated.  For  this  paper,  the  definitions  and  descriptions  provided  by  Ben  Kiernan  in  his  

book,  Blood  and  Soil:  A  World  History  of  Genocide  and  Extermination  from  Sparta  to  Darfur,  will  

be  the  model  from  which  the  inspection  of  scenes  within  The  Hunger  Games  series  will  come  

from.  Blood  and  Soil  also  provides  ample  historical  examples  to  which  comparisons  can  be  

made  in  regards  to  historical  context.  Kiernan  provides  a  detailed  definition  of  what  constitutes  

genocide  according  the  1948  United  Nations  Convention  on  the  Prevention  and  Punishment  of  

Genocide.  He  states  that  the  convention  “specifically  covers  the  forcible  removal  of  children  

from  their  families,  the  imposition  of  living  conditions  that  make  it  difficult  to  sustain  a  group’s  

existence,  and  the  infliction  of  physical  or  mental  harm  with  the  intent  to  destroy  a  group  ‘as  

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such’.”1  He  breaks  this  definition  down  further  to  examine  everything  from  physical  to  culture  

genocide,  as  well  as  providing  criteria  of  what  usually  goes  along  with  genocidal  acts.  Not  being  

used  in  this  paper  are  Kiernan’s  four  main  criteria  that  are  present  when  a  specific  group  

commits  acts  of  genocide.  They  are  not  necessary  to  this  examination,  and  consequently  do  not  

match  up  well  to  the  scenes  in  The  Hunger  Games  series.  The  pertinent  information  is  found  

specifically  in  his  telling  of  what  the  1948  U.N.  Genocide  Convention  constitutes  as  acts  of  

genocidal  aggression.    

 

The  Hunger  Games  –  A  Brief  Overview  

  It  is  also  is  important  to  know  what  exactly  The  Hunger  Game  series  is.  The  Hunger  

Games  is  a  book  trilogy  (and  now  a  growing  movie  franchise)  that  was  started  by  Suzanne  

Collins  in  2008.  The  story  is  set  in  a  post-­‐apocalyptic  North  America,  where  the  government  

(the  Capitol)  rules  over  the  population  of  the  country  known  as  Panem  with  an  iron  fist.  The  

country  is  broken  up  into  twelve  districts,  and  every  year  each  district  must  offer  up  in  tribute  

one  young  man  and  woman,  between  the  ages  of  twelve  and  eighteen,  to  be  sent  to  an  arena  

to  fight  to  the  death  until  only  one  remains.  The  government  does  this  as  a  form  of  punishment  

for  an  uprising  the  districts  tried  to  commit  against  them.  The  entire  series  is  told  from  the  

point  of  view  of  the  lead  female  character,  Katniss  Everdeen.  She  volunteers  to  be  the  tribute  

for  District  Twelve  in  the  place  of  her  sister,  and  finds  herself  thrown  into  the  arena  alongside  a  

                                                                                                                         1  Kiernan,  Ben,  Blood  and  Soil:  A  World  History  of  Genocide  and  Extermination  from  Sparta  to  Darfur  (New  Haven:  Yale  University  Press,  2007),  10-­‐11.  

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boy  with  whom  she  has  a  past  connection,  Peeta  Mellark.  The  story  goes  from  the  public  

reaping  in  District  Twelve,  to  her  times  in  the  Hunger  Games,  to  her  as  a  victor  alongside  Peeta,  

to  being  thrust  back  in  the  Hunger  Games,  to  the  uprising  and  the  war  against  the  Capitol.  It  

spans  three  books  -­‐  The  Hunger  Games,  Catching  Fire,  and  Mockingjay.  

 

Book  One  –  The  Hunger  Games  

  Beginning  with  the  first  book  in  the  series,  The  Hunger  Games,  readers  begin  to  see  

glimpses  of  genocidal  themes  right  from  the  very  get  go.  Not  sixteen  pages  into  the  very  first  

chapter,  Katniss  Everdeen  begins  to  describe  what  she  refers  to  as  ‘the  reaping’  –  the  lottery-­‐

style  way  one  boy  and  girl  is  selected  from  each  district  to  participate  in  The  Hunger  Games.  

Katniss  describes  the  reaping  as  “a  good  opportunity  for  the  Capitol  to  keep  tabs  on  the  

population”,  stating  that  “attendance  is  mandatory  unless  you  are  on  death’s  door.”2  These  

reapings  fulfill  one  of  the  criteria  that  qualify  an  action  or  event  as  a  genocidal  one  –  the  

forcible  removal  of  children  from  their  families.  The  reaping  scene  in  The  Hunger  Games  is  

reminiscent  of  the  way  the  British  Australian  government  treated  the  Aboriginal  children  in  the  

19th  century.  According  to  The  Unregulated  Employment  of  Aborginal  Children  in  Queensland  by  

Shirleene  Robinson,  many  Aboriginal  children  “were  kidnapped  and  removed  from  their  

traditional  localities”  in  order  to  provide  labor  for  the  abusive  Australian  government.3  While  it  

is  true  that  in  The  Hunger  Games,  the  children  are  not  ‘kidnapped’  (they  are  aware  that  the  

                                                                                                                         2  Collins,  Suzanne,  The  Hunger  Games  (New  York:  Scholastic  Inc.,  2008),  16.  3  Robinson,  Shirleene,  “The  Unregulated  Employment  of  Aboriginal  Children  in  Queensland,  1842-­‐1902,”  Labor  History  No.  82  (May,  2002):  http://www.jstor.org/stable/27516838  (accessed  December  2,  2012),  1.  

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reapings  will  occur  every  year),  they  are  still  being  forcibly  taken  from  their  families  much  in  the  

same  way  the  Aboriginal  children  were  taken  from  theirs.  As  the  readers  get  further  into  

Katniss’  telling  of  what  occurs  throughout  this  particular  reaping,  she  begins  to  paint  a  

descriptive  picture  of  the  living  conditions  her  family  and  the  other  residents  of  District  Twelve  

must  endure:  

“Starvation’s  not  an  uncommon  fate  in  District  12.  Who  hasn’t  seen  the  victims?  Older  people  who  can’t  work.  Children  from  a  family  with  too  many  to  feed.  Those  injured  in  the  mines.  Straggling  through  the  streets.  And  one  day,  you  come  upon  them  sitting  motionless  against  a  wall  or  lying  in  the  Meadow,  you  hear  the  wails  from  a  house,  and  the  Peacekeepers  are  called  in  to  retrieve  the  body.  Starvation  is  never  the  cause  of  death  officially.  It’s  always  the  flu,  or  exposure,  or  pneumonia.  But  that  fools  no  one.”4  

 

This  description  of  the  way  many  of  the  residents  in  District  Twelve  live  qualifies  as  “the  

imposing  of  living  conditions  that  make  it  difficult  to  sustain  a  group’s  existence.”5  Katniss  

provides  ample  evidence  throughout  her  various  descriptions  of  District  Twelve  that  indicate  

the  Capitol  is  aware  of  the  conditions  their  people  are  living  under,  but  are  doing  almost  

nothing  to  rectify  it.  Kiernan  states  that  “even  deliberate  inaction  in  a  crisis  could  fall  into  the  

category  of  complicity  in  genocide.”6  He  makes  it  clear  that  such  inaction/complicity  is  in  a  

separate  category  from  genocide,  but  is  still  punishable  by  the  1948  treaty.  Forced  starvation  is  

a  tactic  often  used  by  governments  in  order  to  maintain  control  over  the  people  they  are  ruling.  

The  Indian  government,  in  2003,  was  accused  of  negligence  in  regards  to  numerous  reports  of  

                                                                                                                         4  Collins,  The  Hunger  Games,  28.  5  Kiernan,  10.  6  Kiernan,  16.  

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people  within  their  country  starving  to  death.7  The  use  of  ‘Primitive  Tribal  Groups’  in  the  title  of  

this  same  article  lends  itself  to  the  idea  that  all  of  the  people/characters  in  these  examples  are  

considered  to  be  lesser  than  human.  The  Aboriginal  children  of  Australia  were  not  considered  in  

the  same  degree  as  the  British  children,  the  Indian  tribes  that  faced  starvation  were  ‘primitive’,  

Katniss  and  her  fellow  twelve  to  eighteen  year  olds  are  forced  to  participate  in  a  reaping  –  a  

term  that  is  most  notably  associated  with  the  harvesting  of  crops  or  goods.  These  all  constitute  

as  a  form  of  racism,  which  “may  exist  independently  of  races,  or  of  any  belief  in  biology  or  in  

innate  inferiority.”8  Racism  is  a  common  ideological  feature  of  genocide.  The  first  book  of  The  

Hunger  Games  not  only  shows,  in  specific  detail,  the  themes  of  genocide,  but  also  shows  young  

adult  readers  that  the  stereotype  of  racism  being  based  on  race  is  not  always  the  case.  

 

Book  Two  –  Catching  Fire  

  With  the  immersion  into  the  second  book  of  The  Hunger  Games  series,  Catching  Fire,  

young  adult  readers  are  exposed  to  several  more  genocidal  themes.  Early  on  in  the  book,  

readers  are  following  Katniss  and  Peeta  along  the  Victory  Tour  (for  they  ended  up  being  joint  

Victors  of  the  74th  annual  Hunger  Games).  Their  first  stop  along  the  tour  happens  in  District  

Eleven,  and  this  is  where  the  first  distinct  occurrence  of  a  theme  tied  to  genocide  in  the  second  

book  takes  place.  While  honoring  a  twelve  year  old  girl  Katniss  had  gotten  close  to  in  the  74th  

annual  Hunger  Games,  both  Peeta  and  Katniss  are  witnesses  to  a  very  disturbing  event:  

                                                                                                                         7  Khera,  Reetika,  “Starvation  Deaths  and  ‘Primitive  Tribal  Groups’,”  Economic  and  Political  Weekly,  Vol.  43,  No.52  (December  27,  2008  –  January  2,  2009):  http://www.jstor.org/stable/40278326  (accessed  December  2,  2012),  11.  8  Kiernan,  22.  

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“We  would  be  safe  inside  the  Justice  Building  by  now,  if  I  hadn’t  stopped,  if  I  hadn’t  left  my  flowers.  Instead,  from  the  deep  shade  of  the  verandah,  we  see  the  whole  thing.  

A  pair  of  Peacekeepers  dragging  the  old  man  who  whistled  to  the  top  of  the  steps.  Forcing  him  to  his  knees  before  the  crowd.  And  putting  a  bullet  through  his  head.”9    

 

What  prompted  the  old  man’s  execution  was  a  four-­‐note  whistle  the  twelve  year  old  had  

taught  Katniss  in  their  games  –  a  mockingjay  call.  The  mockingjay  is  a  bird  in  the  story  that  

Katniss  had  unintentionally  turned  into  a  symbol  of  rebellion  during  her  first  foray  into  The  

Hunger  Games.  The  action  of  punishing/executing  those  who  go  against  governmental  rule,  

whether  it  be  for  a  minor  action  or  a  full  on  rebellion,  has  been  seen  time  and  again  throughout  

history.  A  notable  instance  where  the  government  went  to  extremes  in  punishing  those  they  

ruled  due  to  rebellious  circumstances  is  the  British  government’s  reaction  to  the  Irish  Easter  

rebellion  in  1916.  After  the  Irish  rebellion  against  the  government  failed,  the  government  went  

about  gathering  up  and  executing  many  who  had  not  committed  any  real  offence  during  said  

rebellion.10  For  totalitarian  governments  are  prone  to  such  actions  in  order  to  make  sure  that  

their  power  is  felt  by  all  those  they  consider  to  be  part  of  their  rule.  Jacques  Semelin,  in  the  

book  Purify  and  Destroy,  builds  upon  what  was  put  forth  by  philosopher  Hannah  Arendt  –  that  

“an  ideology  (that  is,  the  logic  of  an  idea)  sets  out  to  impose  itself  on  everyone  through  terror,  

and  terror,  in  return,  justifies  all  its  crimes  in  the  name  of  that  ideology.”11  In  these  such  cases,  

as  seen  in  the  District  Eleven  Victory  Tour  stop  in  Catching  Fire  and  the  British  reaction  to  the  

                                                                                                                         9  Collins,  Suzanne,  Catching  Fire  (New  York:  Scholastic  Inc.,  2009),  62.  10  Townshend,  Charles,  “Making  Sense  of  Easter  1916,”  History  Ireland,  Vol.14,  No.2,  1916:  90th  Anniversary  Issue  (Mar.  –  Apr.  2006):  http://www.jstor.org/stable/27725427  (accessed  December  3,  2007),  44.  11  Semelin,  Jacques,  Purify  and  Destroy  (New  York:  Columbia  University  Press,  2007),  32.  

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Irish  Rebellion  in  1916,  the  ideology  being  expressed  is  that  the  government  is  the  one  in  

control  and  that  to  defy  them  will  only  bring  about  death  and  destruction.    

  This  same  concept  is  expressed  in  Catching  Fire  through  the  way  the  Capitol  handles  the  

Victors  of  the  past  Hunger  Games.  It  is  announced  by  President  Snow  that  the  tributes  for  the  

75th  annual  Hunger  Games  will  be  selected  from  a  pool  of  all  the  districts’  previous  Victors,  

respectively  –  meaning  Katniss  Everdeen  will  be  returning  to  the  arena  (for  she  is  the  only  living  

female  Victor  from  District  Twelve).12  As  the  reapings  for  the  75th  annual  Hunger  Games  arrive,  

and  through  the  following  build  up  in  the  story  to  Katniss  reentering  the  arena,  the  young  adult  

readers  are  introduced  to  Victors  that  have,  in  some  way  or  another,  defied  the  Capitol.  It  is  

easy  to  conclude  that  the  reapings  for  this  particular  year  in  The  Hunger  Games  were  rigged  by  

the  Capitol  –  that  they  are,  in  fact,  trying  to  purge  the  districts  of  all  who  have  outsmarted  

them.  The  idea  of  purging  the  Victors  is  ultimately  realized  as  the  young  adult  readers  near  the  

end  of  Catching  Fire.  The  website  Hunger  Games  Wiki,  an  online  encyclopedia  of  all  things  

Hunger  Games  related,  even  has  a  page  entitled  ‘Victors’  Purge’:  

“The  victors'  purge  was  a  mass  arrest,  interrogation  and  execution  of  previous  Hunger  Games  victors,  orchestrated  by  Panem's  government  just  after  the  75th  Hunger  Games  came  to  an  unexpected  end  with  the  destruction  of  the  arena.  Katniss  Everdeen,  Finnick  Odair,  and  Beetee  were  rescued  from  the  arena  by  Plutarch  Heavensbee  in  a  District  13  hovercraft.  At  the  same  time,  Enobaria,  Peeta  Mellark,  and  Johanna  Mason  were  captured  and  taken  to  the  Capitol  for  interrogation  and  torture.  It  is  believed  that  the  Capitol  took  all  the  other  victors  from  their  respective  Districts  and  also  interrogated  and  tortured  them  about  Katniss'  and  the  other  victors'  locations.  When  the  victor  outlived  their  purpose  or  found  to  be  of  no  use,  they  were  killed.”13  

                                                                                                                         12  Collins,  Catching  Fire,  172.  13  “Victors’  Purge”,  The  Hunger  Games  Wiki:  http://thehungergames.wikia.com/wiki/Victors'_purge  (accessed  November  7,  2012).  

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Once  they  have  put  all  of  the  past  Victors  together  in  another  Hunger  Games,  the  Capitol  begins  

to  commit  acts  covered  in  the  1948  U.N.  Genocide  Convention  –  they  begin  to  subject  Katniss  

and  her  fellow  victors  to  physical  and  mental  harm,  intending  for  the  majority  of  the  group  to  

perish.  Examples  of  these  physical  or  mental  harms  include:14  

• Corrosive  fog  –  can  be  attributed  to  chemical  warfare.  (298)  • Orange  Monkey  Muttations/Insect  Muttations  –  ties  can  be  made  to  the  beasts  Roman  

Gladiators  were  subjected  to  in  Ancient  Rome.  (307,  350)  • Jabberjays,  which  force  the  Victors  to  listen  to  the  sounds  of  their  loved  ones  being  tortured  –  

mental  abuse.  (340)    

It  is  common  for  such  forms  of  torture  to  occur  when  a  totalitarian  government  is  in  place.  It  is  

used  to  “demonstrate  the  superiority”  of  one  side  while  simultaneously  demonstrating  “the  

helplessness”  of  the  other.15  World  War  II  brought  forth  many  examples  of  torture  (both  

mental  and  physical),  most  notably  the  torture  performed  by  the  Nazi  party  within  their  

concentration  camps.  It  is  yet  another  tool  utilized  in  genocidal  acts.  

 The  Capitol,  in  Catching  Fire,  takes  things  a  step  farther  when  they  deliberately  go  

about  destroying  an  entire  group  of  people  –  not  the  Victors,  but  all  of  the  people  who  reside  in  

District  Twelve:  

““After  the  Games,  they  sent  in  planes.  Dropped  fire-­‐bombs.”  He  hesitates.  “Well,  you  know  what  happened  to  the  Hob.”  I  do  know.  I  saw  it  go  up.  That  old  warehouse  embedded  with  coal  dust.  The  whole  district’s  covered  with  the  stuff.  A  new  kind  of  horror  begins  to  rise  up  inside  me  as  I  imagine  firebombs  hitting  the  Seam.  

                                                                                                                         14    Collins,  Catching  Fire,  298-­‐350.  15    Eitinger,  Leo,  “Torture:  a  perspective  on  the  past,”  Journal  of  Medial  Ethics,  Vol.  17  (1991):  http://www.jstor.org/stable/27717099  (accessed  December  3,  2012),  9.  

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[…]  But  Gale  is  not  one  to  keep  secrets  from  me.  “Katniss,  there  is  no  District  Twelve.””16  

 

Bombing  as  means  of  extermination  certainly  qualifies  as  an  act  of  genocide  –  it  is  a  deliberate  

act  to  eradicate  people  the  ruling  party  does  not  feel  deserves  to  live.  There  are  numerous  

examples  of  bombing  being  used  as  means  of  extermination  throughout  history.  The  work  

Bombing  of  Savages  provides  details  on  many  of  these  types  of  bombings  –  one  such  example  

being  two  separate  locations  the  British  bombed  in  order  to  maintain  control  over  rebellious  

savages.17  Once  again,  young  adult  readers  are  shown  the  idea  that  certain  people  are  lesser  

than  those  in  charge  is  a  prominent  factor.  

 

Book  Three  –  Mockingjay  

  Mockingjay,  as  the  third  and  final  book  in  The  Hunger  Games  series,  reiterates  the  

genocidal  themes  brought  up  in  the  first  two  books,  while  simultaneously  showing  young  adult  

readers  genocidal  themes  in  the  context  of  warfare.  The  same  bombing  technique  that  was  

used  upon  District  Twelve  at  the  end  of  Catching  Fire  is  repeated  on  District  Eight  in  

Mockingjay.18  The  physical  and  mental  abuse  suffered  by  the  Victors  in  the  75th  annual  Hunger  

Games  is  brought  into  even  clearer  focus  when  it  is  all  happening  to  Peeta  Mellark  in  

                                                                                                                         16  Collins,  Catching  Fire,  391.  17  Lindqvist,  Sven  and  Linda  Havery  Rugg,  “Bombing  the  Savages,”  Transition  No.  87  (2001):  http://www.jstor.org/stable/3137438  (accessed  December  3,  2012),  51.  18    Collins,  Suzanne,  Mockingjay  (New  York:  Scholastic  Inc.,  2010),  93.  

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Mockingjay.19  Considering  that  this  is  the  third  book  in  the  trilogy,  these  themes  should  already  

begin  to  be  understood  by  the  readers.  Only  now,  these  themes  are  expressed  in  the  context  of  

war  because  Katniss  Everdeen  and  her  faction  of  rebels  are  actively  fighting  against  the  Capitol.  

It  does  not  change,  however,  the  way  such  acts  are  viewed.  While  the  killing  of  soldiers  is  

expected  in  a  war,  the  mass  murder  of  noncombatants  are  constituted  as  war  crimes  –  “terms  

like  genocide,  extinction,  extermination,  civil  war,  ethnic  “cleansing”,  war  crimes,  and  biological  

warfare  all  represent  independent  and  often  overlapping  concepts.”20  Mockingjay  provides  a  

unique  way  to  show  young  adult  readers  what  does  and  does  not  change  in  the  context  of  war.  

 

The  Hunger  Games  film  

  The  release  of  The  Hunger  Games  film  only  strengthens  the  ideas  that  genocidal  themes  

are  present  within  the  story,  and  provide  useful  visual  aids  when  a  person  is  trying  to  teach  

young  adults  about  the  aspects  of  genocide.  Two  prime  examples  of  such  visual  aids  associated  

with  The  Hunger  Games  film  that  are  exclusive  to  this  interpretation  of  the  story  are  the  use  of  

‘tagging’  individuals  and  the  propaganda  style  imagery  that  was  put  online  prior  to  the  release  

of  the  movie..  The  first  example  takes  place  during  the  very  first  reaping  scene  that  was  

examined  previously  in  this  paper,  in  the  interpretation  of  the  book.  As  was  stated,  the  Capitol  

likes  to  ‘keep  tabs’  on  the  population,  but  Katniss  never  describes  to  what  degree  the  Capitol  

actually  does  this.  It  is  in  The  Hunger  Games  film,  that  a  visual  example  is  presented:  

                                                                                                                         19    Collins,  Mockingjay,  132.  20  Kiernan,  16.  

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Figure  1:  Primrose  Everdeen,  younger  sister  of  Katniss,  has  her  blood  scanned  and  identified  by  the  Capitol.21  

One  of  the  most  notable  examples  of  identifying  individuals  in  such  a  way  as  to  keep  tabs  on  

them  was  the  tattooing  performed  on  those  who  were  brought  to  the  Nazis-­‐run  concentration  

camp  at  Auschwitz  during  World  War  II.  While  it  was  the  only  concentration  camp  run  by  the  

Nazis  that  participated  in  the  act  of  tattooing  individuals,  the  imagery  of  such  tattoos  have  

become  one  of  the  most  recognizable  attributions  to  the  genocide  committed  by  the  Nazis  

during  the  Holocaust22.  Doing  an  image  search  using  the  terms  ‘Auschwitz  tattoo’  will  return  

numerous  results  –  images  depicting  the  ‘serial  number’  style  tattoos  the  Nazis  had  stamped  

onto  the  prisoners.  In  the  reaping,  as  well  as  the  tattooing  done  at  Auschwitz,  the  action  of  

identifying  people  was  completed  at  the  beginning  –  “Tattooing  was  generally  performed  

during  registration  when  each  prisoner  was  assigned  a  camp  serial  number.”23  Both  forms  of  

‘tagging’  are  visual  reminders  of  how  governments  view  human  beings  as  things  to  be  

catalogued  –  it  is  another  form  of  degrading  and  dehumanizing  individuals.  On  the  opposite  end  

                                                                                                                         21    The  Hunger  Games,  directed  by  Gary  Ross  (Santa  Monica:  Lionsgate  Entertaiment  Inc.,  2012).  22  United  States  Holocaust  Memorial  Museum,  “Tattoos  and  Numbers:  The  System  of  Identifying  Prisoners  at  Auschwits,”  Holocaust  Encyclopedia,  http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007056  (accessed  December  2,  2012).  23  Ibid.,  http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007056  

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of  the  spectrum  of  dehumanization  is  the  use  of  propaganda  style  images  to  motivate  a  

population  into  believing  or  feeling  what  the  ruling  government  wants  them  to  believe  or  feel.  

Vivid  propaganda  imagery  was  prevalent  during  the  World  War  II  era,  and  was  used  by  most,  if  

not  all,  of  the  key  player  governments  involved.  The  United  States  propaganda  campaign  

encouraged  American  patriotism  and  nationalism,  while  often  denouncing  and  discriminating  

against  their  bitter  Japanese  enemies:  

 

Figure  2:  An  example  of  a  United  States  propaganda  poster  with  the  intention  of  motivating  Americans  while  degrading  the  Japanese,  from  the  National  Archives.24  

In  comparison,  a  campaign  of  propaganda  posters  focusing  around  the  world  of  The  Hunger  

Games  came  out  in  the  build  up  to  the  release  of  the  film  in  March  of  2012:    

                                                                                                                         24  “Stay  on  the  Job  Until  Every  Murdering  Jap  is  Wiped  Out!,  1941-­‐1945,”  The  National  Archives,  http://www.archives.gov  .  

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Figure  3:  One  of  several  propaganda  posters  that  were  released  by  the  website  ‘College  Humor’  prior  to  the  release  of  The  Hunger  Games  film.25  

Even  though  the  example  from  ‘College  Humor’  was  created  in  jest,  it  still  lends  itself  to  the  

same  ideals  incorporated  by  the  authentic  United  States  propaganda  poster  –  encouraging  

people  to  do  right  by  their  government,  while  belittling  those  they  feel  are  inferior  to  them.  The  

visual  examples  built  around  and  expressed  directly  by  the  movie  provide  a  way  of  teaching  

young  adults  that  can  be  hard  to  achieve  just  through  text  alone.    

 

The  Public  Opinion  

  The  search  for  secondary  sources  to  support  the  thesis  began  with  using  the  idea  of  

examining  the  broad  topic  of  violence  in  The  Hunger  Games  –  it  is  something  that  one  who  is  a  

fan  of  the  series  is  often  exposed  to  (most  notably  the  backlash  to  such  violent  themes).  As  

expected,  the  results  rendered  were  too  broad.  So  then  secondary  sources  were  searched  for  

                                                                                                                         25  Tanner,  Caldwell  and  Nathan  Yaffe,  “Almost  Readings/Hunger  Games  PSAs,”  College  Humor,  http://www.collegehumor.com/article/6747670/hunger-­‐games-­‐psas/page:2  .  

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based  on  the  premise  of  genocide  in  young  adult  literature  (in  general).  This  yielded  a  few  

sources,  but  there  was  more  of  a  focus  on  actual  historical  genocide  being  covered  in  young  

adult  literature  rather  than  genocide  being  expressed  in  a  fictional  context.  It  was  the  very  

specific  search  for  thoughts  on  genocide  in  The  Hunger  Games,  directly,  that  produced  a  fairly  

decent  amount  of  secondary  sources  asking  similar  important  questions  to  the  ones  presented  

in  this  paper.  They  all  seem  to  address  historical  context  and  the  ability  of  these  books  to  be  

used  as  teaching  tools  to  help  children  and  young  adult  readers  understand  the  concept  of  

genocide.  

   There  are  excellent  examples  that  help  strengthen  the  idea  that  The  Hunger  Games  

books  are  fantastic  sources  from  which  people  can  teach  young  adults  about  the  horrors  of  

genocide.  A  member  of  The  Harry  Potter  Alliance  (http://www.thehpalliance.org)  posted  an  

article  that  bridges  The  Hunger  Games  to  current  conflicts  happening  in  the  Sudan.  While  the  

author,  Becca  Simpson,  spends  a  majority  of  the  article  providing  details  of  the  Sudan  conflict,  

there  are  several  places  where  she  references  The  Hunger  Games.  And  in  the  end,  she  invokes  

the  reader’s  connection  to  the  characters  of  The  Hunger  Games  in  an  effort  to  get  them  to  act  –  

“Let’s  stand  with  Katniss  and  Peeta;  refuse  to  play  the  game  of  inaction.  Genocide  is  entirely  

preventable,  but  requires  constant  vigilance  and  an  upholding  of  the  phrase  “never  again”.”26  

                                                                                                                         26  Simpson,  Becca,  “Sudan:  A  21st  Century  Hunger  Games,”  The  Harry  Potter  Alliance:  http://thehpalliance.org/2012/03/sudan-­‐a-­‐21st-­‐century-­‐hunger-­‐games/  (accessed  November  7,  2012).  

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There  is  another  site,  designed  as  a  school  project,  which  is  entirely  dedicated  to  comparing  

and  contrasting  The  Hunger  Games  to  the  events  of  The  Holocaust.27  

  And  there  have  also  been  interesting  statements  and  conclusions  made  from  sources  

that  do  not  focus  directly  on  The  Hunger  Games  series.  An  excerpt  from  a  book  called  Genocide  

in  Contemporary  Children’s  and  Young  Adult  Literature  expresses  the  opinion  that  children  who  

have  been  exposed  to  genocide  in  their  daily  lives,  and  survived,  are  helped  by  young  adult  

books  which  reflects  these  experiences.28  Unfortunately  this  book  has  yet  to  be  released,  so  

only  this  excerpt  is  available.  It  still  goes  to  show  that  this  type  of  literature,  although  violent  

and  harsh,  can  help  young  readers.  It  can  be  tied  into  to  the  way  Peeta  Mellark,  a  character  in  

The  Hunger  Games  series  that  is  very  identifiable  with  the  reader,  is  tortured  both  mentally  and  

physically.    

  As  stated  in  the  very  beginning  of  this  examination,  there  has  been  obvious  opposition  

to  The  Hunger  Games  series.  It  is  a  given  when  the  books  have  such  violent  content.  But  it  

seems  that  the  violence  is  as  far  as  those  posing  the  opposition  get.  According  to  the  American  

Library  Association’s  listing  of  Frequently  Challenged  Books  of  the  21st  Century,  The  Hunger  

Games  placed  fifth  in  2010,  and  moved  up  two  places  to  third  in  2011.  Some  of  the  things  

attributed  to  The  Hunger  Games  on  these  listings  were  “insensitivity”,  “unsuitable  to  age  

group”,  and  “violence”  (violence  was  the  only  ‘accusation’  attributed  The  Hunger  Games  both  

years).  This  same  attribution  of  violence  is  attached  to  The  Hunger  Games  movie,  of  which  

                                                                                                                         27  Chudnovsky,  Alice,  Hunger  Games  vs.  Holocaust:  http://hungergamesvsholocaust.weebly.com/index.html  (accessed  November  7,  2012).  28    Gangi,  Jane,  Genocide  in  Contemporary  Children’s  and  Young  Adult  Literature:  http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/books/details/9780415699082/  (accessed  November  7,  2012).  

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several  angry  parents  ranted  about  on  various  articles  and  websites  –  one  such  article  declaring  

“Parents  Beware  of  The  Hunger  Games!”  as  its  title.29  The  opposition  to  the  violence  is  really  all  

that  is  needed  to  understand  where  these  parents  stand  in  terms  of  teaching  their  children  

about  genocide  through  the  series.  Genocide,  at  its  very  core,  is  violent.  And  these  parents  feel  

that  their  kids  are  not  ready  to  handle  any  of  the  violence  in  The  Hunger  Games.  Whether  or  

not  genocide  is  being  taught  about  in  a  praiseworthy  manner  is  irrelevant.  

Conclusion  

By  taking  scenes  directly  from  the  literature  of  The  Hunger  Games  series,  and  lining  it  up  

to  actual  historical  context,  a  bridge  between  fantasy  and  reality  are  created.  Young  adults  will  

be  able  to  compare  and  contrast  things  that  happened  in  The  Hunger  Games  to  things  that  have  

happened  in  our  own  past  (as  has  been  proven  by  this  paper).  An  understanding  of  genocidal  

themes  is  drawn  when  it  is  presented  in  the  proper  context.  Thus  it  can  be  confirmed  that  The  

Hunger  Games  can  actually  be  used  as  a  decent  teaching  tool  when  it  comes  to  the  themes  of  

genocide.  The  various  website  examples  of  people  doing  just  as  this  paper  has  done  also  lend  

themselves  to  this  conclusion.  But  the  bias  against  violence  in  young  adult-­‐viewed  content  

hinders  the  material’s  ability  to  be  used  in  such  a  teaching  manner.  Much  of  what  parents  see  

in  the  series  is  considered  too  violent  for  young  adult  readers  to  be  exposed  to.  Many  do  not  

seem  to  care  that  the  themes  presented  within  this  violent  context  can  help  children  and  young  

adults  better  understand  why  similar  things  have  occurred  in  human  history.  They  do  not  

believe  that  their  children  are  prepared  to  handle  these  themes  at  such  early  ages.  Suzanne                                                                                                                            29  SBrinkmann,  “Parents  Beware  of  The  Hunger  Games!,”  Women  of  Grace:  http://www.womenofgrace.com/blog/?p=13247  (accessed  November  7,  2012).  

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Collins  expresses  an  opinion  on  this  matter,  one  which  provides  a  genuinely  perfect  example  as  

to  why  The  Hunger  Games  series  is  a  proper  teaching  tool:  

“If  we  introduce  kids  to  these  ideas  earlier,  we  could  get  a  dialogue  about  war  going  earlier  and  possibly  it  would  lead  to  more  solutions…I  just  feel  it  isn't  discussed,  not  the  way  it  should  be.  I  think  that's  because  it's  uncomfortable  for  people.  It's  not  pleasant  to  talk  about.  I  know  from  my  experience  that  we  are  quite  capable  of  understanding  things  and  processing  them  at  an  early  age."30  

 

 

   

 

   

   

                                                                                                                         30  Italie,  Hillel,  “Writer  Suzanne  Collins  Completes  ‘The  Hunger  Games’,”  Readingeagle.com,  http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=256698  (accessed  November  6,  2012).    

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Collins,  Suzanne.  Catching  Fire.  New  York:  Scholastic  Inc.,  2009.  (Book)  

Collins,  Suzanne.  The  Hunger  Games.  New  York:  Scholastic  Inc.,  2008.  (Book)  

Collins,  Suzanne.  Mockingjay.  New  York:  Scholastic  Inc.,  2010.  (Book)  

The  Hunger  Games.  Directed  by  Gary  Ross.  Santa  Monica:  Lionsgate  Entertainment  Inc.,  2012.  

(Film)  

Kiernan,  Ben.  Blood  and  Soil:  A  World  History  of  Genocide  and  Extermination  from  Sparta  to  

Darfur.  New  Haven:  Yale  University  Press,  2007.  (Book)  

“Stay  on  the  Job  Until  Every  Murdering  Jap  is  Wiped  Out!,  1941-­‐1945,”  The  National  Archives,  

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Tanner,  Caldwell  and  Nathan  Yaffe,  “Almost  Readings/Hunger  Games  PSAs,”  College  Humor,  

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Chudnovsky,  Alice,  Hunger  Games  vs.  Holocaust:  

http://hungergamesvsholocaust.weebly.com/index.html  (accessed  November  7,  

2012).  (Website)  

Eitinger,  Leo,  “Torture:  a  perspective  on  the  past,”  Journal  of  Medial  Ethics,  Vol.  17  (1991):  

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Gangi,  Jane,  Genocide  in  Contemporary  Children’s  and  Young  Adult  Literature:  

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November  7,  2012).  (Online  Book  Description)  

   Italie,  Hillel,  “Writer  Suzanne  Collins  Completes  ‘The  Hunger  Games’,”  Readingeagle.com,  

http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=256698  (accessed  November  6,  2012).  

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Khera,  Reetika,  “Starvation  Deaths  and  ‘Primitive  Tribal  Groups’,”  Economic  and  Political  

Weekly,  Vol.  43,  No.52  (December  27,  2008  –  January  2,  2009):  

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Lindqvist,  Sven  and  Linda  Havery  Rugg,  “Bombing  the  Savages,”  Transition  No.  87  (2001):  

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Robinson,  Shirleene,  “The  Unregulated  Employment  of  Aboriginal  Children  in  Queensland,  

1842-­‐1902,”  Labor  History  No.  82  (May,  2002):  

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SBrinkmann,  “Parents  Beware  of  The  Hunger  Games!,”  Women  of  Grace:  

http://www.womenofgrace.com/blog/?p=13247  (accessed  November  7,  2012).  

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Semelin,  Jacques.  Purify  and  Destroy.  New  York:  Columbia  University  Press,  2007.  (Book)  

Simpson,  Becca,  “Sudan:  A  21st  Century  Hunger  Games,”  The  Harry  Potter  Alliance:  

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